EFFECTS OF ORGANIC INSECTICIDES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SOYBEAN (Glycine Max L.) VARIETIES IN THAI NGUYEN, VIETNAM CONDITION A Thesis presented toThe Faculty of the Graduate Studies and Applied Research LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY Siniloan, Laguna Philippines In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in Science in Agriculture Major in Crop Science THANH TRUNG DAM November 2014 Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author would like to express her heartfelt and warmest gratitude to the following persons who gave their valuable suggestions, immeasurable support, and for the strength and inspiration to finish this study Dr Nestor M De Vera, University President, for his valuable ideas, comments, and suggestions for the improvement of this study Dr Lolita L Beato, Dean of College of Agriculture and Adviser, for her guidance, motivation, valuable ideas and suggestions to make this study complete Dr Robert C Agatep, Statistician, for the encouragement, patience and for helping her on the analysis and interpretation of data Dr Carlos J Andam, Subject Specialist, for his brilliant ideas, comments and suggestions for the improvement of this study Prof Lydia R Chavez, Technical Editor, for her comments and suggestions on the technical aspect of this study Thanks to the farmers for lending his land area for the conduct of this study Lastly, the author would like to thank his parents who always love, comfort, encourage and support in everything he needs to complete this study THANH TRUNG DAM Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ ii ABSTRACT DAM THANH TRUNG, Laguna State Polytechnic University, Siniloan, Laguna NOVEMBER 2014 “EFFECTS OF ORGANIC INSECTICIDES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN (Glycine Max L.) VARIETIES IN THAI NGUYEN CONDITION, VIETNAM” Adviser: Dr Lolita L Beato This research was conducted in Vietnam from June to October 2014 to determine the growth and yield performance of three varieties of soybeans using different sources of insecticides under Thai Nguyen condition in Vietnam Specifically, the study sought answers to the following questions: what are the significant differences among the performance of three varieties of soybeans?; which variety and insecticide sources or their combination will give better growth performance of soybeans in terms of plant height at maturity, number of days from transplanting to flowering, fruiting and harvesting and number of branches?; which variety and insecticide sources will give better yield performance of soybeans in terms of number of pods per plant, length and weight of pods per plant; weight of soybean seeds and yield per hectare?; which variety and insecticide sources will give lower number and percentage of infestation of soybean plants in terms of kinds of insects at different stages of plant and percentage of infestation a different stages of soybean plant?; are there significant interaction effects between and or among soybean varieties and sources of insecticides?; which variety of soybean and insecticide sources or their combination will be most suitable and economical to use in Thai Nguyen condition in Vietnam? Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ iii A 3x5 factorial experiment in a Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) was used in the study with three finger pepper varieties ( A1- DT22, A2DT26 and A3- DT51 variety) and five sources of insecticides B1- control, B2- 50L hoban 30EC /ha, B3- 50L hocsinh/ha, B4- 50L thaomo/ha and B5- 50L hattao/ha Each treatment was replicated four times Duncans’ Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to determine the significant differences between variety and fertilizer means Result showed that the growth and yield performance of soybean plants were affected by varieties in terms of plant height, number of days from transplanting to flowering to fruiting, number of branches, length and weight of pods Among the three varieties of soybean plants, DT 22 showed better growth and yield performance Insect infestation of soybean plant is affected by the insecticides applied at fruiting stage The yield and economic performance of soybean plants were affected by varieties and insecticides in terms of number of pods, weight of soybean seeds, yield per hectare, net income and return on expenses Interaction effect was present in insect infestation at vegetative and flowering stage of soybean plants Insect infestation is lower at the application of organic insecticide Total sale, net income and return on expense of soybeans increased at the application of insecticide with the rate of 50L hocsinh/ha Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ iv Since the growth, yield and economic performance of soybeans were significantly affected by varieties and fertilizer in terms of plant height, number of days from transplanting to flowering to fruiting, number of branches, length and weight of pods, number of pods per plant, weight of soybean seeds, yield per hectare, net income and return on expenses, the use of DT 22 variety and application of organic insecticide Hocsinc (chilli, garlic, corn bran and egg shell) at the rate of 50L/ha is being recommended Replication of the same study in other areas and field is also recommended Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ Chapter THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Soybean (Glycine max L.) is the most valuable grain legume and the third crop in importance after rice (Oryza sativa) and corn (Zea mays L.) in Vietnam It is a rich source of oil and protein It is also processed into popular products in Vietnam such as soya-cheese, soya-cake, soya-milk, and cooking oil.In Vietnam, soybean is grown in about 130,000 ha, of which 42,000 (33%) is grown in the south of the country, consisting of the Eastern region and the Mekong Delta (Yen Thao, 2004) Vegetable soybean is rich in phytochemicals beneficial to the human being and is therefore considered a neutraceutical or a functional food crop Edamame (vegetable soy bean) is well established legume in the human diet in Asia The positive health benefits of soy have greatly increased consumer awareness of soy products and created a market potential for soy products (Beckman, 1997) Imports of soybeans in 2011 rose significantly due to the increased demand from the food processing, livestock, and aquaculture feed industries, and the vegetable oil industry combined with a zero percent import tariff Vietnam’s soybean imports reached a record in 2011, surpassing one million metric tons (MMT) This represents a 350 percent increase over the previous year; 22 percent of the total imported volume was sourced from the United Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ States Post expects imports of full-fat soybeans to steadily increase in the next three to five years Soybean meal imports increased to a record 3.0 MMT to meet the growing demand from the livestock, and aquaculture feed sectors (Nguyen, 2012) Demand for imported soybean meal is forecast to fall as new processing facilities come on-line in Vietnam Already, we have seen a sharp increase in soybean imports in preparation for the opening of the first of two processing plants Meal production is expected to grow through the latter-half of 2011 and attain peakproduction the following year The full impact on meal imports will be felt in 2012 with an anticipated reduction in trade around 20 percent This figure would be lower if not for continued growth in meal demand driven by expansion in the pork, poultry and aquaculture sectors Although initial soybean sales have comepredominately from South America, there remains opportunity for future growth in U.S sales to the region (United States Department of Agricuture, 2011) In 2012, U.S soybean exports to Vietnam reached a record of 461 thousand metric tons (TMT), double the 2011 level due to high demand from the two commercial oilseed crushing facilities, and from the food industry In 2013, U.S soybean exports are expected to reach about 500 TMT In 2012, Vietnam’s soybean meal (SBM) imports were 2.5 million metric tons (MMT) Post forecasts 2013 and 2014 SBM imports to gradually decrease due, to 2.4 and 2.37 MMT, respectively, due to local production Local soy oil production and exports have Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ been increasing in recent years as results of larger crush and greater oil availability Soy oil exports are projected at 110 TMT and 120 TMT in 2013 and 2014, accordingly (Nguyen, 2012) Productivity of soybeans in Asia, and particularly Vietnam, is low compared with elsewhere in the world Vietnam’s average yields are 1t/ha compared with 1.3 t/ha in Thailand, 1.75 t/ha in Brazil and 2.25 t/ha in the USA This low productivity is a problem because Vietnam needs more soybeans to satisfy a growing demand for stock feed and to improve the nutrition of the human population The reasons for poor production in Vietnam have been clearly identified One of the most significant is the fact that the varieties grown in summer have a growing period too short to produce the maximum yield possible for the season Moreover, soybean is invariably treated as secondary to rice, and so receives less research attention, less fertilizer input, and less effort at insect control (James, 2006) With the various problems brought about by the increased use of chemical inputs, high quality seed production, especially on a commercial scale, should be through an alternative system, such as organic and biodynamic farming This means reduced or zero use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, use of alternative nutrient sources like green manure crops, animal manure, compost, and the likes and more natural ways of pest and disease control, and an overall ecological approach to farming (Fernandez,2002) Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ The researcher was encouraged to study on how to increase yield of soybeans by controlling insect infestation through the use of organic insecticide under Thai Nguyen condition in Vietnam to help farmers increase their income Background of the Study The demand in the production, consumption and processing of soybean in Vietnam is increasing In order to increase soybean production to meet this demand, Vietnamese farmers are using high amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and intensive cropping practices However, high-input practices such as heavy use of chemicals have created a variety of economic, environmental, ecological and social problems Furthermore, the increasing costs of chemical inputs have left farmers helpless, resulting to decreasing seed quality of certain crops and resulting in the fall of commodity prices and consequently reducing farm incomes In addition, in Vietnam, organic/sustainable agriculture is mistakenly equated with primitive, traditional, or subsistence agriculture and their low yields Therefore, most Vietnamese farmers resist adopting sustainable agriculture for their crop production (Fernandez, 2002) Soybean is a crop of one plant species, however, differences caused by variety selection, planting date, cultural techniques, site, and season makes the crop highly variable in it's attractiveness to insect pests In other words, all soybean fields are not alike, as far as attracting and building-up pest insects is concerned If the organic soybean farmer recognizes these differences, he can Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ actually plan to manage the crop for reduced insect pest numbers or, when this is not possible, he can predict which of his fields are attractive and may need more attention to prevent yield loss The organic soybean grower can normally rely upon reducing soybean attractiveness to pests, as well as beneficial insects to reduce pest numbers, and the soybean plant’s natural ability to compensate for insect damage (tolerance) In instances where caterpillar pests are not avoidable, organically approved Entrust insecticide may be successfully used (Reisig, 2000) Vietnam began using pesticides as early as the 1950s, when agricultural production was limited to cooperatives, collective farms, and state farm enterprises Under this regime, little knowledge existed of the hazards of pesticides, and with no regulation system Application was centrally-run by brigades of 4-5 farmers who worked in conjunction with the Plant Protection Department (PPD) The PPD supplied pesticides at subsidized prices and recommended spraying on a calendar basis, with little or no attention to field conditions Brigade interventions generally resulted in high costs but had little effect on pests and diseases (Chung and Dung, 2002) Pesticide use has been on the rise in Vietnam, notably over the past decade with a near doubling of consumption from 1990-1998 Field evidence has suggested that farmers are also misusing and overusing pesticides in order to maintain crop yields and production Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN As a consequence of this growing http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ 99 Appendix Table 13 Average length of pods in centimeter Block Insecticide Varieties Total Mean 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.9 18.8 4.7 4.8 4.8 5.0 4.8 19.3 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.9 19.5 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.8 19.3 4.8 4.9 5.0 4.8 5.0 19.7 4.9 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.5 17.7 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 17.5 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4 17.4 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.5 17.8 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 17.5 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.3 17.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.4 17.7 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.5 18.0 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.3 17.7 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4 17.4 4.4 Grand Total 67.5 68.1 68.7 68.3 Block Mean 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 Legend: Factor A – Varieties of Soybean Factor A1- DT 22 Factor A2- DT 26 Factor A3- DT 51 Factor B- Different Insecticides Factor B1- control Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ 100 Factor B2- 50L hoban 30EC/ha Factor B3- 50L hocsinh/ha Factor B4- 50L thaomoc/ha Factor B5-50L hattao/ha Appendix Table 14 Weight of pods per plant in grams Block Insecticide Varieties 3 Total Mean 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.2 8.4 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.2 8.7 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 9.0 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 8.6 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 8.8 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 8.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 8.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 8.3 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 8.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 8.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.0 8.1 2.0 Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ 101 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.1 8.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 8.4 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 8.1 2.0 Grand Total 31.4 31.1 31.3 31.6 Block Mean 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 Legend: Factor A – Varieties of Soybean Factor A1- DT 22 Factor A2- DT 26 Factor A3- DT 51 Factor B- Different Insecticides Factor B1- control Factor B2- 50L hoban 30EC/ha Factor B3- 50L hocsinh/ha Factor B4- 50L thaomoc/ha Factor B5-50L hattao/ha Appendix Table 15 Weight of soybean seeds per harvest area in kilograms Varieties Insecticide Block Total Mean 50.28 54.17 63.89 55.56 61.11 46.67 52.78 53.61 52.78 61.11 58.34 58.34 44.45 51.39 50.00 50.00 62.50 54.17 58.34 45.84 50.00 55.00 52.78 61.11 54.17 56.95 48.61 50.28 208.89 209.73 248.61 222.22 234.73 185.56 204.45 52.22 52.43 62.15 55.56 58.68 46.39 51.11 Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ 102 5 Grand Total Block Mean 56.95 53.34 47.22 55.56 50.56 50.00 55.56 51.67 47.22 51.39 51.39 48.61 219.45 206.95 193.05 54.86 51.74 48.26 52.78 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 794.73 52.98 50.00 47.22 61.11 46.11 55.56 796.11 53.07 41.67 50.00 63.89 52.22 44.45 777.50 51.83 44.45 46.11 58.34 52.78 47.22 779.17 51.94 188.89 193.33 233.34 201.11 197.22 47.22 48.33 58.33 50.28 49.31 Legend: Factor A – Varieties of Soybean Factor A1- DT 22 Factor A2- DT 26 Factor A3- DT 51 Factor B- Different Insecticides Factor B1- control Factor B2- 50L hoban 30EC/ha Factor B3- 50L hocsinh/ha Factor B4- 50L thaomoc/ha Factor B5-50L hattao/ha Appendix Table 16 Yield per hectare in kilograms Varieties Insecticide Block 10056 10833 12778 11111 12222 10722 10556 12222 11667 11667 10000 10000 12500 10833 11667 11000 10556 12222 10833 11389 Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN Total 41778 41945 49722 44445 46945 Mean 10444 10486 12431 11111 11736 http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ 103 5 Grand Total Block Mean 9333 10556 11389 10667 9444 8889 10278 11111 10111 10000 9167 10000 11111 10333 9444 9722 10056 10278 10278 9722 37111 40889 43889 41389 38611 9278 10222 10972 10347 9653 10556 10000 10000 10000 10000 158945 10596 10000 9444 12222 9222 11111 159223 10615 8333 10000 12778 10444 8889 155500 10367 8889 9222 11667 10556 9444 155834 10389 37778 38667 46667 40222 39445 9444 9667 11667 10056 9861 Legend: Factor A – Varieties of Soybean Factor A1- DT 22 Factor A2- DT 26 Factor A3- DT 51 Factor B- Different Insecticides Factor B1- control Factor B2- 50L hoban 30EC/ha Factor B3- 50L hocsinh/ha Factor B4- 50L thaomoc/ha Factor B5-50L hattao/ha Appendix Table 17 Insect Infestation at vegetative stage (%) Varieties Insecticide Block 7 Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN 5 Total 31 23 19 Mean http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ 104 5 Grand Total Block Mean 6 7 85 6 4 5 5 84 6 5 6 6 85 6 6 5 6 86 23 23 29 18 16 22 23 27 18 21 23 24 6 6 5 6 Legend: Factor A – Varieties of Soybean Factor A1- DT 22 Factor A2- DT 26 Factor A3- DT 51 Factor B- Different Insecticides Factor B1- control Factor B2- 50L hoban 30EC/ha Factor B3- 50L hocsinh/ha Factor B4- 50L thaomoc/ha Factor B5-50L hattao/ha Appendix Table 18 Insect Infestation at flowering stage (%) Varieties Insecticide Block 8 Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN 9 Total 34 Mean http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ 105 5 Grand Total Block Mean 6 5 78 6 6 82 5 5 7 6 84 6 5 5 83 25 19 23 23 31 19 21 25 28 36 22 21 28 34 6 5 9 Legend: Factor A – Varieties of Soybean Factor A1- DT 22 Factor A2- DT 26 Factor A3- DT 51 Factor B- Different Insecticides Factor B1- control Factor B2- 50L hoban 30EC/ha Factor B3- 50L hocsinh/ha Factor B4- 50L thaomoc/ha Factor B5-50L hattao/ha Appendix Table 19 Insect Infestation at fruiting stage (%) Insecticide Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN Block http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ 106 Varieties Grand Total Block Mean 5 5 6 5 7 7 96 5 7 7 7 101 5 7 7 7 102 5 7 7 6 97 Total 35 20 20 27 27 35 23 19 28 28 36 25 20 25 28 Mean 5 7 7 6 Legend: Factor A – Varieties of Soybean Factor A1- DT 22 Factor A2- DT 26 Factor A3- DT 51 Factor B- Different Insecticides Factor B1- control Factor B2- 50L hoban 30EC/ha Factor B3- 50L hocsinh/ha Factor B4- 50L thaomoc/ha Factor B5-50L hattao/ha Appendix Table 20 Comparison of net income in pesos per hectare Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ 107 Varieties Insecticide Grand Total Block Mean 5 Block 804,446 866,668 1,022,224 888,891 977,780 746,668 844,446 911,113 853,335 755,557 857,779 844,446 977,780 933,335 933,335 711,113 822,224 888,891 808,891 800,002 800,002 800,002 1,000,002 866,668 933,335 733,335 800,002 888,891 826,668 755,557 880,002 844,446 977,780 866,668 911,113 777,779 804,446 822,224 822,224 777,779 844,446 800,002 666,668 711,113 800,002 755,557 800,002 737,779 800,002 977,780 1,022,224 933,335 800,002 737,779 835,557 844,446 800,002 888,891 711,113 755,557 12,715,581 12,737,803 12,440,025 12,466,692 847,705 849,187 829,335 831,113 Total Mean 3,342,229 3,355,562 3,977,786 3,555,563 3,755,563 2,968,895 3,271,118 3,511,118 3,311,118 3,088,895 835,557 838,891 994,446 888,891 938,891 742,224 817,779 877,780 827,779 772,224 3,022,228 3,093,340 3,733,341 3,217,784 3,155,562 755,557 773,335 933,335 804,446 788,890 Legend: Factor A – Varieties of Soybean Factor A1- DT 22 Factor A2- DT 26 Factor A3- DT 51 Factor B- Different Insecticides Factor B1- control Factor B2- 50L hoban 30EC/ha Factor B3- 50L hocsinh/ha Factor B4- 50L thaomoc/ha Factor B5-50L hattao/ha Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ 108 Appendix Table 21 Comparison of return on total expenses Varieties Insecticide Grand Total Block Mean 5 Block 890.37 949.40 885.45 973.99 952.91 928.47 879.61 928.47 1018.66 974.37 996.51 974.37 826.11 867.41 805.45 805.45 974.37 930.08 930.08 907.94 826.42 787.06 811.66 860.85 928.47 904.04 879.61 884.49 907.94 885.79 885.79 819.36 793.06 751.76 768.28 764.15 752.92 797.21 752.92 775.07 934.64 885.45 737.87 787.06 879.61 830.74 879.61 811.19 797.21 974.37 1018.66 930.08 743.50 685.67 776.54 784.80 797.21 885.79 708.63 752.92 13023.38 13037.61 12716.67 12760.20 868.23 869.17 847.78 850.68 Total 3699.20 3689.46 3963.91 3304.43 3742.46 3285.99 3596.61 3498.87 3077.25 3078.12 3345.02 3401.14 3720.32 2990.51 3144.56 Legend: Factor A – Varieties of Soybean Factor A1- DT 22 Factor A2- DT 26 Factor A3- DT 51 Factor B- Different Insecticides Factor B1- control Factor B2- 50L hoban 30EC/ha Factor B3- 50L hocsinh/ha Factor B4- 50L thaomoc/ha Factor B5-50L hattao/ha Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ Mean 924.80 922.36 990.98 826.11 935.62 821.50 899.15 874.72 769.31 769.53 836.26 850.29 930.08 747.63 786.14 109 Appendix B Figures Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ 110 Appendix Figure Land preparation Appendix Figure Planting Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ 111 Appendix Figure Experimental area Appendix Figure Soybean plants at vegetative stage Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ 112 Appendix Figure Soybean plants at flowering stage Appendix Figure Soybean plants at fruiting stage Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ 113 Appendix Figure Visitation of the area Số hóa Trung tâm Học liệu - ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/ ... through the use of organic insecticide under Thai Nguyen condition in Vietnam to help farmers increase their income Background of the Study The demand in the production, consumption and processing of. .. Polytechnic University, Siniloan, Laguna NOVEMBER 2014 ? ?EFFECTS OF ORGANIC INSECTICIDES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN (Glycine Max L.) VARIETIES IN THAI NGUYEN CONDITION, VIETNAM” Adviser: Dr Lolita... use on soybean pests The action of these insecticides differs from the traditional concepts in that they not poison the pest Rather these compounds kill by causing a disease, in the case of Bacillus