MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY TRAN THI KIM TUYEN ADDRESS TERMS IN THE NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION CUON THEO CHIEU GIO Major: Theoretical Linguistics Code: 62 22 01 01 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE NGHE AN - 2016 INTRODUCTION Rationale 1.1 In language in general and in Vietnamese and English in particular, address terms are the reflection of the hierarchical relationship among participants of the conversations as well as their attitudes and emotion In order for the conversation to go smoothly, speaker should choose suitable address terms basing on the relationship between listener and speaker The choice and usage of suitable address terms with the context and content will depend on this interpersonal relationship; these address terms also have impacts on the development of the conversation It is, therefore, meaningful and important to conduct a research into the respective expression of form of address in the two languages (English Vietnamese) 1.2 In Vietnamese, address terms are diversified and they carry different connotations in different circumstances; the same role may have different address terms with different shades of emotions Address terms in English are, however, different in both quantity, kind of speech (address) and structure of address terms The difference between the two languages has created confusion for translators when choosing the equivalent address terms, especially when translating work from English into Vietnamese In this thesis, the author will investigate the translation of address terms from the original version in Margaret Mitchell’s Gone with the wind (Macmillan Publisher, 2005) the translated Vu Kim Thu translator’s Cuon theo chieu gio (Thoi Đai Publisher, 2009) to identify the systematic characteristic and principles in the translation activity from English into Vietnamese and vice versa 1.3 In real-life communication, personal pronouns are used more frequently than nouns to address people, meanwhile, in Vietnamese, personal pronouns are not as popular as nouns to address people, especially kinship noun Therefore, in translating address terms that appear in conversations between characters from English into Vietnamese, there are both similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese in terms of the use of personal pronoun, addressing nouns (name and full name, kinship nouns, nouns expressing feeling, nouns expressing gender, nouns showing politeness, objectification noun, occupational titles…) as well as emotion and culture and etc It is an essential and practical to point out the similarities and differences among these issues for the teaching of English and Vietnamese 1.4 In actual fact, both Vietnamese learners of English and foreign learners of Vietnamese encounter many difficulties in using address terms in learning as well as in translating from English to Vietnamese and vice versa They make many mistakes in usage because of a lack of clear understanding of the functions, semantics, pragmatics and culture of each terms (whether to use personal pronoun or noun to address) Therefore, “Address terms in the novel Gone with the wind and their equivalents in Vietnamese translation Cuon theo chieu gio” is essential and need to be conducted Research objects and aims 2.1 Research objects For this paper, we choose to investigate address terms used in the dialogues of characters in Margaret Mitchell’s novel Gone with the wind (Macmillan Publisher, 2005) and its Vietnamese translation Vu Kim Thu translator’s Cuon theo chieu gio (Thoi Đai Publisher, 2009) This novel was translated into Vietnamese by some authors such as Duong Tuong, Le Cong Thanh In this thesis, we selected the translation of by Vu Kim Thu translator (Thoi Đai Publisher, 2009) 2.2 Aims of the study This study aims at: - In terms of theory, it aims to identify factors that influence address terms such as: role of communication, attitude in dialogues of the novel Gone with the wind (English version) and the translation Cuon theo chieu gio (Vietnamese version), and the similarities and differences in the use of personal pronoun and nouns of address in English and Vietnamese, thereby making contribution to the theory of address form in general theory of the translation of address form from English into Vietnamese in particular The practical aim of the study is to apply findings of the study of address terms in the novel Gone with the wind (English) and the Vietnamese translation Cuon theo chiều gió into teaching - learning activity and English - Vietnamse and Vietnamese English translation activity Tasks of the thesis To conduct this study, the thesis has the following tasks: a Collect, classify the system of address terms which reflect the interpersonal relationship of communication participants in the novel Gone with the wind by Margaret Mitchell and the translation Cuon theo chieu gio of Vu Kim Thu translator b Compare, collect address terms in novel Gone with the wind (English) and the translation Cuon theo chieu gio (Vietnamese), analyzed from two axis: b1) Vertical axis - reflecting social position, power and b2) Horizontal axis - reflecting close relationship, or distance between communicators to identify similarities and differences in terms of number of address terms, the variation in the usage of these terms depending on feelings, psychology, culture, characters' interpersonal relationship in family and society c Identify similarities and differences in the use of address terms with models of interpersonal relationships reflected through PPs, nouns of address, expressions of address (EA), and ellipsis (reduced address terms) which are used in communication in the English original and Vietnamese translation d Apply research findings which are reflected through models of interpersonal relationship in the teaching - learning activity and translation between English and Vietnamese Research material and methods 4.1 Research materials We collected and analyzed address terms in characters' conversations in the novel Gone with the wind by Margaret Mitchell and the translation Cuon theo chieu gio of translator Vu Kim Thu In addition, we used the translation Cuon theo chieu gio by Duong Tuong to make comparison 4.2 Research methods 4.2.1 Listing and classification We listed the number of address terms including personal pronoun, sub-group of nouns and expressions of address in characters' talk in specific context and classified them into groups and subgroups to draw general observation 4.2.2 Discourse analysis On the basis of address terms collected using discourse analysis, we described the equivalence between the original and translation in terms of semantics, content, reference system of address terms, communication target and etc In addition, we analyzed and explained the relationship between language and psychology, culture, society to describe characteristics and translation methods of address terms in characters' conversations in the English original and the Vietnamese translation 4.2.3 Comparison method We compared characteristics and use of address terms which are suitable with communication role, context and functions of address terms used in the translation from the English original into Vietnamese translation We did this in order to find similarities and differences in the use of address terms between these two languages Apart from the above methods, our thesis also used some other methods, such as, systemization, modeling the use of address terms in the two languages (English and Vietnamese), using both qualitative and quantitative methods to have appropriate results Contribution of the thesis This is the first study about the number of address terms and their translation from English and Vietnamese and the differences in the use of address terms in communication between the English original and Vietnamese translation Structure of thesis In addition to Introduction, Conclusion, and References, the thesis has chapters: Chapter 1: An overview of past studies and literature review Chapter 2: Personal pronouns were used by characters in the orginal novel Gone with the wind and equivalent translation in Cuon theo chieu gio Chapter 3: Nouns of address were used by characters in the orginal novel Gone with the wind and equivalent translation in Cuon theo chieu gio Chapter 4: Application of research findings into teaching - learning activities and translation of address terms Chapter AN OVERVIEW OF PAST STUDIES AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 An overview of studies into address terms Until now, many authors have mentioned the topic of address terms (AT) , however, there has not been an agreement on the concepts of address In the world and in Vietnam, there has been major achievement in the studies of address terms 1.1.1 History of studies into address terms The issue of AT in English has been studied for a long time: In 1961, Brown, Roger W and Marguerite Ford in their article Address in American English analyzed address form (AF) in conversations between two participants in many different contexts, with the influence from socio-psychological factors basing on the close relationship of three kinds of AF (first name or surname to address, words of address for absent people (first name or surname) [127, p.371] In 1968, Hanning, Robert W mentioned the use of AF in middle-aged literature [135, tr.325] In1973, Eliason Norman E studied AF and references [133, p.137] In 1985, Lou Quangquinh wrote about society and culture in naming principles [138, p.3] In 1988, Braun, F wrote an article about models and the multilingual, multicultural use of AF [126] Also in 1988, Thai Duy Bao in Constrative analysis of etiquette in English - VietNamese dialogue [5] mentioned PP (PP) and nouns of address (NA) in English The author wrote: “In English conversation, the use of PP is compulsory and traditional such as PP I, we for the first-person pronoun, interlocutor (the addressor) and PP you for second-person, who is the participant (addressee) These personal pronouns appeared in all communication and social relationships despite differences in social positions, ages and intimacy level between speakers In other words, it reflects relationships between communication partners, between interlocutor and addressee…” [5, tr.45-46] In addition, the author also mentioned types of address in English which reflect position but not politeness, and not affected by different shades of communication in different situations… Although address terms in English show equality of address terms and they cannot be replaced by other address terms, depending on characters' attitude and feelings, we can see variation of temporary address terms such as my love, my pet… In 2006, authors Bull, Peter, Fetzer, and Anita mentioned the strategy of using AF in interviews with government leaders, typically issues surrounding the questions [128, tr.1] Generally speaking, there have been many studies and articles about AF in English or comparison between English and Russian, Sino, Swiss, Japanese, South African or Vietnamese… but no articles have mentioned the translation of AF in the novel Gone with the wind from English into Vietnamese 1.1.2 Studies of address terms in Vietnamese In Vietnamese, address terms were first studied by Alexandre De Rodhes in his Dictionary of Vietnamese - Portuguese – Latin, in 1651, he mentioned PP, as well as the nouns indicating kinship (NIK) with addressing functions such as ong, ba, chu, bac, cau… However, in this dictionary, these AF were not complete and did not reflect all terms used in real life In 1884, Truong Vinh Ky spent 30 pages in his book Grammare de langueannamite to describe PP Nguyen Van Chien had articles about Locality of kinship nouns in Vietnamese [18], Address terms in Vietnamese [20], Address terms in Vietnamese [21] In Semantics of conversational lines [58] and pragmatics textbook [59, p.191-197], Do Thi Kim Lien mentioned relevant issues of AF in conversation or in communication between communication participants such as as pairs of interactive AF in asking and answering; the development and conversion of AF with the content of conversation; the development in psychology and emotion of characters which influence the usage In addition, we must also mention articles about address terms by Bui Minh Yen in the doctoral thesis Addressing in family and society of Vietnamese [119] The doctoral thesis Address terms originating from kinship nouns in Vietnamese surveyed, described and analyzed carefully, completely and comprehensively about all kinship nouns used to address in communication [31] In 2012, Truong Thi Diem wrote about Address terms originating from kinship nouns in Catholic community of Vietnamese [32] In 2012, Truong Thi Minh Phương in her article about Address terms of Vietnamese [79] emphasized some basic characteristics in the use of layers of AF in Vietnamese and some practical applications in communication In 2014, La Thi Thanh Mai in her doctoral thesis Addressing characteristics of Korean and Vietnamese [64] discussed similarities and differences in address terms in family and society contexts between Koreans and Vietnamese Having a look at studies about address terms in English and Vietnamese, we see that no studies mentioned the comparison of address terms in communication between English and its Vietnamese translation, with the analysis into a specific novel, therefore, we chose this topic: “Address terms in the novel Gone with the wind and their equivalents in Vietnamese translation Cuon theo chieu gio” 1.2 Literature review 1.2.1 Overview of address terms AF include PP and NA or EA (this is the basis for our analysis and comparison in chapter and 3) and we call them units of AT used by characters to “address themselves” (self-reference) and “address others” (refer to other people) with the function to position, establish interpersonal relationship and express attitude, feeling, psychology, awareness in communication in family and society At the same time, AF reflects the intellectual level and national culture, which have been long established in the community and have become the habits of conversation participants The main function of AF is to establish relationship among communication participants and reflect the attitude and feeling of interlocutors through their three main functions: positioning, reference and showing interpersonal relationship Units of AT in Vietnamese usually have three functions namely positioning, reference and interpersonal relationship 1.2.1.3 Address terms in English and Vietnamese Address terms in English and Vietnamese consist of personal pronoun and nouns of address (NA) (surname and first name, NIK, nouns denoting feelings, nouns denoting gender, nouns denoting politeness, objectification nouns, and status nouns) and EA used in specific contexts 1.2.2 Overview of communication Communication is the exchange and interaction through difference means In our opinion, communication is information exchange between two or more people in specific contexts and situations When the first person addresses the second person using a PP or a NA, this created an activity, which is a communication activity It includes influencing factors such as communication role, communication content, communication purpose, communication context and attitude 1.2.3 Some relevant issues to equivalence in translation When translating from source language A (English) to target language B (Vietnamese), there may be some circumstances such as complete equivalence, partial equivalence or no equivalence On this basis, we proposed a diagram showing the interpersonal relationship, which are the expression and the expressed (see Thesis p.32) Therefore, translation is about finding equivalence (from source language to target language) The equivalent language itself is the communication of language (translation of language determined by the expressed - the content, type, intention, purpose and style of the author and the expression - the characteristics of the language and the translation of the source culture to target culture 1.2.3.3 Address terms in translation Translation of AT is a linguistic translation activity (about certain units of speech or texts from source language into target language) but it should maintain the content of source language This is the intercultural process between two or more languages, requiring translators to understand clearly cultural features of both source and target languages so that they can express correctly and accurately the content and meaning of source language 1.2.3.4 Differences in translating between two languages in terms of cultural issues In translating between two or more languages, AT of both Vietnamese and English reflect politeness and feelings PP in English only have neutral meaning (he/ him, she/ her, you, we/ us, they/ them), no other PP reflects a sense of formality or informality Meanwhile, PP in Vietnamese not show politeness and formality but only neutral feelings (toi, chung toi…), or informality (tao, han ) Apart from PP, there is a large number of NA such as surname and first name, NIK, status nouns, expressions of address (EA)… which can replace PP, even used more than PP From the above analysis, we can see that the use of AT in Vietnamese has unique cultural meanings, which is different from the use of AT in English 1.2.4 Introduction of Gone with the wind and the translation Cuốn theo chiều gió Gone with the wind [I] is the famous novel by Margaret Mitchell, published in 1936 and won Pulitzer prize in 1937; it was one of the most well-known book and translated into many different languages in the world The story plot is as follows: The context is in Georgia and Atlanta; the story told how a strong woman living in South America, Scarlett O’Hara, had two find all ways to survive through the war and the difficult life that she experience with her friends, family and beloved people in the South of America during the civil war and reconstruction period The story was also about a romantic and beautiful love story between Scarlett O’Hara and Rhett Butler Rhett Butler was in love with Scarlett But Rhett could not express his love to Scarlett because she was “very cruel towards those who loved her She took their love and used it as a rod to hit those who loved her” This is considered a classic, romantic and wonderful love story of our time 1.3 Summary of chapter In chapter 1, we draw some conclusions: We described the concepts of AF in English and Vietnamese to compare AT between source language (English) and target language (Vietnamese), in a limited scope which is the conversations between characters in Gone with the wind and Vietnamese translation Cuon theo chieu gio: - Basic components of AF are: positioning function, reference function, interpersonal relationship function to describe AT These functions can mark the role of communication participants to develop their conversations - Subgroups of AT in Vietnamese communication including: PP, NA such as first name and surname, nouns denoting feelings, nouns denoting gender, status nouns, kinship nouns or EA They all reflect interpersonal relationship and relevant factors in communication such as: content, purpose and attitude of communication in corresponding contexts of communication participants - We also mentioned some equivalent units in many other languages such as: concepts of translation, equivalence in translation between the two languages and especially translation methods (English - Vietnamese) via cultural factors - We have summarized a chart of AT that characters use in English and translated into Vietnamese These results can be used as a basis for our analysis into their usage, presented in chapter two and three, from which we can identify the similarities and differences and cultural features Chapter PERSONAL PRONOUNS WERE USED BY CHARACTERS IN THE ORIGINAL NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION IN CUON THEO CHIEU GIO 2.1 Summary of the translation of personal pronouns were used by characters from [I] into [II] In this chapter, we examined PP from 435 conversations in [I] and translated in [II] with many different forms used and a considerable number as shown in table 2.1: Table 2.1: Summary of the translation of PPs were used by characters from [I] into [II] Language PP and percentage The first PP The second PP The third PP Total Percentage English PP 6845 4959 3796 15600 100% Vietnamese PP Ellipsis 4014 1634 143 1178 1200 915 5357 3727 34,3% 23,9% NA 1014 3484 1331 5829 37,4% EA 183 154 350 687 4,4% In forms, there is a change of type of speech of PP from translated from English into Vietnamese (PP → PP and NA) due to some factors affecting conversation participants in terms of interpersonal relationship on the two axes (vertical axis – horizontal axis), in which vertical axis is social relationship, status and according to relationship such as close relationship (love, respect, husband and wife), family relationship, friendship, enemy, hatred between conversation participants, and reflecting role, hierarchy in family and society, age, gender, position, occupation, attitude, feeling 2.2 The first person pronoun I, me is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] From the first person pronoun I, me is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II], we give the results: 2.2.1 Translation of the first single personal pronoun I, me Number of times first person pronoun I, me is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II], which was shown in the table 2.2: Table 2.2: Number of times first person pronoun I, me is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English PP I: 4315 Me: 1659 VietNamese PP Percentage 2493 1047 57,8% 63,1% Ellipsis Percentage 1035 335 24% 20,2% NA Percentage EA Percentage 766 226 17,7% 13,6% 21 51 0,5% 3,1% 13 original and Vietnamese translation, PP in both languages contain politeness (neutral), but there is a clear difference in usage habit In English, PP usually not reflect clearly feelings (polite/impolite) as in Vietnamese Chapter NOUNS OF ADDRESS WERE USED BY CHARACTERS IN THE ORIGINAL NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION IN CUON THEO CHIEU GIO 3.1 Summary of the translation of nouns of address were used by characters from [I] into [II] In this chapter, we examined NA from 435 conversations in [I] and translated in [II] with many different forms used and a considerable number as shown in table 3.1: Table 3.1: Summary of the translation of nouns of address were used by characters from [I] into [II] English VietNamese NA NA Percentage EA Percentage PP Percentage Ellipsis Percentage 2865 1970 68,7% 784 27,4% 63 2,2% 48 1,7% 3.2 Translation of sub-noun groups to address as reflected in character's conversations from [I] to [II] 3.2.1 Translation of surname and full name The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used full name and name in [I] and equivalent translation in [II], which was shown in the table 3.2: Table 3.2: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used surname and full name in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese Surname and full name Surname and full Percentage Ellipsis Percentage EA Percentage PP Percentage NIK Percentage name 1710 1525 89,2% 102 6% 75 4,4% 0,2% 0,2% 3.2.2 Translation of the nouns indicating kinship The number of times was shown in the table 3.3: Table 3.3: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the nouns indicating kinship in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] 14 English VietNamese NIK NIK Percentage EA Percentage Ellipsis Percentage 230 154 67% 69 30% 3% 3.2.3 Translation of the emotional nouns The number of times was shown in the table 3.4: Table 3.4: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the nouns indicating kinship in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese The The emotional Ellipsis Percentage NIK Percentage EA Percentage emotional Percentage PP Percentage Name Percentage nouns nouns 144 45 31,3% 33 22,9% 32 22,2% 30 20,8% 1,4% 1,4% 3.2.4 Translation of the gender nouns The number of times was shown in the table 3.5: Table 3.5: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the gender nouns in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese The gender nouns The gender nouns Percentage 72 41 56,9% Ellipsis Percentage 13 18,1% EA Percentage 11 15,3% PP Percentage NIK Percentage 6,9 2,8% 3.2.5 Translation of the nouns denoting politeness The number of times was shown in the table 3.6: Table 3.6: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the nouns denoting politeness in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese The nouns denoting politeness Ellipsis Percentage NIK Percentage The nouns denoting politeness Percentage EA Percentage PP Percentage 73 38 52,1% 14 19,2% 12 16,4 8,2% 4,1% 3.2.6 Translation of the materalistic nouns The number of times was shown in the table 3.7: Table 3.7: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the materalistic nouns in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese 12,8% Percentage Name 12,8% Percentage NIK Ellipsis 46,1% The gender nouns Percentage 18 EA Percentage 39 The emotional nouns Percentage The materalistic nouns Percentage The materalistic nouns Percentage 15 10,3% 7,7% 7,7% 2,6% 3.2.7 Translation of the nouns indicating position and occupation The number of times was shown in the table 3.8: Table 3.8: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the nouns indicating position and occupation in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese The nouns indicating position and occupation The nouns indicating position and Percentage Ellipsis Percentage 1,6% occupation 124 122 98,4% 3.2.8 Translation of the expressions of address Các EA nhân vật sử dụng [I] chuyển dịch sang [II], rút kết số lượng hình thức sử dụng sau: The number of times was shown in the table 3.9: Bảng 3.9: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the expressions of address in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese EA EA 2072 1974 Percentage Ellipsis Percentage 95,3% 71 3,4% NA Percentage PP Percentage 21 1% 0,3% 3.3 The nouns of address were added into the dialogue in the translation Number of times nouns of address were added (insertion) into the dialogue of [II], which was shown in the table 3.10: Table 3.10: The nouns of address were added into the dialogue in [II] English The nouns of address were added into [II] (VietNamese) Total: 327 NA: EA: NIK: 304 Surname and fullname: 13 The nouns indicating position and occupation: The nouns denoting politeness: EA: 32 3.4 Similarities and differences when translating nouns of address in terms of semantics, pragmatics and culture 16 3.4.1 Similarities In Vietnamese and English, characters use both NA and EA and address and they have the following similarities: - NA are first name and surname, NIK, nouns denoting feelings, gender, politeness, objectification, status and EA in both languages convey a sense formality, politeness, love, neutrality and informality - NA and EA in both languages (English Vietnamese) identify genders in some NA sub-groups such as NIK, nouns denoting gender, politness and some EA - In NIK sub-group in both languages, interpersonal relationship in terms of hierarchy, age, position is reflected - Plural NA (referring to many people) are used in accordance with EA (combination of words) to address - NA in English and Vietnamese not change forms when they have the subject or object function in the sentence However, they have some differences in number, semantics, pragmatics and culture as follows: 3.4.2 Differences In terms of semantics pragmatics and culture 3.4.2.1 The number of times The number of times was shown in the table 3.11: Table 3.11: The nouns of address were used in the communication in [I] and [II] Language English VietNamese Nouns of address NA Percentage between [I] and [II] 2392 NA [I] → NA [II]: 1970 PP [I] → NA [II]: 5829 NA were added in [II]: 327 Total: 8126 3,4 3.4.2.2 In terms of semantics, pragmatics and culture From the above, we can see that NA used and English and Vietnamese not have one-to-one equivalence (1 - 1) but they are more popular and frequently used in Vietnamese, about 3,4 times; and they are used in English less than in Vietnamese In addition, we recognize differences in PP in both languages (English and Vietnamese) such as: subgroup form; ranking; use in each sub-group; feelings conveyed; models of types of address 17 3.5 Summary of chapter From the above analysis, we conclude as follows: - In Vietnamese, communication partners, including both addressor and addressee, use NA (first person and second person and even third person when mentioned), and in English, hardly any NA is used by communication participant to selfaddress himself/herself as the first person, they only that in second and third person - In both English and Vietnamese there are NA, but in English, characters use fewer NA to “address”, but only use when address others (second person) or when mentioning the third person in Vietnamese, and in Vietnamese, NA are used to “address” basing on bidirectional relationship between communication partners so it is more diversified and intricate than in English - In terms of use, NA in Vietnamese, used directly and indirectly can be combined with reference words (này, kia, đó), for plural NA we have to add (các, mấy, những, chúng…) before NA, as for NA in English, only in indirect form, there is a combination with reference words (that, those), for plural we add s or es to the end of NA - In terms of feeling, in both Vietnamese and English, NA reflect feelings such as formality, politeness, informality, closeness, love, neutrality However, in Vietnamese, feelings are usually depicted through NA, meanwhile in English there are very few NA that convey feelings, including PP - In terms of meaning, in Vietnamese there is equal contribution of shades such as: they don’t carry formality or politeness but mainly informality, feelings, impoliteness, therefore, if wishing to convey politeness, formality, interlocutors cannot use AT by PP, but have to use AT by NA such as NIK, surname/name… especially in literature and arts 18 Chapter APPLICATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS INTO TEACHING-LEARNING ACTIVITIES AND TRANSLATION OF ADDRESS TERMS 4.1 Application of research findings into teaching-learning activities and translation of address terms of characters' speech from [I] to [II] The model of AT reflecting interpersonal relationship between communication partners from [I] to [II] is as follows: The AT model reflects interpersonal relationship among characters; we draw a model of forms of address basing on the times of appearance in novel as follows: Grandparents - grandchildren relationship (2 times): address others ong/ ba - address onself chau Parent-child relationship (47 times): address others ba/ cha/ me/ ma address oneself con/ name (when small Wade) Aunt/uncle-nephew/niece (24 times): address others bac/ chu/ co/ di address oneself chau Sibling/cousin relationship (61 times): address others anh/ chi - address onself anh/ chi/ em Husband-wife relationship (31 times): address others anh/ name - address onself toi/ em Love relationship (13 times): address others anh - address oneself em Stepfather/ stepmother – step child (2 times): address others duong/ di address onself Colleague (hierarchy) (3 times): address others sep/ name - address oneself toi Social relationship (109 times): address others ong/ ba/ anh/ chi/ name address oneself toi/ em 10 Employer-employee relationship (90 times): address others ong/ ba/ co/ may - address oneself toi/ tao So in [I] and [II] there are 10 types of addressing models to express interpersonal relationship From addressing models used in [I] and [II], we propose equivalence when translating units of AT of characters' conversation from [I] into [II] and application of translation research is as follows: 19 4.2 Research findings and proposals for translation and teaching-learning of units of address terms 4.2.1.Research findings in translation of address terms 4.2.1.1 Research findings in the translation of PPs PP can be translated into PP, NA into NA but they can also be translated with a change of type of speech or it may be necessary to use EA in the most accurate equivalent forms of target language so that it is suitable with the context, custom, culture and vice versa, from source language (Vietnamese) into target language (English) In addition, apart from the change of type of speech, we also find the reduction and addition of AT to clarify meaning 4.2.1.2 Research findings in translation of nouns of address The translation of NA from a source language (English) into target language (Vietnamese) or vice versa (from Vietnamese into English) is usually exactly equivalent with source language in terms of type of speech, vocabulary meaning with original version, therefore, sometimes we have to change the type of speech or use equivalent meaning by using EA in the most equivalent form of the target language so that the translation is suitable with context, customs, culture of each language and vice versa, we have to use implicit meaning (subjectification) or a certain symbol attached with cultural feature of the target language, which is more common than the meaning of source language 4.2.2 Researching findings in teaching-learning activities of address terms 4.2.2.1 Research findings in teaching-learning activities of address terms It is possible to translate PP into PP, NA into NA but it is also possible to translate by changing type of speech or use EA in the most equivalent form of target language to suit the context, customs, culture and vice versa, from source language (Vietnamese) into target language (English) 4.2.2.2 Research findings in teaching-learning activity of nouns of address The teaching of NA from a source language (English) into target language (Vietnamese) or vice versa (from Vietnamese into English) is usually not exactly equivalent with source language in terms of type of speech or meaning of vocabulary in the original version, therefore, it is necessary to change type of speech or use equivalent meaning by the most equivalent form of EA of the target language to suit context, custom of each language and vice versa, or using implicit meaning (objectification) or a certain symbol attached with cultural feature of the target language, which is more common than the meaning of source language 20 4.2.3 Proposed application in the translation of address terms 4.2.3.1 Proposed application in the translation of PPs Depending on situation, context, feelings of communication participations, we will have appropriate translation; specifically here, PP from English into Vietnamese and vice versa, from Vietnamese into English, as reflected in the following table: Table 4.3: Suggestions in the translation of PPs Vietnamese English Complete equivalence Partial equivalence No equivalence Different translation PP PP EA NA Ellipsis Insertion Ellipsis PP 4.2.3.2 Proposed application in the translation of nouns of address Depending on situation, context, feelings of communication participations, we will have appropriate translation; specifically here, DTNX from English into Vietnamese and vice versa, from Vietnamese into English, as reflected in table 4.4.: Table 4.4: Suggestions in the translation of nouns of address Vietnamese English NA Complete equivalence Partial equivalence NA EA No equivalence Different translation Ellipsis Insertion PP Ellipsis NA 4.2.4 Proposed application in the teaching-learning activities of address terms - Instructors need to provide clear explanation so that learners can understand equivalent words and their usage and the shades of meaning, psychology, attitude, feeling and cultural characteristics of AT in each language (English and Vietnamese) - Instructors need to give sample examples, practice exercises and conversations relevant to AT in the two languages so that learners can frequently practice, apply and use them confidently in each context and situation - Or when instructors provide guidance to Vietnamese learners to introduce themselves in English and vice versa, learners should introduce their surname and name, jobs and marital status (for female) so that speaker can address appropriately as Miss = cô: title for single women or teachers or Mrs = bà: married women 21 - Especially in English, speakers usually use Miss with surname but when they have close relationship they will use Miss with name and for EA that reflect position and occupation, they usually combine NA that reflect position, job with surname or both name and surname but hardly use only first name - In addition, when communicating with AT in both English or Vietnamese, speakers tend to use full name in the beginning of the conversation but in latter part and towards the end of the conversation, characters have known more about each other and with more intimate relationship, they will use first name instead of surname or full name 4.3 Summary of chapter In this chapter, we have mentioned some issues as follows: - To reflect the expression and the expressed in an interpersonal relationship, we indentify the 10 types of AT models used in [I] and [II] - The use of AT in characters' conversation in [I] and [II] from the table of frequencies of equivalent translation towards PP and NA have been analyzed through specific data - In teaching and learning, instructors and learners not only pay attention to vocabulary but also understand their relevant factors, as well as their usage, position in the sentence, and some expression in feeling and culture In English, AT rarely reflect interpersonal relationship, especially no PP express interpersonal relationship while in Vietnamese, AT which are PP also not reflect any interpersonal relationship, but NA tend to reflect interpersonal relationship which is position, hierarchy, ranking, age because the way to address in Vietnam is based on rituals, hierarchy and standards 22 CONSLUSION There have been many studies into AF in English and Vietnamese but there has been no research into the translation of AF in a specific novel This thesis focuses on the use and expression of the translation of AT of characters in Gone with the wind into Cuốn theo chiều gió We draw some conclusions as follows: Addressing is a linguistic act made in communication; it is only used in conversations From the theory of conversation and addressing function, we can see that, factors such as age, gender, job, position, communication situation always have impacts on the use of AT AT are linguistic and cultural units reflected in different communication contexts They are closely attached with such factors as communication roles and relationship between participants because these relationships themselves decide the choice and usage of suitable AT with the context, at the same time affecting the development of conversations From the original versions, we can see two groups of AF used in large quantities PP (15600 times) and NA (2865 times) When translating AT (PP and NA) from English into Vietnamese, apart from maintaining the form of PP or NA, translators also have to use reduction form to reduce the sentence, avoiding repetition and adding PP and NA to clarify the meaning of the sentence, and to make clear the content and attitude of participants in the conversation in specific contexts (scope of literature) Here are some similarities: There are some similarities between PP in English and Vietnamese, that is, both first and third person reflects one or many people; regarding the use and meaning: PP has first person, second person (in direct form) and third person (in nondirect form); containing politeness in formal relationship (neutrality); having ability to combine with reference PP in non-direct form; acting as a subject or object in sentence (in English, PP in its variant form acts as object); but not identifying gender (but PP third person singular identifies gender) and does not reflect any interpersonal relationship Generally speaking, depending on context and situation, PP has suitable meaning and usage in each language Apart from similarities, there are differences in PP in English and Vietnamese in terms of number of usage PP are use much more in English than in Vietnamese In terms of usage, meaning, pragmatics and culture, PP inVietnamese tend to generalize, meanwhile that is not the case in English PP in Vietnamese reflect informality or disrespect, reflected through the attitudes of speakers in each context This is what 23 makes the way of address of Vietnamese people different from that of English people or other countries PP in English in both forms have changes (variation) depending on whether they are subject or object, while there are so such changes in Vietnamese NA include full name, NIK, nouns denoting feeling, gender, politeness, objectification, status in English and Vietnamese are similar in that they express formality, politeness, informality, closeness, love, neutrality; identify gender (in some subgroups of NA such as NIK, nouns denoting gender, politeness and some EA); NIK subgroups of both languages express interpersonal relationship classified by hierarchy, age, position; they not change forms when they act as subject or object in the sentence In communication, the use of PP or NA between characters usually follow rituals, standards, and selective, not random; however, it is also impossible to avoid cases of extreme addressing, reflecting the loss of temper and control, resulting in inappropriate use of AT Within the scope of literary work, characters while taking part in communication in Vietnamese and English all use AT, but with different number of times of usage and differences and similarities in addressing This shows that, they are not only different in terms of language but also in culture and society When using AT in this scope, it is necessary to emphasize the principle of standard in choosing AT and force translators to obey strictly, creating solid foundation in the promotion and maintenance of the cultural and traditional character of our country that was left behind by our ancestor Due to many influencing factors between communication participants, in English and Vietnamese, they all reflect interpersonal relationship basing on relationships on two axes: vertical axis, reflecting social relationship, and horizontal axis, reflecting close relationship (love, respect, and husband - wife), close family relationship, friendship, enemy, hatred relationship between participants and reflecting hierarchy in family and society, age, gender, position, jobs, attitude, feelings However, in English communication, AT shows less interpersonal relationship than Vietnamese In the teaching and learning of AT, teachers and learners need to understand relevant issues, especially interpersonal relationship between communication participants so that they can use appropriate AT with the content of communication, purpose, context, feelings, attitude and typical culture of each language In translation of address terms or AT from English into Vietnamese we should prioritize cultural and feeling issues With the same object and character, but 24 in different context, and especially change of feeling, when translating, we also need to change and use appropriate AT Because in English, characters usually use PP in communication to communicate content only with neutral meaning, in Vietnamese, PP are distributed unevenly in terms of connotation (no PP in the connotation of formality, only neutrality and informality), not enough PP to use in communication, therefore NA seem to be used more than PP, therefore, when translating sentences with PP we cannot translate “one to one” Therefore, from the ten types of models of interpersonal relationship of AT in [I] and [II], we can say that: to ensure the content and connotation of AT in different contexts, it is compulsory for learners and teachers to changePP, NA into EA, or omit or add AT to suit the context, situation, state and cultural character depending on different kind of language Generally speaking, to be successful in translation activity and teaching - learning activity, we need to have three factors: knowledge of language, culture; skills and experience of translator, teacher and learner 25 SELECTED PUBLICATIONS BY THE THESIS AUTHOR RELATED TO THE THESIS Tran Thi Kim Tuyen (2010), “Contrastive analysis of the use of address form in communication between VietNamese English”, Journal of science, Đại học Vinh, Vol 39, (4B), pp.63-72 Tran Thi Kim Tuyen (2011), “Examination of address terms in High school context in HCMC”, Language and Life, (7), pp.39-43 Tran Thi Kim Tuyen (2011), “The contrastive analysis of the use of address form (nouns of address) in High school communication between VietNamese and English (Summary)”, Record of International conference on Linguistics Training and Research in Vietname: Theoretical and Pratical Isues, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, VNU - Hanoi, pp.755-756 Tran Thi Kim Tuyen (2012), “Translation of vocative words from English into Vietnamese in Gone with the wind and Cuon theo chieu gio”, Language and Life, (8), pp.9-18 Tran Thi Kim Tuyen (2013), “Some linguistic and cultural issues in literary works through the translation of address terms by studying the translative way of the address terms in the work Gone with the wind and its translation Cuon theo chieu gio”, Record of National linguistic conference: Language and Literature, pp.109-916 Tran Thi Kim Tuyen (2013), “Equivalence in translation between the two languages and specific expression in the translation of address terms (form the work Gone with the wind and its translation Cuon theo chieu gio)”, Summary record of national linguistic conference 2013, pp.391-402 Tran Thi Kim Tuyen (2014), “Common spelling mistakes of students when using address terms in English and proposed solutions”, Language and Life, (4), pp.56-61 Tran Thi Kim Tuyen (2015), “Some cultural issues in translation of literary works and their reception in globalization”, Summary record of Vietnamese studies: Traditional cultural issues Vietnamese Dictionary & Encyclopedia Study Insitute, Hanoi pp.1227-1231 Tran Thi Kim Tuyen (2015), “The application of Do Huu Chau studies into the research of address terms in translated literary works (in the work Gone with the wind and its translation Cuon theo chieu gio)”, In Do Huu Chau Journey and Continuation, Vietnam National University Publishing House, Hanoi, pp.633-643 10 Tran Thi Kim Tuyen (2015), “Some issues in translation of literary works and their application”, Record of National Linguistic 2015, Vietnam National University Publishing House, Hanoi, pp.1116-1122 11 Tran Thi Kim Tuyen (2016), “Apply teaching and learning the address form to the integration (by translating them in the work Gone with the wind into Cuon theo chieu gio”, In the teaching and researching of Vietnamese studies Theoretical and Practical issues, Vietnam National University Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City , pp.886-898 26 The thesis was completed at Vinh University Supervisors: Prof Dr Do Thi Kim Lien Assoc Prof Dr Le Dinh Tuong Thesis reader 1: Thesis reader 2: Thesis reader 3: The thesis is defended at the University’s examiners Council held at Vinh University At … day … month … year 2016 The thesis can be accessed at: - Vietnam National Library - Nguyen Thuc Hao Center of Information-Library, Vinh University 27 [...]... Vietnamese in Gone with the wind and Cuon theo chieu gio , Language and Life, (8), pp.9-18 5 Tran Thi Kim Tuyen (2013), “Some linguistic and cultural issues in literary works through the translation of address terms by studying the translative way of the address terms in the work Gone with the wind and its translation Cuon theo chieu gio , Record of National linguistic conference: Language and Literature,... address form to the integration (by translating them in the work Gone with the wind into Cuon theo chieu gio , In the teaching and researching of Vietnamese studies Theoretical and Practical issues, Vietnam National University Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City , pp.886-898 1 26 The thesis was completed at Vinh University Supervisors: 1 Prof Dr Do Thi Kim Lien 2 Assoc Prof Dr Le Dinh Tuong Thesis reader... “Equivalence in translation between the two languages and specific expression in the translation of address terms (form the work Gone with the wind and its translation Cuon theo chieu gio) ”, Summary record of national linguistic conference 2013, pp.391-402 7 Tran Thi Kim Tuyen (2014), “Common spelling mistakes of students when using address terms in English and proposed solutions”, Language and Life,... Chapter 3 NOUNS OF ADDRESS WERE USED BY CHARACTERS IN THE ORIGINAL NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION IN CUON THEO CHIEU GIO 3.1 Summary of the translation of nouns of address were used by characters from [I] into [II] In this chapter, we examined NA from 435 conversations in [I] and translated in [II] with many different forms used and a considerable number as shown in table 3.1: Table... 7,7% 3 7,7% 1 2,6% 3.2.7 Translation of the nouns indicating position and occupation The number of times was shown in the table 3.8: Table 3.8: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the nouns indicating position and occupation in [I] and equivalent translation in [II] English VietNamese The nouns indicating position and occupation The nouns indicating position and Percentage Ellipsis... addressing, reflecting the loss of temper and control, resulting in inappropriate use of AT Within the scope of literary work, characters while taking part in communication in Vietnamese and English all use AT, but with different number of times of usage and differences and similarities in addressing This shows that, they are not only different in terms of language but also in culture and society When using... in translation of literary works and their reception in globalization”, Summary record of Vietnamese studies: Traditional cultural issues Vietnamese Dictionary & Encyclopedia Study Insitute, Hanoi pp.1227-1231 9 Tran Thi Kim Tuyen (2015), The application of Do Huu Chau studies into the research of address terms in translated literary works (in the work Gone with the wind and its translation Cuon theo. .. characters' conversation from [I] into [II] and application of translation research is as follows: 19 4.2 Research findings and proposals for translation and teaching-learning of units of address terms 4.2.1.Research findings in translation of address terms 4.2.1.1 Research findings in the translation of PPs PP can be translated into PP, NA into NA but they can also be translated with a change of type of speech... research into the translation of AF in a specific novel This thesis focuses on the use and expression of the translation of AT of characters in Gone with the wind into Cuốn theo chiều gió We draw some conclusions as follows: 1 Addressing is a linguistic act made in communication; it is only used in conversations From the theory of conversation and addressing function, we can see that, factors such as... 3.3 The nouns of address were added into the dialogue in the translation Number of times nouns of address were added (insertion) into the dialogue of [II], which was shown in the table 3.10: Table 3.10: The nouns of address were added into the dialogue in [II] English The nouns of address were added into [II] (VietNamese) Total: 327 NA: 0 EA: 0 NIK: 304 Surname and fullname: 13 The nouns indicating