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A guide to writing japanese kanji kana A guide to writing japanese kanji kana A guide to writing japanese kanji kana A guide to writing japanese kanji kana A guide to writing japanese kanji kana A guide to writing japanese kanji kana A guide to writing japanese kanji kana A guide to writing japanese kanji kana
Table Basic Rules for Writing by Hand Stroke direction Horizontal strokes from left to right Vertical or slanting strokes from top to bottom A stroke may change direction several times 一 丨 丩 丰丂 七 丵 丹 丄 乂乃 丅 丁 Stroke order a From top to bottom b From left to right c Middle stroke before short flanking side-strokes d Horizontal stroke before intersecting vertical stroke e X-forming strokes: from upper right to lower left, then from upper left to lower right f Piercing vertical stroke last If the vertical middle stroke does not protrude, upper part, then middle stroke, then lower part g Piercing horizontal stroke last 乆乇丆 万 么义丈 三 乐乑乒 乖乗乘丐 乢乣乤 丑 乥书乧乨乩买乱 乲乴 乵乶乷乸 These handwriting rules for the stroke direction and order apply to kana as well as kanji For a more-detailed explanation of kanji writing rules, see the summary on pages 46–48 Japanese Kanji Kana AND A COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE JAPANESE WRITING SYSTEM WOLFGANG HADAMITZKY & MARK SPAHN T UT T L E Publishing Tokyo Rutland, Vermont Singapore The Tuttle Story: “Books to Span the East and West” Most people are surprised to learn that the world’s largest publisher of books on Asia had its beginnings in the tiny American state of Vermont The company’s founder, Charles E Tuttle, belonged to a New England family steeped in publishing And his first love was naturally books—especially old and rare editions Immediately after WW II, serving in Tokyo under General Douglas MacArthur, Tuttle was tasked with reviving the Japanese publishing industry, and founded the Charles E Tuttle Publishing Company, which thrives today as one of the world’s leading independent publishers Though a westerner, Charles was hugely instrumental in bringing a knowledge of Japan and Asia to a world hungry for information about the East By the time of his death in 1993, Tuttle had published over 6,000 books on Asian culture, history and art—a legacy honored by the Japanese emperor with the “Order of the Sacred Treasure,” the highest tribute Japan can bestow upon a non-Japanese With a backlist of 1,500 titles, Tuttle Publishing is more active today than at any time in its past— inspired by Charles’ core mission to publish fine books to span the East and West and provide a greater understanding of each Published by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd www.tuttlepublishing.com Copyright © 2012 by Wolfgang Hadamitzky and Mark Spahn All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher Third edition, 2011 Second edition, 1997 First edition, 1981 German language edition published in 1979 by Verlag Enderle GmbH, Tokyo; in 1980 by Langenscheidt KG, Berlin and Munich Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data for this title is available ISBN: 978-1-4629-1018-2 (ebook) Third edition 15 14 13 12 11 Printed in Singapore 1111MP Distributed by North America, Latin America & Europe Tuttle Publishing 364 Innovation Drive North Clarendon, VT 05759-9436 U.S.A Tel: (802) 773-8930 Fax: (802) 773-6993 info@tuttlepublishing.com www.tuttlepublishing.com Japan Tuttle Publishing Yaekari Building, 3rd Floor, 5-4-12 Osaki Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141 0032 Tel: (81) 5437-0171 Fax: (81) 5437-0755 sales@tuttle.co.jp www.tuttle.co.jp Asia Pacific Berkeley Books Pte Ltd 61 Tai Seng Avenue #02-12 Singapore 534167 Tel: (65) 6280-1330 Fax: (65) 6280-6290 inquiries@periplus.com.sg www.periplus.com TUTTLE PUBLISHING® is a registered trademark of Tuttle Publishing, a division of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd Table of Contents Brief Historical Outline 40 From Pictures to Characters 42 Readings 44 Rules for Writing Kanji 46 Lexical Order 53 Tips on Learning Kanji 66 Explanation of the Jōyō Kanji Entries 68 The Jōyō Kanji List 69 Index by Radicals 377 Index by Stroke Count 387 Index by Readings 395 Preface Introduction Romanization 10 The Kana Syllabaries 14 Origin 14 Order 18 Writing 23 Orthography 26 Usage 30 Punctuation 34 The Kanji 40 List of Tables The Syllabaries (inside front cover) Basic Rules for Writing by Hand ((front endpaper) Transliteration (Hepburn romanization) 12 Hiragana Derivations 16 Katakana Derivations 17 Alphabetical order of the syllables of the Fifty-Sounds Table and supplementary table 20 Example of Dictionary Order 21 The Iroha Syllable Order 22 How to Write Hiragana 24 10 How to Write Katakana 25 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 5 Important Katakana Combinations 29 Punctuation Marks 39 The 79 Radicals (with variants) 57 The 214 Traditional Radicals 58 The Most Important of the 214 Traditional Radicals 60 The 214 Traditional Radicals and Their Meanings 61 The 80 Graphemes (without variants) 65 The 79 Radicals (without variants) (back endpaper) Checklist for Determining the Radical of a Character (inside back cover) Preface Fourteen years after it was last revised, this standard work of the Japanese writing system has been expanded and completely updated The main part of the book now lists 2,141 kanji (formerly 1,945) In addition, with its 19 tables, it presents a fresh, modern design A feature of this handbook is its double usefulness as both a textbook and a reference work It serves beginners as well as those who want to look up individual kanji via the three indexes And the many tables provide a quick overview of all important aspects of the Japanese writing system The information is so organized and presented – the pronunciation of each character is spelled out in roman letters – as to allow easy entry into the Japanese writing system for beginners and those who are learning on their own, providing the background anyone needs to know to become able to read Japanese without constantly looking up one kanji after another All the information about the hiragana and katakana syllabaries and the kanji is based on the official orthography rules of the Japanese government The 2,141 kanji listed in the main part of this book include the 2,136 characters of the “Revised List of Kanji for General Use” (改定 常用漢字表, 2010) as well as five further kanji that were dropped from the official list that was in effect up to 2010 This work is divided into three parts: Introductory chapters A general introduction to transliteration is followed by a presentation of the two sets of phonetic characters, the hiragana and the katakana (called collectively the kana) Then comes a section devoted to punctuation Next is a general introduction to the world of the ideographic characters, the kanji: how they arose, how they are put together, how to write them, how to read (pronounce) them, what they mean, how to find them in a character dictionary, and tips for how to learn them effectively List of the 2,136 Jōyō Kanji The bulk of the book is made up of the official list of the 2,136 Jōyō Kanji The order of presentation is based on pedagogical principles, proceeding from simple, frequent kanji to those that are more complex and occur less often Within this general framework, characters that are graphically similar are presented together in order to call attention to their similarities and diff ferences in form, reading, and meaning Each head-kanji is set in a modern, appealing font, and is accompanied by: its running identification number from to 2141, how it is written (stroke by stroke) and its stroke-count; its readings and corresponding meanings; its handwritten form and variants; its structure and graphic components; its radical; and its location in more-comprehensive character dictionaries Under each head-kanji are listed up to five important compounds with reading and meaning These compounds are made up of earlier-listed characters having lower identification numbers (with only a few exceptions) So working through the kanji in the order they are presented in this book will make it easier for you to build up a vocabulary while reviewing what you have learned before Each compound is labeled with the numbers of its constituent kanji, for quick review lookup In all, the kanji list and compounds contain a basic Japanese vocabulary of over 12,000 words Indexes Each of the 2,141 characters in the kanji list can be looked up via three indexes at the end of the book: by reading, by stroke-count, and by radical Acknowledgments The revision of this book is owed primarily to Mr and Mrs Rainer and Seiko Weihs, who prepared and proofed all the data in their usual competent, patient, detailed way and produced the typographically complex work you hold in your hands The quality of the data was considerably improved by the many additional suggestions of Mrs Vera Rathje and Mrs Violaine Mochizuki To all of them we express our heartfelt thanks Buckow, Germany, August 2011 Wolfgang Hadamitzky www.hadamitzky.de Mark Spahn West Seneca, New York, USA, August 2011 Further study aids and dictionaries by the authors on the Japanese writing system A Guide to Writing Japanese Kanji & Kana Books 1, 1991 Writing templates for the kana syllabaries and the kanji to 1945 Kanji in Motion (KiM) 2011 Game and tutorial program Trains the user for rapidly recognizing and reading all kana and Jōyō Kanji KanjiVision (KV) 2012 Web-based Japanese-English character dictionary Contains about 6,000 head-kanji and 48,000 multi-kanji compound words Search options: by grapheme (up to six per character), reading (in romanization or kana), meaning, stroke-count, and kanji (copied from other sources) Introduction Japanese is written in a mixture (called kanji-kana majiri ) of three types of symbols, each with its own function: Kanji These ideographic characters, adopted from the Chinese language, are used for conceptual words (mainly nouns, verbs, and adjectives) and for Japanese and Chinese proper names Hiragana Written with hiragana are the inflectional endings of conceptual words as well as all words, mostly of grammatical function, that are not written in kanji Katakana Katakana are used to write foreign names and other words of foreign origin, and to emphasize individual words Besides kanji, hiragana, and katakana, one often finds in Japanese texts the same roman letters and Hindu-Arabic numerals as in English; for example, the semigovernmental radio and K (the television broadcasting corporation 日本放送協会 Nippon Hōsō Kyōkaii is abbreviated NHK letters are pronounced as in English), and in horizontal writing, numbers are usually written with Hindu-Arabic numerals rather than with kanji There has never been an independent, purely Japanese system of writing Around the seventh century the attempt was first made to use Chinese characters to represent Japanese speech In the ninth century the Japanese simplified the complex Chinese ideographs into what are now the two sets of kana (hiragana and katakana) Each of these kana syllabaries encompasses all the syllables that occur Japanese, so it is quite possible to write exclusively in kana, just as it would be possible to write Japanese exclusively in romanization In practice, however, this would hamper communication due to the large number of words that are pronounced alike but have different meanings; these homophones are distinguished from each other by being written with different kanji Japanese today is written either in vertical columns proceeding from right to left or in horizontal lines which are read from left to right The traditional vertical style is seen mostly in literary works The horizontal European style, recommended by the government, is found more in scientific and technical literature Newspapers use both styles: most articles are written vertically, headlines and advertisements appear in both styles, and radio and television program listings are laid out horizontally Handwritten Japanese may be written either vertically or horizontally For writing practice it is recommended that the beginner use either manuscript paper (genkō yōshi), which has space for either 200 or 400 characters per page, or the practice manuals that accompany this text There, each kana, and each kanji from to 1945, is presented twice in gray for tracing over, followed by empty spaces for free writing 1240 – 1246 ࢣ ࢤ ࢥ ࢦ ࢧ ࢨ ࢩ 1240 7a4.1 ùÇ /67 48 ඥ 1241 3e4.1 HŌ, tazu(neru), otozu(reru) – visit 訪 問 hōmon visit 来 訪 raihō visit 訪 日 hōnichi visit to Japan 訪 客 hōkyaku visitor, guest 探 訪 tanbō inquiries, inquiring into 162 69 651 544 BŌ, samata(geru) – prevent, obstruct, hamper 妨 害 bōgai obstruction, disturbance, interference 527 gÇ /25 48 න 1242 2a10.6 AÇN /3 48 11 ථ 1243 2j7.5 Ne‰ /11 24 BŌ, katawa(ra) – side 傍 観 bōkan look on, remain a spectator 傍 聴 bōchō hearing, attendance 傍 系 bōkei collateral (descendant) 傍 証 bōshō supporting evidence, corroboration 傍 受 bōju intercept, monitor (a radio message) 614 1080 930 493 260 TEII – restaurant, pavilion, arbor 亭 主 teishu host; innkeeper; husband 料 亭 ryōtei (Japanese) restaurant 155 319 20 1244 2a9.14 AeN /3 24 11 ୋ 1245 7c10.1 ünb /69 33 22 Ԗ 1246 7c3.1 ü]¬ /69 14 ڭ TEII – stop 停 止 teishi suspension, stopping 停 滞 teitai stagnation, accumulation 調 停 chōtei mediation, arbitration 停 留 所 teiryūjo (bus/streetcar) stop 各 駅 停 車 kakueki teisha a local (train) 485 995 342 774, 153 652, 284, 133 KATSU U – a wedge; control, administration 328 管 轄 kankatsu jurisdiction, competence 328, 326, 777 管 轄 官 庁 kankatsu kanchō the proper 153 authorities 所 轄 shokatsu jurisdiction 849 統 轄 tōkatsu supervision, general control 429 直 轄 chokkatsu direct control/jurisdiction KEN N – house; (counter for buildings) nokii – eaves 一 軒 ikken house 軒 数 kensū number of houses 軒 並 nokinami row of houses 軒 先 nokisaki edge of the eaves; front of the house 248 225 1222 50 1247 – 1253 ࢪ ࢫ ࢬ ว ࢭ ಚ ࢮ 1247 3a3.6 Y]¬ /21 14 KAN, ase – sweat 発 汗 hakkan perspire, sweat 冷 汗 reikan, hiyaase a cold sweat 汗 顔 kangan sweating from shame 96 851 277 Շ 1248 4c9.8 vOA /42 12 Ի 1249 4c7.14 vO^ /42 12 15 Ԭ 1250 4c14.3 veO /42 24 12 KAN N – main part mikii – (tree) trunk 86 幹 部 kanbu key officers, executives, management 幹 事 長 kanjichō executive secretary, secretary-general 80, 95 314 根 幹 konkan basis, root, nucleus 67 語 幹 gokan stem of a word 174, 299 新 幹 線 Shinkansen New Trunk Line, bullet train KAN N – dry kawa(ku) – become dry, dry up kawa(kasu) – dry (out), parch 473 乾 季 kanki the dry season 108, 119 乾 電 池 kandenchi dry cell, battery 79 乾 物 kanbutsu dry provisions, groceries 1210 乾 杯 kanpai a toast; Cheers! KAN N – Korea 韓 国 Kankoku South Korea 日 韓 Nik-Kan Japan and South Korea 在 韓 zai-Kan resident/stationed in South Korea 40 268 ա 1251 6a8.8 óvh /61 42 26 ม緜 1252 8a8.6 ßvh /72 42 MEN, wata – cotton 木 綿 momen cotton 綿 布 menpu cotton (cloth) 綿 織 物 men'orimono cotton fabrics, cotton goods 海 綿 kaimen a sponge 綿 密 menmitsu minute, close, meticulous 22 688 693, 79 117 822 KIN, nishikii – brocade 錦 絵 nishikie colored woodblock print 錦 の 御 旗 nishiki no mihata the imperial standard 345 721, 1043 26 ؖ 1253 3a5.33 Yv@ /21 42 ৣ湶 SEN, izumii – spring, fountainhead, fountain 温 泉 onsen hot spring, spa 冷 泉 reisen cold mineral spring 泉 水 sensui garden pond, fountain 源 泉 gensen fountainhead, source 平 泉 Hiraizumi (town in Tōhoku) 249 644 851 21 589 202 1254 – 1260 ง ࢯ ಿ ࢰ ࢱ ࢲ ࢳ 1254 4b9.6 uvY /43 42 21 SEN N – gland 甲 状 腺 kōjōsen thyroid gland 乳 腺 nyūsen mammary gland 前 立 腺 zenritsusen prostate gland 1016, 636 969 47, 121 ৰ 1255 0a4.46 m¬ 32 ϵ 1256 0a5.40 m¬@ 32 SEI, [SHŌ], i – a well 1253 井 泉 seisen a well 365 油 井 yusei oil well 141 天 井 tenjō ceiling 152 Tōkyō) 井 戸 ido a well 556, 1031 軽 井 沢 Karuizawa (summer resort town NW of donburi, don – bowl 141 天 丼 tendon bowl of rice and tempura 丼 勘 定 donburi-kanjō slipshod accounting, rough estimate 1601, 356 ཋ 1257 3s4.2 “m¬ /24 32 Ϟ圍 1258 3s2.1 “A /24 ࡳ 1259 0a10.13 tm„ 41 32 ܩ畊 1260 0a10.12 t„O 41 ฮ 12 I, kako(mu/u) – surround, enclose, lay siege to 範 囲 han'i extent, scope, range 周 囲 shūi circumference, surroundings 包 囲 hōi encirclement, siege 取り囲 む torikakomu surround, enclose; besiege SHŪ Ū – arrest, imprison, prisoner 囚 人 shūjin prisoner, convict 未 決 囚 miketsushū unconvicted prisoner 死 刑 囚 shikeishū criminal sentenced to death 女 囚 joshū female prisoner 免 囚 menshū released prisoner, ex-convict KŌ, tagaya(su) – plow, till, cultivate 耕 地 kōchi arable land, cultivated land 耕 作 kōsaku cultivation, farming 耕 作 物 kōsakubutsu farm products 農 耕 nōkō agriculture, farming 水 耕（法） suikō(hō) hydroponics MŌ, [KŌ]] – decrease 消 耗 shōmō consumption, wear and tear 消 耗 品 shōmōhin supplies, expendables 消 耗 戦 shōmōsen war of attrition 損 耗 sonmō wear and tear, loss 減 耗 genmō, genkō decrease, shrinkage 250 1143 91 819 65 306, 357 85, 908 102 746 118 361 361, 79 370 21, 123 864 864, 230 864, 301 351 728 1261 – 1267 ࢴ ࢵ ࢶ ࢷ ࢸ ࢹ ࢺ 1261 6f14.1 útv /66 41 42 ু 1262 8a8.10 ßvm /72 42 32 1263 3c8.20 dvm /23 42 SEKII – (family) register 戸 籍 koseki census registration 本 籍 honseki one's domicile, legal residence 除 籍 joseki removal from the register 国 籍 kokuseki nationality 書 籍 shoseki books 152 25 1112 40 131 SAKU U – mix, be in disorder 錯 覚 sakkaku illusion 錯 誤 sakugo error 錯 乱 sakuran distraction, derangement 交 錯 kōsaku mixture; intricacy 倒 錯 tōsaku perversion SO – give up, discontinue, set aside 措 置 sochi measures, steps 報 復 措 置 hōfuku sochi retaliatory measures 615 928 702 114 927 432 698, 939, 432 32 ਉ 1264 3c5.3 dĬ /23 46 拜 1265 4a16.4 t‡v /41 75 42 ຨ 1266 3a12.20 Y‡Ä /21 75 46 ࢶ 1267 3a8.31 Ye} /21 24 35 ໖凉 HAI, oga(mu) – pray, venerate 参 拝 sanpai visit (a shrine/grave) 礼 拝 reihai worship, (church) services 拝 見 haiken see, have a look at 拝 借 haishaku borrow 拝 み 倒 す ogamitaosu entreat (someone) into consent RAN N – (newspaper) column; railing 家 庭 欄 kateiran home-life section 投 書 欄 tōshoran letters-to-the-editor column 欄 外 rangai margin (of a page) 空 欄 kūran blank column/space 欄 干 rankan railing, banister 723 630 63 780 927 165, 1164 1060, 131 83 140 593 JUN N – damp, wet; enrich uruo(su) – moisten, wet, water; profit, enrich uruo(u) – become wet; profit, become rich uru(mu) – become wet/blurred/turbid/clouded 1126 浸 潤 shinjun permeation, infiltration 329 利 潤 rijun profits 1013, 204 潤 飾 / 色 junshoku embellishment RYŌ, suzu(shii) – cool, refreshing suzu(mu) – cool off, enjoy the evening cool 671, 323, 319 清 涼 飲 料 seiryō inryō carbonated beverage 307 涼 味 ryōmi the cool, coolness 29 涼 風 ryōfū, suzukaze cool breeze 81 夕 涼 み yūsuzumi the evening cool 251 1268 – 1274 ࢻ ࢼ ࢽ ࢾ ࢿ ࣀ ࣁ 1268 2b8.2 Ctv /5 41 42 1269 3a1.2 Y[ /21 冰 1270 3a1.1 Y[ /21 з 1271 3a5.14 Y[ /21 и 1272 7a5.14 ùY[ /67 21 TŌ, kō(ru) – freeze kogo(eru) – become frozen/numb 冷 凍 器 reitōki refrigerator, freezer 凍 結 tōketsu freeze (assets) 凍 傷 tōshō frostbite 凍 死 tōshi freeze to death 凍 え 死 に kogoejini freeze to death 851, 536 494 643 85 85 HYŌ, kōri, hii – ice 氷 山 hyōzan iceberg 氷 河 hyōga glacier 流 氷 ryūhyō floating ice, ice floe 氷 点（下） hyōten(ka) (below) the freezing point 氷 結 hyōketsu freeze (over) 34 391 247 169, 31 494 EI, naga(i) – long (time) 永 住 eijū permanent residence 永 遠 eien eternity 永 眠 eimin eternal sleep, death 永 続 eizoku permanence, perpetuity 永 田 町 Nagatachō (area of Tōkyō) 156 453 868 243 35, 182 EI, oyo(gu) – swim 水 泳 suiei swimming 競 泳 kyōei swimming race 泳 法 eihō swimming style/stroke 遠 泳 en'ei long-distance swim 平 泳 ぎ hiraoyogi the breaststroke 21 871 123 453 202 EII – poem; recite, sing yo(mu) – compose, write (a poem) 詠 歌 eika composition of a poem; (Buddhist) chant 詠 草 eisō draft of a poem 395 249 р咏 1273 0a3.7 ^[ 15 ּ 1274 2f6.7 IN` /16 11 17 KYŪ, [KU], hisa(shii) – long (time) 永 久 eikyū permanence, perpetuity, eternity 長 久 chōkyū long continuance, eternity 持 久 jikyū endurance, persistence 久 遠 kuon eternity 久 し 振り hisashiburi (after) a long time 1270 95 458 453 984 KOKU U – time; carve kiza(mu) – cut fine, chop up, carve, engrave 1202 彫 刻 chōkoku sculpture 545 深 刻 shinkoku grave, serious 42 時 刻 jikoku time 一 刻 ikkoku moment; stubborn 81 夕 刻 yūkoku evening 252 1275 – 1281 ࣂ ࣃ ࣄ ࣅ ࣆ ࣇ ࣈ 1275 4a6.22 tN` /41 11 17 Ӵ 1276 7a6.10 ùN` /67 11 17 ӣ 1277 7a5.9 ùlA /67 31 क़ 1278 4f5.6 ÄlA /46 31 ନ珎 1279 4c1.1 v@ /42 ב舊 1280 4c3.3 v_@ /42 16 ࠒ兒 1281 2d7.11 Gv^ /7 42 15 ՠ陷 KAKU U – core, nucleus 核 心 kakushin core, kernel 原 子 核 genshikaku (atomic) nucleus 核 燃 料 kakunenryō nuclear fuel 核 兵 器 kakuheiki nuclear weapons 結 核 kekkaku tuberculosis 97 136, 103 663, 319 798, 536 494 GAII – (prefix) the said; vast 77, 326, 777 当 該 官 庁 tōgai kanchō relevant authorities 77, 1, 79 当 該 人 物 tōgai jinbutsu the said person 77 該 当 gaitō pertain (to), come/fall under 該 博 な 知 識 gaihaku na chishiki profound/vast learning 611, 214, 694 SHIN, mi(ru) – diagnose, examine 診 察 shinsatsu medical examination 検 診 kenshin medical examination 診 断 shindan diagnosis 打 診 dashin percussion, tapping; sound out 往 診 ōshin doctor's visit to a patient, house call 629 540 1063 1059 940 CHIN, mezura(shii) – rare, unusual 珍 品 chinpin a rarity, curiosity 珍 談 chindan amusing story, anecdote 珍 味 chinmi a delicacy 珍 重 chinchō value highly, prize 珍 客 chinkyaku least-expected/welcome visitor 230 603 307 227 651 KYŪ Ū – old, former 旧 式 kyūshiki old-type, old-fashioned 復 旧 fukkyū recovery, restoration 新 旧 shinkyū old and new 旧 悪 kyūaku one's past misdeed 旧 約（聖 書） Kyūyaku (Seisho) Old Testament 534 939 174 304 211, 686, 131 JI, [NI]] – small child, infant 児 童 jidō child, juvenile 育 児 園 ikujien daycare nursery 産 児 制 限 sanji seigen birth control 乳 児 nyūji (nursing) baby, infant 小 児 科 医 shōnikai pediatrician 416 246, 454 278, 433, 866 969 27, 320, 220 KAN, ochii(ru) – fall, get, run (into), fall, be reduced otoshii(reru) – ensnare, entice, capture 欠 陥 kekkan defect, shortcoming 陥 落 kanraku fall, capitulation 陥 没 kanbotsu depression, subsidence, cave-in 陥 穽 kansei pitfall, trap, plot 253 384 858 963 1282 – 1288 ࣉ ࣊ ࣋ ࣌ ඛ ࣍ ࣎ 1282 4k6.16 ávO /51 42 12 ٤惠 1283 5d9.2 êv} /56 42 35 Ͽ稻 1284 5d10.2 êvá /56 42 51 KEI, E, megu(mu) – bestow a favor; bless 天 恵 tenkei gift of nature, natural advantage 恩 恵 onkei benefit, favor 互 恵 gokei mutual benefit, reciprocity 知 恵 chie wisdom, sense, brains, intelligence 知 恵 者 chiesha wise/resourceful man TŌ, ine, [ina-]] – rice plant 水 稲 suitō paddy rice 稲 作 inasaku rice crop 稲 荷 Inari god of harvests, fox deity 早 稲 wase (early-ripening variety of rice) 早 稲 田 Waseda (area of Tōkyō) SUI, ho – ear, head (of grain) 稲 穂 inaho ear of rice 穂 先 hosaki tip of an ear/spear/knife/brush 穂 波 honami waves of grain 141 564 929 214 214, 164 21 361 393 248 248, 35 1283 50 677 ඁ穗 1285 3k8.32 mêe /32 56 24 ؠ 1286 3k10.15 mïb /32 59 KIN N – fungus, germ, bacteria 細 菌 saikin bacteria 保 菌 者 hokinsha (germ) carrier 殺 菌 sakkin sterilization 無 菌 mukin germ-free, sterilized 抗 菌 性 kōkinsei antibacterial 708 498, 164 585 93 843, 98 GAI, futa – cover, lid 蓋 然 性 gaizensei probability 目 蓋 mabuta eyelid 662, 98 55 22 ӡ 1287 2j8.7 Nì` /11 58 17 1288 3k10.16 mìN /32 58 ૨ 11 CHIKU U – animal raising; domestic animals 家 畜 kachiku domestic animal, livestock 畜 産 chikusan stock raising 牧 畜 業 bokuchikugyō stock farming, cattle 畜 舎 chikusha cattle shed, barn 畜 生 chikushō beast, brute; Dammit! 165 278 744, 279 805 44 CHIKU, takuwa(eru) – store, save, put aside 貯 蓄 chochiku savings, saving 備 蓄 bichiku saving for emergencies, storing 蓄 積 chikuseki accumulation 蓄 電 池 chikudenchi storage battery 775 782 667 108, 119 254 1289 – 1295 ࣏ ࣐ ࣑ ࣒ ࣓ ࣔ ࣕ 1289 2j3.2 N`@ /11 17 ڻ 1290 3h5.1 jN` /28 11 17 ڸ 1291 0a4.6 `¬@ 17 ڷ 1292 3o6.6 q`@ /36 17 1293 2g3.3 K`@ /8 17 1294 5d8.1 êª /56 73 GEN N – dark, mystery 玄 関 genkan entranceway 玄 関 番 genkanban doorkeeper, doorman, porter 玄 米 genmai unpolished/brown rice 玄 人 kurōto expert, professional, specialist GEN, tsuru – bowstring, string 弦 楽 器 gengakki string instrument, the strings 管 弦 楽（団） kangengaku(dan) orchestra 正 弦 曲 線 seigen kyokusen sine curve 上 弦 jōgen first quarter (of the moon) 下 弦 kagen last quarter (of the moon) 402 402, 185 224 359, 536 328, 359, 500 275, 367, 299 32 31 GEN, maboroshii – illusion, phantom, vision 幻 覚 genkaku hallucination 幻 影 gen'ei vision, phantom, illusion 幻 想 gensō fantasy, illusion 夢 幻 mugen dreams and phantasms 615 873 147 830 YŪ Ū – quiet, deep 幽 玄 yūgen the profound, occult 幽 霊 yūrei ghost 幽 閉 yūhei confinement, imprisonment 幽 谷 yūkoku deep ravine, narrow valley 幽 門 yūmon pylorus 1289 1225 401 664 161 YŌ, osana(i) – very young, infantile, childish 幼 児 yōji baby, small child, tot 幼 少 yōshō infancy, childhood 幼 虫 yōchū larva 幼 子 osanago little child 幼 心 osanagokoro child's mind/heart 1280 144 893 103 97 CHII – child 幼 稚 園 yōchien kindergarten 稚 気 chiki childlike state of mind 稚 児 chigo child; child in a Buddhist procession 1293, 454 134 1280 穉 1295 6a8.1 óª /61 73 I – tie, rope 維 持 iji maintenance, support 維 持 費 ijihi upkeep expenses 明 治 維 新 Meiji Ishin Meiji Restoration Ϭ 255 458 458, 762 18, 502, 174 1296 – 1302 ࣖ ࣗ ࣘ ࣙ ࣚ ལ ཷ 1296 2b8.1 JUN N – semi-, quasi-; permit 批 准 hijun ratify 1068 Cª /5 73 ࢯ 1297 3c8.1 dª /23 73 ॵ 1298 3d8.1 eª /24 73 ๘ 1299 6f4.1 ú|@ /66 34 ः 1300 3a5.1 Yé /21 54 1301 3c5.2 dé SUI, o(su) – infer, deduce, recommend, propose 推 定 suitei presumption, inference 推 論 suiron reasoning, inference 推 理 suiri reasoning, inference 類 推 ruisui (inference by) analogy 推 進 suishin propulsion, drive 356 293 143 226 443 YUI, [I]] – solely, only, merely 唯 物 論 yuibutsuron materialism 唯 心 論 yuishinron spiritualism, idealism 唯 理 論 yuiriron rationalism 唯 美 主 義 yuibi shugi estheticism 唯 一 yuiitsu the only, sole 79, 293 97, 293 143, 293 405, 155, 291 SHŌ, wara(u) – laugh e(mu) – smile 苦 笑 kushō wry smile, forced laugh 冷 笑 reishō scornful laugh, sneer 談 笑 danshō friendly talk, chat 大 笑 い ōwarai loud laughter, hearty laugh 笑 顔 egao smiling face 554 851 603 26 277 KYŪ, na(ku) – cry 262 感 泣 kankyū be moved to tears 266 号 泣 gōkyū wailing, lamentation 759 泣 き 声 nakigoe tearful voice, sob, whimper tears 893 泣 き 虫 nakimushi crybaby 858 泣 き 落と す nakiotosu obtain (someone's) consent by RA – drag; (short for) Latin 拉 致 rachi take (someone) away 拉 致 被 害 者 rachi higaisha abductee 925 925, 1009, 527, 164 /23 54 ኹ 1302 4i13.3 Ébe /49 22 MEN N – noodles 拉 麺 rāmen ramen, Chinese noodles in soup 素 麺 sōmen vermicelli, thin noodles 24 ฤ 256 1301 271 1303 – 1309 ࣛ ࣜ ࣝ ࣞ ࣟ ࣠ ࣡ 1303 4m4.2 âÇ /40 48 ඵ 1304 4m3.1 â| /40 34 ุ 1305 3a7.21 Ys| /21 40 34 泪 1306 3d9.7 eb| /24 22 34 ֯ 1307 3a12.10 Yób /21 61 22 ڊ 1308 4k6.17 áè@ /51 55 1309 4k12.10 áèe /51 55 24 ٧憇 BŌ – a room; tassel fusa – tassel, tuft, cluster 暖 房 danbō heating 独 房 dokubō solitary (prison) cell 官 房 長（官） kanbōchō(kan) chief secretary 文 房 具 bunbōgu stationery 女 房 nyōbō (one's own) wife 645 219 326, 95, 326 111, 426 102 REII – rebel; perverse modo(ru) – go/come back, return modo(su) – give/send back, return, restore; throw up, vomit 取り戻 す torimodosu take back, regain, recoup 払 い 戻 す haraimodosu pay back, refund 立 ち 戻 る tachimodoru return to 逆 戻り gyakumodori going backward, retrogression RUI, namida – teardrop 感 涙 kanrui tears of strong emotion 血 涙 ketsurui tears of blood, bitter tears 空 涙 soranamida false/crocodile tears 涙 声 namidagoe tearful voice 涙 ぐ まし い namidagumashii touching, moving KITSU U – eat, drink, smoke 喫 茶 店 kissaten teahouse, café 喫 煙 kitsuen smoking 満 喫 mankitsu eat/drink one's fill, enjoy fully 喫 す る kissuru eat, drink, smoke 65 591 121 451 262 803 140 759 251, 168 941 201 KETSU U – pure isagiyo(i) – brave, manly, righteous, pure 清 潔 seiketsu clean, neat 純 潔 junketsu pure, chaste 潔 白 keppaku pure, upright, of integrity 高 潔 kōketsu noble, lofty, high-minded 不 潔 fuketsu impure, unclean, filthy 671 996 205 190 94 SOKU U – son; breath ikii – breath 休 息 kyūsoku a rest, breather 消 息 shōsoku news, information 利 息 risoku interest (on a loan) 息 切 れ ikigire shortness of breath 息 子 musuko son 60 864 329 39 103 KEI, iko(i) – rest iko(u) – rest 休 憩 kyūkei rest, recess 休 憩 所 kyūkeijo resting place, lobby 休 憩 時 間 kyūkei jikan rest period, recess 小 憩 shōkei brief recess, a break 257 60 60, 153 60, 42, 43 27 [...]... based on Chinese characters, the katakana syllabary Each katakana is taken from one component of a kaisho-style Chinese character corresponding to a particular syllable This makes the katakana more angular than the hiragana, which are cursive simplifications of entire kanji In a few cases the katakana is only a slight alteration of a simple kanji: チ (千), ハ (八), ミ (三) 14 Since katakana were closely associated... pronunciation of kanji, like this: カタ hitotsu 平仮名 カ ひら が な hiragana 漢字 ナ カンジ kanji katakana 片 仮 名 ひと 一つ These small kana, written either above or below the kanji in horizontal writing and to the right of the kanji in vertical writing, are called furigana or rubi In transliterating individual kanji, katakana are used for Chinese-derived (on) readings, and hiragana for native -Japanese (kun) readings:... mō dame da nazo no jisatsu Toyota Yokohama Too late! a mysteeerious suicide Toyota (company name) Yokohama (city name) The limited usage of katakana makes them stand out and often lends them a certain weight This high visibility, which is often made use of in advertising, has somewhat the same effect that italics and capital letters have in Western languages Both hiragana and katakana are used to show... Order Table 1 (inside the front cover) shows the usual “alphabetical” order of the hiragana and katakana syllable-characters It is based on Indian alphabets which, like the Devanagari alphabet today, order their syllables according to their articulatory phonetics Around the year 1000 people in Japan began to arrange the Japanese syllables and syllable-characters, which had been in use since early in... today was laid down in the year 1900 in a decree for elementary schools Two obsolete characters were dropped as part of orthographic reforms made shortly after World War II As a result, today there are 46 officially recognized hiragana The now-obsolete kana that were dropped by the above decree, and which were derived from different kanji, are called hentai-gana (deviant-form kana) Katakana The katakana... annotation kana for indicating pronunciation are called furigana In horizontal writing they are written above the kanji, and in vertical writing they are written to the right of the kanji (for examples, see page 32) The derivation tables on the following two pages show which kanji each kana is derived from 15 Table 4 Hiragana Derivations あ 安 a 105 か 加 ka 722 さ 左 sa 75 た 太 ta 639 な 奈 na 947 は 波 ha 677 ま 末 ma... the musical keys A to G The Fifty-Sounds Table contains 46 kana, but the Iroha contains 47, because it includes the two now-obsolete kana ゐ (w)ii and ゑ (w)e, and lacks the kana ん n This Iroha poem is reproduced line by line on page 22, along with a translation Romanized Japanese can be alphabetized as in English, and this is done in Japanese- foreign language dictionaries 19 Table 6 Alphabetical order... syllable-symbols, today known as hiragana, were formerly referred to as onna-de, “ladies’ hand,” since they were first used in letters and literary writing by courtly women of the Heian period, who were ignorant of the exclusively male domain of Chinese learning and literature and the use of Chinese characters But the hiragana gradually came to prevail as a standard syllabary The hiragana syllabary... practice manuals that accompany this book Tracing over the gray-tone characters in the practice manuals is the quickest way to get a feel for the proper proportions of each character: あ い う え お あ い う え お あ い う え お 23 Table 9 How to Write Hiragana 24 Table 10 How to Write Katakana ｟ ｠ 25 Orthography Modern kana orthography (gendai kanazukai) reflects pronunciation closely This section explains, with examples,... associated with science and learning, for a long time these angular phonetic symbols were used only by men As with the hiragana, the final form of the katakana in use today was prescribed in 1900 in a decree for elementary schools And the number officially recognized katakana is today 46, the same as for hiragana A kana takes on not just the form of the kanji from which it is derived, but also its adopted ... katakana syllabary Each katakana is taken from one component of a kaisho-style Chinese character corresponding to a particular syllable This makes the katakana more angular than the hiragana,... study aids and dictionaries by the authors on the Japanese writing system A Guide to Writing Japanese Kanji & Kana Books 1, 1991 Writing templates for the kana syllabaries and the kanji to 1945 Kanji. .. the Japanese simplified the complex Chinese ideographs into what are now the two sets of kana (hiragana and katakana) Each of these kana syllabaries encompasses all the syllables that occur Japanese,