20-Khoa hoc Chfnh tri C\(ghicn cUu • Trao dot BAN VE VAI TRO CUA CAC LOAI LAO DONG TRONG SAN XUAT GIA TRI VA GIA TRI THANG 01/ theo quan diem gid tn lao dong cua C.Mac • • • • • Doan Xu§n Thuy (*) T tong thflc t i i n kinh te thi trfldng (KTTT) da xua't hien quan niem cho rang: mpi lao dpng, du la lao ddng gian dan hay phdc tap, lao dpng san xuat trfle tiep hay lao dpng quan ly, lao ddng tri dc hay lao ddng the Iflc, lao ddng khoa hpc - cdng nghe (KHCN) , deu cd vai trd tao gia tri va gia tri thang dfl (GTTD) Nguyen n h a n chu yeu dan tdi sfl hinh t h a n h quan diem la sfl phat trien manh me eua phan cdng lao ddng xa hdi dfldi tac dpng cua KTTT va each mang KH-CN hien dai da tao nhflng nganh nghe mdi vdi so' Iflpng khdng ngflng gia tang Mac du chu the cua cae nganh, nghe mdi vdi nhflng hoat dpng lao dpng het sdc khac ve tinh chat nganh, nghe va trinh ' ' TS Kinh te, Hoc vien Chinh tri chinh quoc gia Ho Chi Minh Hanh dp, song cung deu la chu the cua nen KTTT, cung cd thu n h a p dai bieu cho nhflng Iflpng gia tri nha't dinh Vay phai chang ta't ca cac loai lao dpng nen KTTT deu cd vai trd nhfl viec tao gia tri va GTTD? De lam ro van de can phan tich md'i quan he ve chat va Iflpng gifla tflng loai lao dpng xa hdi vdi cac pham tru gia tri, GTTD tren ca sd van dung ly luan gia tri lao ddng cua Cac Mac Moi q u a n h e v e c h a t giiJa lao d o n g g i a n ddn, lao d o n g phii:c tap, lao d p n g tri 6c, l a o d o n g KH-CN, lao d o n g td chiic q u a n ly vdi gia tri va GTTD P h a n tich ve ban chat cua gia tri va GTTD cho tha'y, khdng phai mpi lap ddng deu tao gia tri va GTTD Chi cd lao dpng san xua't h a n g hda mdi co kha nang tao gia tri va GTTD Do do, de lam ro vai trd cua cac loai lao ddng nhu 9\[ghien citu • Trao doi lao ddng gian dan, lao dpng phdc tap, lao dpng quan ly, lao dpng KH-CN, lao ddng trf dc viec tao gia tri va GTTD, can xua't phat tfl dinh nghia ve cac loai lao dpng ke tren va so sanh chung vdi lao dpng vdi tfl each la thflc the cua gia tri va GTTD Theo C.Mac, lao dpng gian dan nen kinh te hang hda la "mpt sfl ti§u phi sflc lao dpng gian dan ma trung binh thi bat ky mpt ngfldi binh thfldng nao, mpt ngfldi khdng ed mdt sfl phat trien dac biet nao, cflng deu cd ca the cua hp Mac dau ban than lao dpng gian dan trung binh cung thay ddi tinh chat cua nd cac nflde khac va nhflng thdi ky van minh khac nhau, nhung mdt xa hpi nha't dinh thi no van la mpt cai gi da dUpc xac dinh Lao dpng phdc tap chi la lao ddng gian dan dupc nang len luy thfla, hay ndi cho dung han, la lao dpng gian dan dflpc nhan len"'^' Nhfl vay, lao ddng phdc tap va lao dpng gian dan chang qua chi la sfl thd hien cua lao ddng vdi cac trinh dp khac nhau, xua't phat tfl viec sfl dung sflc lao ddng cd nhflng chat Iflpng khac Lao dpng gian dan la bieu hien cua sfl tieu phf sflc lao dpng cd trinh dp phd bien va thfldng dflpc coi la trinh dp trung binh, binh thfldng tflng dieu kien lich sfl cu the cua xa hdi, lao ddng phdc tap the hien sfl tieu phf sflc lao dpng cd trinh dp cao ban mflc trung binh dd Trong nen kinh te hang hoa, lao dpng san xua't hang hda cung co the phan biet theo nhflng mdc dp khac va dflpc phan t h a n h lao ddng gian dan va lao ddng phdc tap Tuy nhien, ngoai lao ddng san xuat hang hda vdi tfl each '" C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, Toan tap, t.23 Nxb CTQG, HN 1993, tr.75 Khoa hoc Chfnh tri la hinh thai bieu hien xa hpi cua lao dpng san xuat vat chat, nen kinh td hang hda van tdn tai, t h a m chi phat trien khdng ngflng cae hinh thai cua lao dpng phi san xua't vat chat va chung cung cd the phan biet theo trinh dp, t h a n h lao dpng gian dan hay phdc tap Do vay, ban ve vai trd cua lao ddng gian dan va lao dpng phdc tap qua trinh hinh t h a n h gia tri cung nhfl GTTD, can gidi h a n nghien cdu pham vi lao ddng san xuat hang hda va hinh thai dac thu cua nd la lao ddng lam thue khdng cdng Ndi each khac, ndu lao dpng gian dan hay lao ddng phdc tap la hinh thai cu the eua lao ddng trflu tflpng vdi tfl each la mdt mat cua lao ddng san xua't hang hda thi chung la yeu td' hinh gia tri; va neu chung la hinh thai cu thd eua lao ddng trflu tflpng khdng cdng cua cdng nhan lam thue thi chdng cd vai tro tao GTTD Tfl do, khdng nen nham lan rang, mpi lao dpng gian dan hay phflc tap deu tao gia tri cung nhfl GTTD Sfl nham iSn the hien sfl nhan thdc chfla day du va sau sSc ve ban chat eua gia tri cung nhfl GTTD Ve md'i quan he gifla lao dpng quan ly, lao dpng KH-CN, lao ddng trf 6c vdi gia tri va GTTD cung can xua't phat tfl ly luan gia tri va GTTD cua C.Mac De tim thflc the cua gia tri, C.Mae ban dau da sd dung gia dinh rang, lao ddng san xuat hang hda la mdt ehinh the thd'ng nha't gifla cac chflc nang cua qua trinh lao dpng san xua't vat chat nen kinh td hang hda Khdng chi cae chdc nang cua qua trinh lao ddng de san xuat mdt gia tri sfl dung nha't dinh nao dd, ma ca nhflng chdc nang da dflpc phan tach t h a n h nhflng boat ddng cd' dinh cua tflng chu the cua nen san xua't hang hoa hay nhflng loai lao ddng khac ve chat, deu dflpc coi la nhflng bien the cua 22 - Khoa hoc Chfnh tri cung mpt lao ddng ca nhan Nhd ap dung phflong phap trflu tflpng hda khoa hpc nhfl vay ma C.Mac da cd the quy mpi lao dpng trfle tiep hoac gian tiep san xua't hang hda t h a n h mdt the ddng nha't, dd la sfl tieu phi sflc lao ddng cua ngfldi san xua't hang hda ndi chung, tfl dd lam ro chat cua gia tri va GTTD Khi nghien cdu ve lao ddng vdi tfl each la thflc the eua gia tri nhfl vay, mpi lao dpng san xuat trfle tiep, lao dpng quan ly, hay lao dpng KH-CN, lao ddng tri de deu dflpc gia dinh chi la nhflng chflc nang cau t h a n h cua mdt lao dpng san xuat h a n g hda thdng nhat ndi chung, hinh nhfl chdng deu eo vai tro la nhan td' tao gia tri va GTTD Theo giac dp logic va lich sd, lao dpng cua eon ngfldi, cd hinh thai lao ddng san xuat hang hoa, khdng ngflng dflpc phat trien the hien thdng qua qua trinh phat trien eua phan cdng lao ddng ndi chung va phan cdng lao ddng xa hpi ndi rieng Tuy nhien, sfl phat trien cua phan cdng lao ddng luon phai dfla tren mdt trinh dp phat trien nha't dinh cua san xua't xa hpi, the hien thdng qua trinh dp va nang sua't lao ddng xa hdi, bieu hien kha nang phan tach lao ddng hai phan: lao dpng ta't yeu va lao dpng thang dfl Thflc td lich sfl eho tha'y, d thdi ky dau cua xa hpi loai ngfldi, nang sua't lao dpng cdn qua tha'p, lao dpng thang dfl hoac chfla co hoac chidm ty le khdng dang ke lao ddng, thi phan cdng lao dpng ban dau chi cd the la phan cdng lao ddng gifla cac ca n h a n pham vi cua tflng cpng ddng xa hdi ban dau nhfl gia dinh, thi tpc, bp lac Sfl phan cong lao dpng ban dau dd the hien thdng qua sfl sap xep lich trinh thdi gian cua tflng ca nhan dd hoan t h a n h tflng cdng viec qua trinh lao dpng san xua't 9(£hien cdu - Trao doi cua cai vat chat nhSm thda man cac nhu cau, trfldc tien la cac nhu cau vat chat cua cpng ddng ma minh la t h a n h vien ca'u Sfl phan cdng lao ddng dd chi cd the dfla vao nhflng dieu kien hien co luc dd, chu yeu tren ca sd gidi tfnh, sflc khde Nhd tfnh sang tao eua hoat dpng lao dpng, nang sua't lao dpng tang dan, lao ddng thang dfl cung t a n g theo ca ve khdi Iflpng tuyet dd'i va tuang dd'i so vdi lao dpng ta't yeu Dieu da tao ca sd khach quan eho viec thflc hien sfl phan tach nhflng chdc nang cda mpt lao dpng thd'ng nha't pham vi cua cdng ddng xa hdi ban dau va sau dd la ca pham vi hoat dpng cua tflng ca nhan, t h a n h nhflng cdng viec, nganh, nghe n h a t dinh, tdc la cac dieu kien de thflc hien phan cdng lao ddng xa hdi bieu hien thdng qua qua trinh chuyen mon hda san xuat t h a n h nhflng nganh, nghe khac Nhd dd ma lao dpng tri 6c dan dflpc tach t h a n h mdt chflc nang rieng biet cua mdt bd phan dan cfl nhat dinh xa hpi Sfl phat trien tflong ddi ddc lap ciia lao dpng tri de so vdi lao ddng san xuat vat chat trfle tiep da cho phep xa hpi chuyen dan tfl viec ap dung cac phflong phap san xua't dfla vao kinh nghiem la chu yeu sang dng dung nhflng cdng nghe cang cao, tren ea sd nghien cflu khoa hpc Do dd, lao ddng trf dc trd nhan td' thuc day sfl phat trien eua sdc lao dpng xa hpi; va cung cac yeu td ca ban cua san xua't vat chat thuc day nang cao nang suat lao dpng xa hpi, n a n g dan ty trpng cua lao dpng t h a n g du lao dpng san xua't vat chat true tiep va tiep tuc tac dpng cang manh me tdi sU phat trien cua phan cdng lao ddng xa hpi Trong qua trinh p h a t trien cua xa hpi ndi chung va san xua't vat chat n6i rieng, lao ddng tri dc ndi chung va 9{ghien cdu - Trao doi lao ddng KH-CN vdi tU each la bd phan dac thu cua lao dpng trf dc ndi rieng, khdng nhflng cd the tdn tai mpt each tflong dd'i ddc lap so vdi san xua't vat chat true tiep, trd hoat ddng chu ydu cua mpt nhdm chu the rieng biet la cac nha trf thdc, cac nha khoa hpc, ma c6 the tdn tai dan xen vdi ban t h a n boat dpng lao dpng san xua't trfle tiep, lam cho ranh gidi gifla lao dpng tri dc va lao dpng the Iflc cang khd phan biet Cac chu the cua lao ddng tri de, du la boat ddng lao ddng tri dc mdt each dpc lap hay ket hop vdi lao ddng san xua't trfle tiep nen kinh te hang h6a deu co thu nhap bang mpt Iflpng gia tri tflong dd'i eao ban so vdi cac chu the chu yeu cua lao ddng the Iflc, dd thflc tien ngfldi ta d i dang thfla nhan lao dpng tri dc cung cd vai trd tao gia tri va GTTD De cd the thflc hien lao dpng tri dc, can phat trien sdc lao dpng tdi trinh dp cao nha't dinh Do dd, lao dpng trf 6c va lao dpng phdc tap la nhflng pham tru gan nghia, deu the hien sfl tieu phi sflc lao ddng chat Iflpng cao, tfl quan niem cho rang lao ddng tri dc cung la ngudn gdc cua gia tri va GTTD cang dflpc cung cd' them Theo quan niem cua C.Mae, nhflng lao ddng san xua't h a n g hda khac ve chat, "nhung deu la mdt sU chi phi san xua't ve dc, bap thit, t h a n kinh va ban tay, v.v, cua ngUdi, va theo y nghia dd, deu la lao dpng cua ngudi Do chi la hai hinh thai chi phi khac ve sdc lao ddng cua ngUdi Di nhien, ban t h a n sflc lao dpng cua ngfldi phai phat trien den mpt mdc nao dd thi mdi cd the chi phi dflpc dfldi hinh '" C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, Sdd, t.23 tr.75 '2' C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, Sdd, t.25, P.l, tr.427-428 23 - Khoa hoc Chfnh tri thai hay hinh thai khac"'" Do do, lao ddng tri dc vdi tfl each la bd phan ca'u t h a n h cua chinh the lao dpng san xuat hang hda, rd rang la n h a n to' gSn vdi qua trinh tao gia tri Sfl phat trien eua lao ddng trf dc theo giac dp the hien trinh dp phat trien cua sdc lao ddng cua xa hdi san xua't hang hda Vdi eae mdc dp phat trien khac cua lao ddng tri dc theo giac dp deu cd the phan biet dflpc nhflng trinh dp phat trien khac cua ban than san xua't hang hda va pham tru gan lien vdi n6 la gia tri Trinh dp phat trien cua lao ddng trf dc theo giac dp nen kinh td TBCN cung the hien nhflng trinh dp san xua't GTTD khac Tfl day c6 the khang dinh, tac dpng cua lao dpng tri 6c tdi gia tri va GTTD dflpc the hien rd ve Iflpng Tuy nhien, n h a n to tac dpng tdi mat Iflpng cua gia tri va GTTD khong nha't thiet phai la n h a n to' quy dinh chat cua cac pham tru Dd cung la ly ma cac tac pham cua C.Mac khdng cd luan diem nao khfing dinh rd lao dpng tri dc la nhan td tao gia tri va GTTD San pham cua lao ddng trf dc vdi tfl each la tri thdc, la loai hinh san pham dac thu khdng phai la san pham vat chat Do d6, lao ddng trf oe khong the la nhan to' quyet dinh gia tri va GTTD ve chat Khi phan tfeh ve vai trd cua lao dpng thuang nghiep thuan doi vdi qua trinh hinh t h a n h gia tri, C.Mac da khang dinh rang: neu cd boat dpng lao ddng nao dd tdn tai vdi tfl each la mpt chflc nang ma ngfldi san xua't hang h6a c6 the tfl minh thflc hien nhflng khong sang tao gia tri, cung khong sang tao GTTD "thi cac cong viee d6 cung khong sang tao gia tri va GTTD nhflng ngudi khac dam nhiem cac cdng viec dd thay eho hp"'^' 24 - Khoa h o c Chfnh tri Tuang tu nhu lao ddng tri dc, lao ddng KH-CN, lao ddng to chdc quan ly cung gan lien vdi lao ddng san xua't hang hda Su hinh t h a n h va phat trien cua cac loai hinh lao dpng xua't phat tfl sfl phan tieh chdc nang lao ddng cua ngfldi san xua't hang hda t h a n h nhflng chdc nang nhflng bd phan dac thu cua lao dpng xa hdi dam nhan tren ca sd phat trien cua phan cong lao ddng xa hpi Do dd, cac loai hinh lao ddng cung nhfl lao ddng tri dc cd the gian tidp mang t i n h c h a t s a n xua't nhflng chflng mflc nha't dinh Tom lai, tfl ban chat cua gia tri, GTTD va phan tieh md'i quan he gifla pham tru vdi lao dpng gian dan, lao dpng phdc tap cung cac loai hinh lao dpng khac nhfl lao dpng tri dc, lao dpng KH-CN, lao dpng td chdc quan ly, c6 the k h j n g dinh, chi c6 nhflng lao dpng gian dan hay phdc tap la lao ddng san xuat hang hda mdi cd vai trd tao gia tri va GTTD, cac loai lao ddng nhfl lao ddng trf dc, lao dpng KH-CN, lao ddng td chdc quan ly c6 quan he gan ket vdi san xuat gia tri va GTTD nhflng chung khdng the la nhan to' tao gia tri va GTTD Sfl phat trien eua cae loai hinh lao ddng nay, mac du khdng quyet dinh gia tri va GTTD ve chat, nhflng la cac nhan to' tac dpng rat quan trpng tdi gia tri va GTTD ve Iflpng Mdi q u a n he v e litcfng gii2a lao d o n g g i a n dofn, lao d o n g phiic tap, lao d o n g tri 6c, lao d o n g KHCN, lao d o n g td chtic q u a n ly vdi gia tri va GTTD Phan tieh mdi quan he gifla lao ddng gian dan va lao ddng phdc tap tdi chat cua gia tri va GTTD cd the tha'y vai tro cua nhflng loai hinh lao ddng dd'i vdi Iflpng gia tri va GTTD Chat cua gia tri la lao dpng trflu tflpng, nen Iflpng gia qlncn cuu Trao doi tri chinh la Iflpng lao ddng trflu tflpng, dflpc bang thdi gian lao dpng xa hdi can thiet de san xua't va tai san xua't hang hda Vdi tfl each la ca sd cua trao ddi, gia tri khdng chi la cai ehung, ddng nha't ve chat gifla cac h a n g hda vdi nhau, ma thfldc cua nd cdn la mdt thfldc chung Vi vay, thdi gian lao ddng xa hpi can thiet vdi tfl each la ca sd de thflc hien trao ddi hang hda theo nhflng ty le nha't dinh phai la thdi gian lao dpng dflpc mpi chu the nen kinh te hang hda thfla n h a n va tuan theo Do d6, thdi gian lao ddng xa hdi can thiet la thdi gian lao ddng ddi hdi de tao mdt gia tri sd dung nao dd nhflng dieu kien binh thfldng cua xa hdi, tflc la dflpc tinh eae dieu kien lao dpng san xua't binh thfldng chfl khdng phai dieu kien td't nha't hay kem nha't Ddng thdi, lao ddng dflpc lay lam don vi chuan d day la lao dpng cua nhflng ngfldi lao dpng cd trinh dp chuyen mdn tay nghe d mdc trung binh, phd bien va ngfldi lao dpng dd thflc hien hoat ddng lao ddng vdi mdt cfldng dp lao ddng trung binh xa hpi dd Nhfl vay, thdi gian lao ddng xa hdi can thiet vdi tfl each la thfldc Iflpng gia tri ehinh la thdi gian lao dpng san xuat h a n g hda ma mpt lao ddng gian dan cd the thflc hien Noi each khac, Iflpng gia tri vdi tfl each la can cfl, ca sd de thflc hien san xuat va trao ddi hang hda dflpc quyet dinh bdi lao dpng gian dan Trong md'i quan he so sanh vdi lao ddng gian dan, lao ddng phdc tap dflpc coi la lao dpng gian dan dflpc n h a n len, tdc la mdt Iflpng lao ddng phdc tap nhd han thi tflong dflong vdi mdt Iflpng lao ddng gian dan ldn han Kinh nghiem chdng td rang, viec quy lao ddng phdc tap t h a n h lao dpng gian dan nhfl vay dang dien mpt each thfldng xuyen "Mpt hang hda I^hiin cdu - Trao idi cd the la san pham cua mdt lao dpng phdc tap nha't, nhflng gia tri cua hang h6a d6 v i n lam cho n6 ngang vdi san pham cua lao ddng gian dan, va d6 ban than gia tri ay chi dai bieu cho mpt Iflpng lao dpng gian dan nha't dinh ma thoi"'^* Nhfl vay, cung mdt dan vi thdi gian thi lao ddng phdc tap se tao mpt Iflpng gia tri ldn ban so vdi lao dpng gian dan Va thflc t i i n , lao dpng phflc tap la lao dpng cd chi phi thdi gian de tao mpt san pham It han so vdi lao dong gian dan, hay la lao ddng cd nang sua't cao ban Tfl day cd the tha'y tac ddng cua lao dpng phdc tap tdi Iflpng gia tri cua hang boa the hien theo hai phflong dien Thd nha't, cung mdt dieu kien lich sfl cu the, thi ehu the eua lao dpng phdc tap se nhan dflpc tfl xa hdi mdt Iflpng gia tri ldn ban so vdi eae ehu the eua lao dpng gian dan Thd hai, vi lao ddng phflc tap chi la mdt bp phan eua lao dpng san xuat hang hda va cac chu the cua nd mdi dflpc hfldng lpi tfl xa hdi thdng qua trao ddi, cho nen cae chu the san xuat hang hoa deu phai cd' gang trd t h a n h chu the ciia lao dpng phflc tap bang each khdng ngflng phat trien va nang cao chat Iflpng sflc lao dpng Do dd, sau mdt khoang thdi gian thi ban than lao dpng dflpc coi la lao dpng phflc tap cda thdi ky trfldc se trd lao ddng gian dan cac thdi ky sau Chinh vi le dd, Iflpng gia tri cua hang hda, xet mdt each cu the, dflpc quyet dinh bdi thdi gian lao dpng xa hpi can thiet de tai san xua't nd, dd lao ddng phdc tap, mdt mat cd vai trd lam tang gia tri cho cac chu the cua nd, mat khac lai chfnh la mpt nhflng nguyen nhan lam giam gia tri cua cac hang hda '" C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, Sdd, t.23 tr.75 25 - Khoa hoc Chfnh tri Ve md'i quan he gifla lao ddng tri de, lao ddng quan ly, lao ddng KH-CN vdi Iflpng gia tri h a n g hda cung cd bieu hien tflong tfl nhfl tac dpng eua lao dpng phdc tap, tdc la cae chu the cua ehung ed the n h a n dflpc nhflng Iflpng gia tri ldn ban so vdi chu the cua lao ddng san xua't hang hda gian dan Tuy nhien, neu lao dpng phdc tap la pham tru trfle tiep the hien trinh dp phat trien cua lao ddng san xua't h a n g hda, thi cac lao ddng nhfl lao ddng trf dc, lao ddng quan ly, lao ddng KH-CN lai cd quan he gian tiep tdi lao ddng san xua't hang hoa Ban than sfl hinh t h a n h eua cac loai lao dpng la ket qua cua sU phat trien cua lao dpng san xuat hang hda tdi mpt trinh dp nhat dinh nhu da phan tfeh tai phan ban chat eua gia tri Tuy nhien, sfl phat trien cua cac loai hinh lao dpng lai cd tac ddng het sdc to ldn tdi Iflpng gia tri cua hang hda San pham cua cae loai hinh lao dpng la tri thdc Dfldi tac ddng cua viec ap dung hay "vat chat hda" nhflng tri thflc ve KH-CN, td chdc quan ly, nen tang cdng nghe cua cac linh vflc san xuat vat chat truyen thd'ng dflpc thay ddi can ban ve chat Nganh san xua't nao khdng dfla vao tri thflc se trd nen khdng sdc canh tranh Ngay nay, sfl phat trien cua cdng nghe thdng tin, he thd'ng may vi tinh va edng nghe eao da lam thay ddi can ban va toan bp cac phflong tien thu nhan, xfl ly va san xua't thdng tin, tao dieu kien de cdng nghe h6a khdng nhflng cac boat dpng san xuat vat chat trfle tiep ma ca cac hoat ddng trf dc nhfl tfl dpng hda qua trinh thiet kd va che tao cdng nghe cho san xua't, tfl ddng hda cdng tac kiem tra, kiem soat qua trinh san xua't, tfl dpng hda hoat ddng tai chinh va quan ly, tfl ddng hda cdng tac dich thuat vdi nhieu ngdn ngfl khac 26 - Khoa hoc Chfnh tri Su hinh t h a n h va phat trien cua cac loai hinh lao ddng ke tren dupe thUe hien dieu kien cua KTTT, vi vay sU van dpng cua chdng cung chiu sU tac dpng cua cac quy luat thi trUdng Tac d o n g ciia KTTT t6i c a c loai h i n h lao d o n g ke t r e n t h e h i e n t r e n c a c phiidng dien: Thd nhdt, ban t h a n cac boat dpng lao dpng deu can cd nhflng yeu to', ngudn Iflc nha't dinh Trong nen KTTT, nhflng ngudn Iflc dd ngoai hinh thai tfl nhien vdn cd deu dflpc the hien dfldi hinh thai gia tri Tri thdc vdi tU each la ngudn lUc phat trien kinh td dudi nhflng hinh thai, cap dp tdn tai khac deu cd the dflpc danh gia t h a n h nhflng Iflpng gia tri n h a t dinh va cd the dflpc trao ddi thdng qua quan he mua ban tren cac loai hinh thi trfldng dac thu: thi trfldng tri thdc hay thi trfldng KH-CN Thd hai, quan he gifla cac ehu the san xuat va sd dung tri thflc the hien quan he trao ddi thdng qua tien te Sfl phat trien cua cac loai hinh lao ddng cd san pham la tri thdc dUdi giac dp cae chu the kinh td deu nhSm vao muc tieu thu gia tri vdi lUpng cang ldn ban Muc tieu cua ngUdi ban tri thdc dudi hinh thai cac san pham cdng nghe la nham thu dUpc nhflng Iflpng gia tri nha't dinh, muc tieu cua ngfldi mua la nhd dd CO sdc canh tranh cao han nham thu dflpc Iflpng gia tri ldn ban Nhfl vay, tac ddng ndi bat cua KTTT tdi cac loai hinh lao ddng cd san pham la tri thflc, la lam cho tri thdc trd t h a n h hang h6a Ro rang, sfl hinh t h a n h eua kinh te tri thflc thdi gian qua diin song hanh vdi sfl xua't hien va cang trd nen phd bien tren thi trfldng mpt loai hang h6a mdi la tri thflc Nguyen nhan chu yeu de tri thdc trd t h a n h hang h6a la: tri thdc trd t h a n h yeu td' chu yeu '^(ghicn cdu - Trao doi cua san xuat, tfl dd nd dflpc ngam dinh va dan dflpc thfla n h a n ve phap ly la ddi tflpng cua sd hflu Nhu cau eua san xua't ve tri thdc va quan he sd hflu ve tri thflc ed tac dpng ldn nhau, tao dieu kien cho tri thdc dflpc trao ddi tren thi trfldng theo nhflng gia ca nha't dinh Vdi quan diem rang, gia ca hang hda la hinh thflc bieu hien bang tien cua gia tri hang hda, tri thflc vdi tfl each la hang hda cd gia ca thi trfldng vi co gia tri A.I.Anchiskin cho rang, lao dpng tri dc nen kinh te h a n g hda gidng nhfl mpi lao ddng san xua't hang h6a khac, cung ed tinh hai mat Mpt mat, dd la mdt dang dac thu eua lao dpng cd fch, lao ddng cu t h e Mat khac, co the quy nd t h a n h lao ddng trflu tflpng vi nd bieu hien mdt Iflpng nha't dinh chi phf thdi gian lao dpng can thiet de san xuat nhflng tri thdc mdi Tuy nhien, diem khac biet co ban cua hang h6a tri thdc so vdi h a n g hda thdng thfldng la Iflpng gia tri cua tri thflc hay thdi gian lao ddng xa hpi can thiet dd san xua't tri thdc dflpc quyet dinh bdi nhu cau cua xa hpi ve tiet kiem thdi gian lao ddng Chinh nhu cau tiet kiem thdi gian lao ddng da ddi hdi phai tim nhflng each thflc, hinh thdc mdi de tiet kiem nd va tren thflc te sfl tiet kiem da dat dflpc nhd dng dung tri thdc, dng dung t h a n h tflu khoa hpe va cdng nghe Do vay, khdng phai bat cfl lao ddng trf 6c nao cung deu dflpc thfla n h a n la xa hpi can thiet Chi nhflng lao dpng tri dc ma ket qua eua nd dflpc dng dung cd tac dung tiet kiem thdi gian lao ddng xa hpi mdi dflpc coi la cd Ich, ddng thdi chi phi lao ddng thflc td de tao ket qua d6 phai nhd ban Iflpng lao ddng ma xa hpi cd the tiet kiem dupc flng dung nhflng kdt qua d6 Sfl luan giai d tren eho tha'y, lao 9{ghien cdu - Trao ddi dpng tri dc, lao ddng KH-CN, lao ddng td chflc quan ly c6 diem chung vdi lao dpng thflc hien cac khau ngoai qua trinh san xua't trfle tiep chu trinh tai san xua't nhfl lao dpng thflong nghiep thuan' Diem chung cua nhflng dang lao dpng d6 la tdn tai va van dpng tren ca sd tac ddng cua chung tdi tiet kiem thdi gian lao ddng xa hpi Vi vay, ed the coi lao dpng sang tao tri thdc la mpt bo phan lao dpng xa hpi qua trinh tai san xuat nhflng khdng phai la lao dong san xua't vat chat trfle tiep Vdi tfl each d6, lao ddng tao tri thflc khdng CO vai tro trfle tiep tao gia tri Lflpng gia tri thu dflpc tfl trao ddi hang hda tri thflc la ket qua cua sfl phan phd'i gia tri chd khong chflng td lao ddng dd c6 vai tro tao gia tri Tfl tac dung to ldn cua tri thdc dd'i vdi sflc canh tranh cua tflng chu the KTTT vdi xu hfldng gia tang cau ve tri thflc, dac biet la cdng nghe mdi cd hieu qua cao, va xu hfldng giam cau tflong doi cua xa hpi ve cae yeu to' san xua't truyen tho'ng nhfl vo'n, sflc lao ddng, viec tao va trao ddi cac san pham tri tue ed thd mang lai thu nhap ldn cho cac chu the sd hflu chung, dau tfl vao nghien cflu va trien khai (R«&D) ed the mang lai nhflng mon Ipi nhuan rat ldn Tinh hinh dd da tao cam giac rang, lao ddng trf dc cung la lao dpng san xua't hang hda, khdng nhflng the, nd ed the tao Iflpng gia tri mdi (gia tri gia tang) ldn han nhieu so vdi cac dang lao ddng san xua't vat chat truyen thd'ng vi nd la loai hinh lao ddng phflc tap dac biet Trong nen KTTT hien dai, sfl t h a n h dat eua cac chu the kinh td phu thudc rat ldn vao kha nang chidm hflu va sfl dung tri thflc Ddi vdi tflng chu the kinh td, viec sd dung tri thflc da tao dieu kien thuan lpi de tang nang suat lao ddng ea biet, giam thdi 27 - Khoa hoc Chfnh tri gian lao ddng san xua't ca biet, nhd dd cho phep thu dflpc lpi nhuan sieu ngach Su tang len cua nhflng nang suat lao ddng ca biet cd tac dpng lan tda, day n h a n h qua trinh nang cao nang suat lao ddng xa hdi, tao thuan lpi cho sfl tiet kiem thdi gian lao dpng ma xa hdi trfle tiep danh cho linh vflc san xuat vat chat va khdng ngflng tang thdi gian danh cho Hnh vflc phi san xua't vat chat Hoat ddng cang md rdng eua cac linh vflc phi san xua't, dd cd san xua't tri thdc dfla tren ca sd trinh dp phat trien da dat dflpc va nhu cau phat trien cua nen san xua't xa hpi cung vdi vai trd cua tri thdc dd'i vdi san xua't - kinh doanh tfl nhflng nam cudi the ky XX, ddi hdi xa hdi ndi chung va tflng chu the kinh te vdi mpi cap dp tfl chu the san xua't kinh doanh ea biet tdi tflng nganh, vung kinh te va ca tflng qud'c gia, khu vflc cu the phai tap trung dau tfl cac ngudn Iflc cang tang cho linh vflc san xuat tri thflc va flng dung vao ddi sdng Nhfl vay, lao dpng tri dc, lao dpng KH-CN, lao ddng td chdc quan ly la cac loai hinh lao ddng ed san pham la tri thdc Mac du chung khdng c6 vai trd trfle tidp tao gia tri nhflng cd tac ddng hai mat tdi lupng cua gia tri tuang tU nhu lao ddng phdc tap Mpt mat, su phat trien va dng dung chung thuc tien gdp phan nang cao nang sua't lao ddng ea biet cua cac chu the dng dung san pham cua chung vao qua trinh lao dpng san xua't true tidp, tfl dem ve cho cac chu the d6 lpi nhuan sieu ngach Mat khac, ehung gdp phan lam tang nang sua't lao dpng xa hdi va lam giam gia tri cua hang h6a Do do, vai trd cua ehung vdi Iflpng GTTD la lam tang Iflpng GTTD cho nhflng nha tfl ban la chu the cua chdng va gdp phan lam tang ty sua't GTTD chung cho toan bd giai cap tfl ban.Q ... pham tru vdi lao dpng gian dan, lao dpng phdc tap cung cac loai hinh lao dpng khac nhfl lao dpng tri dc, lao dpng KH-CN, lao dpng td chdc quan ly, c6 the k h j n g dinh, chi c6 nhflng lao dpng gian... - Khoa h o c Chfnh tri Tuang tu nhu lao ddng tri dc, lao ddng KH-CN, lao ddng to chdc quan ly cung gan lien vdi lao ddng san xua't hang hda Su hinh t h a n h va phat trien cua cac loai hinh lao. ..9[ghien citu • Trao doi lao ddng gian dan, lao dpng phdc tap, lao dpng quan ly, lao dpng KH-CN, lao ddng trf dc viec tao gia tri va GTTD, can xua't phat tfl dinh nghia ve cac loai lao dpng ke tren