BỒI DƯỠNG THI HỌC SINH GIỎI TIẾNG ANH LỚP SUBJECT & VERB AGREEMENT *Special notes: Cần ý chia động từ hòa hợp với chủ từ (danh từ) theo quy tắc sau: Noun phrases có dạng (N1)-(N2)  chia theo (N1) Ex: The study of languages is interesting (S1) as well as (cũng là) (S2) together with  chia theo (S1) along with accompanied by (được áp dụng với) Ex: The actress, along with her manager and some friend is going to the party Either (S1) or (S2)  chia theo (S2) Neither nor Ex: Neither John nor his friends are going to school today Either (S) Neither Ex: Neither of his pen is able to use  chia Vít Each/ Every (Nít) Ex: Each boy and girl has a text book  chia Vít Đại từ bất định: someone, nobody, everybody Ex: No one is here  chia Vít 7.- Khoảng thời gian, tiền bạc, khoảng cách… - News, physics, maths… - Army, police, cattle, poor… Ex: 5,000 dollars is not for us  chia Vít No/ None Nít Nnhiều Ex: None of students have got finished the test yet  chia Vnhiều  chia Vít  chia Vnhiều The number of (Nnhiều)  chia Vít A number of (someone / Nnhiều)  chia Vnhiều Ex: The number of days in a week is A number of hours in a day are 24 PASSIVE VOICE *Special notes: 1.Mệnh đề thường gặp: say (said), think (thought), believe, report…(+clause) Ex: People say the price of gold is going up  It is said the price of gold is going up  The price of gold is said to be going up They thought Mary had gone  Mary was thought to have gone *Nếu mệnh đề bị lệch cần dùng have + V3 Đối với (V) tri giác: notice, smell, feel, watch, see, hear, make, let… (+V-ing/ bare inf) Ex: I saw her come in She was seen to come in He let me go out  I was let to go out *Dùng to-inf sau (V) tri giác Đối với (V) sai khiến: advise, ask, beg, order, urge… (+clause) Ex: He advised me to put my money in the bank He advised me my money should be put in the bank *Giữ nguyên (V) sai khiến, thay đổi cấu trúc mệnh đề sau Thể truyền khiến: (A) Have S.O S.T  (P) Have S.T done by S.O Ex: I have Paul repair my bike  I have my bike repaired by Paul Câu mệnh lệnh: Dùng cấu trúc Let + O + be + V3 câu bị động Ex: Write your name here  Let your name be written here Nếu (S) vật không dùng by mà dùng with Ex: Smoke filled the room The room was filled with smoke CONTINOUS Verbs Được chia tiếp diễn Không chia tiếp diễn feel (sờ) I’m feeling a table (nghĩ ai, điều đó) I’m thinking of him ( + off : đưa tiễn) I was seeing off at the airport (ngửi) I’m smelling the roses (nếm) I’m tasting this soup (kết hợp cụm từ mang nghĩa khác) I’m having a shower (kết hợp pre: at, for…) He’s looking for a house (cư xử) He’s being as he is a boss (cảm thấy) I feel tired (+ (that) clause) I think he is a nice boy (nhìn thấy) I saw her in the library (cảm giác mùi hương) This soup smells good (cảm giác mùi vị) This disk tastes awful (có, sở hữu) I have a dog (trông có vẻ) You look more beautiful (thì, là, ở) I am a student 2.think 3.see 4.smell 5.taste 6.have 7.look 8.be WISH CLAUSE S1 + WISH + S2 + V IF ONLY 1.Present wish: S1 + wish + S2 + V (past subj) Ex: He isn’t here now I wish he were here now Past wish: S1 + wish + S2 + V (past perfect: had + pp) Ex: I didn’t go to Vung Tau last week I wish I had gone to Vung Tau last week Future wish: S1 + wish + S2 + could/ would + V (B.I) Ex: You won’t come here soon I wish you would come here soon *Special notes (đối với TH3) - S2 I, we  V2 : could + B.I Ex: She wishes I could come here soon -S1 = S2  V2 : could + B.I Ex: He wishes he could come here soon -Mệnh lệnh, phàn nàn, bực mình:  V2 : would + B.I Ex: You’re always talking in class I wish you wouldn’t talk in class CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Real condition (type 1) If clause: present simple Main clause: future simple: việc xảy Ex: If the weather is good, I’ll play football present simple: thật hiển nhiên Ex: If you pour oil to water, it floats (can/ may)+ B.I: mệnh lệnh Ex: If you need her phone number, ask me Unreal in the present condition (type 2): ngược lại, trái với thật If clause: past subj Main clause: would/ could/ might + B.I Ex: If he were here, I would take him to the cinema Unreal in the past condition (type 3): muốn chuyện không xảy ra, thật khứ If clause: had + pp Main clause: would have + pp Ex: If the weather had been good yesterday, I would have gone to the movie *Special notes: Mixed condition Ex: He is not a good student, so he took part in the flight last night  If he were a good student, he wouldn’t have taken part in the flight last night My father drank so much wine, so he feels tired  If my father hadn’t drunk so much wine yesterday, he wouldn’t feel tired REPORTED SPEECH *Special notes: deny (từ chối) : + V-ing + (that) clause Ex: “No, it isn’t true I didn’t steal that money’  He denied he hadn’t stolen that money stealing that money suggest (đề nghị): + V-ing + (that) clause S + B.I S + should + B.I Ex: “If I were you, T would take a rest” He suggested I (should) take a rest taking a rest offer (đề nghị ) + to-inf Ex: “Let me carry your suitcases, Mary” He offered to carry Mary’s suitcases 4.offer (mời) + SO + STH Ex: “A cigarette?”  He offered me a cigarette advise (khuyên) SO + to + STH Ex: “You had better go to the dentist” My mother advised me to go to the dentist apologise/ apologize (xin lỗi) + to SO + for doing + STH Ex: “I’m awfully sorry, Jack Because I have broken your bike” She apologized to Jack for breaking his bike Remind (nhắc nhở) SO to-inf Ex: “Don’t forget to your homework” The teacher reminded his students to their homework Admit +V-ing (thừa nhận) + (that) clause Confess +V-ing Ex: “That’s right I stole that money” He admitted stealing that money that he had stolen that money confessed stealing that money Doubt (nghi ngờ) + (that) if/ whether + clause Ex: “I don’t think Liverpool will win” He doubted whether Liverpool would win 10 Accuse (buộc tội) + SO + of doing + STH Ex: “You murdered your father” The judge accused him of murdering his father 11 Other structures: agree/ refuse/ decide/ promise/… + to-inf TAG QUESTIONS *Special notes: 1.Câu khẳng định có trạng từ phủ định  câu phủ định: never, at no time, rarely, seldom, hardly, no longer, by no mean, hardly ever,… Ex: He never goes to school late, does he? Các câu có chủ từ no one, nothing, nobody  câu phủ định Ex: No one came to the party last night, did they? Nếu chủ ngữ someone, everybody, nobody, no one,…  they Ex: Everyone likes it, don’t they? Nếu chủ ngữ nothing/ this, that  it Ex: Nothing is impossible, is it? / This is your chair, isn’t it? Nếu chủ ngữ there  there Ex: There is a big tree, isn’t there? Nếu chủ ngữ I am  aren’t I? Nhưng I am not  am I? Ex: I am stupid, aren’t I? Câu đề nghị có Let’s  shall we? Ex: Let’s go to the movie, shall we? Câu mệnh lệnh khẳng định  can/ could/ will/… you? ngược lại Ex: Read this passage, can you? Sử dụng ý kiến người  thêm think phần đuôi Ex: These pictures are good, don’t you think? 10 Cảnh báo, nhắc nhở, khuyên nhủ, mong ước  will/ won’t you? Ex: Don’t forget to lock the door, will you? 11 Trong văn nói, người ta dùng Yes/ No/ OK/ Right Tag Questions Note: -Chủ ngữ câu hỏi đuôi lúc chuyển thành đại từ Ex: Lan is a doctor, isn’t she? -Phần động từ, trợ động từ + not câu hỏi đuôi viết hình thức viết tắt (n’t) Ex: You met her at the airport, didn’t you? COMPARISONS 1.So sánh bằng: as + Adj/ Adv + as not as (so) + Adj/ Adv + as the same + N + as like similar to different from Ex: He is as tall as I Ex: He is not so clever as I Ex: This room is the same length as that one Ex: She is a bit like her sister Ex: The motel is similar to the hotel Ex: Pens are different from pencils 2.So sánh hơn, so sánh -Tính từ ngắn tính từ có âm tiết âm tiết trừ tính từ có tận (-ed, -ing, -ous, -ish, -less, ) - Tính từ dài tính từ có âm tiết trở lên âm tiết có tận (-ed, -ing, -ous, -ish, -less, ) Ex: tired, boring, cheerful, careless, nervous, reddish, … So sánh kép The + (so sánh hơn) … , the + (so sánh hơn) + (càng… càng) (so sánh hơn) + AND + ( so sánh hơn)… (càng, ngày càng) Ex: The older she is, the more beautiful she gets The earth is getting hotter and hotter INVERSION Đảo ngữ: trật tự từ câu câu hỏi Chỉ phép đảo ngữ trường hợp sau: 1.Có trạng từ phủ định: never, at no time (không bao giờ), hardly, scarcely (vừa mới), little (hầu không), no where (không nơi nào), no longer (không nữa) Ex: He no longer smokes No longer does he smoke Có in/ under no circumstance (dù hoàn cảnh nữa), in no account (dù lí nữa) Ex: You mustn’t reveal this secret in no account In no account mustn’t you reveal this secret Có hardly … when, no sooner … than (vừa … thì) Ex: He had no sooner entered the room than it began to rain No sooner had he entered the room than it began to rain Có not ony… but also (không những… mà còn) Ex: This room is not only small but also dark Not only is this room small but also dark 5.Bỏ “if” câu điều kiện (chỉ trường hợp có were, should, had) Ex: If I had met you before, we may have been friends Had I met you before, we may have been friends Có so… that Ex: I was so tired that I can’t work more  So tired wes I that I can’t work more Có here, there câu cảm Ex: The bus comes here!  Here comes the bus! Particle Ex: The rain came down Down came the rain 9.Có trạng từ thời gian (Vmovement + S) Ex: A big tree stands in a middle of the school yard In the middle of the school yard stand a big tree 10 Có not until Ex: He didn’t begin to read until later  Not until later did he begin to read 11 Có “only” đầu câu không phụ nghĩa cho chủ từ (only + rarely, when, then, by, later…) Ex: You will succeed only by working hard Only by working hard will you succeed 10 TO-INF OR GERUND 1.Chấp nhận theo sau to-inf gerund mà nghĩa không thay đổi: begin, start, continue, intend, prefer + to-inf / gerund Chấp nhận theo sau to-inf gerund mà nghĩa thay đổi A like/ love/ hate/ dislike B try + to-inf (cố gắng) Ex: I try my best to this exercise +V-ing (thí nghiệm, thử) Ex: I try wearing the new jeans but it doesn’t fit me C stop + to-inf (ngừng để làm gì) Ex: I stop my car to buy a newspaper +V-ing (ngừng hẳn) Ex: I stop reading newspaper because it’s so noisy D mean + to-inf (dự định, muốn) Ex: I mean to study abroad +V-ing (ám chỉ) Ex: It means working with him very hard E go on + to-inf (làm việc khác mới) Ex: I go on to my test after come back home +V-ing (tiếp tục) Ex: She goes on talking F allow, forbid, advise, encourage, permit, suggest G remember/ regret/ forget + object + to-inf + V-ing + V-ing (đã làm gì) + to-inf (sẽ làm gì) Bắt buộc theo sau V-ing: After prepositions After these verbs 1.admit (công nhận) 2.anticipate 3.appreciate (đánh giá ) 4.avoid 5.carry on (mang theo) 6.consider 7.defer = delay (làm trì hoãn) 8.deny 9.detest= dislike = hate (ghét) 10.dread 11.enjoy (thưởng thức) 12.escape 13.excus (tha lỗi) 14.fancy 15 give up (từ bỏ) 16.imagine 17.finish (hoàn thành) 18.forgive 19.involve (liên quan đến) 20.keep (on) 21.loathe (ghê tởm) 22.miss 23.postpone (hoãn lại) 24.practise 25.prevent (ngăn ngừa) 26.propose 27.put off (làm chậm lại, hoãn lại) 28.recollect 29.resent (phẫn nộ) 30.resist 31.save (cứu, tiết kiệm) 32.understand 33.bear (mang) 34 omit 35.force (ép buộc) After these expressions: to have difficulty (có khó khăn) (dự tính) (tránh xa) (xem xét) (phủ nhận) (sợ) (trốn thoát) (mong muốn) (tưởng tượng) (tha thứ) (tiếp tục) (nhớ, lỡ) (thực hành) (đề nghị) (hồi tưởng lại) (kháng cự ) (hiểu) (bỏ sót) to be worth (đáng) to be busy (bận) to fell like (cảm thấy yêu thích) a waste of (lãng phí vì) spend time / hour (dành thời gian) waste time (phí thời gian) to have a good time / fun / trouble (có thời gian đẹp/ niềm vui /sự lo lắng) can’t bear =can’t stand (không thể chịu đựng) can’t help =can’t face (không thể không) it’s no use / good (chẳng ích gì) it’s (not) worth (không đáng) Bắt buộc theo sau to-inf: 1.agree (đồng ý) 3.appear (có vẻ) 5.ask (yêu cầu) 7.beg (van xin) 9.can’t wait (ước ao làm gì) 11.claim (yêu cầu) 13.demand (đòi hỏi) 15.dare (dám) 17.expect (mong chờ) 19.guarantee (bảo đảm) 21.learn (học tập) 23.hope (hy vọng) 25 plan (vạch kế hoạch) 27.pretend (giả vờ) 29.prove (chứng tỏ) 31.seem (có vẻ) 33.threaten (đe dọa) 35.undertake (đảm trách) 37 wish (ước) 39.urge (cổ vũ) 2.aim (nhắm đến) 4.arrange (sắp xếp) 6.attemp (cố gắng) 8.can’t afford (không đủ sức) 10.choose (chọn) 12.decide (quyết định) 14.desire (ước ao) 16.deserve (xứng đáng) 18.fail (không thể) 20.happen (tình cờ) 22.help (giúp đỡ) 24.offer (ngỏ ý) 26.prepare (chuẩn bị) 28.promise (hứa) 30.refuse (từ chối) 32.tend (có khuynh hướng) 34.turn out (hóa ra) 36.want (muốn) 38.volunteer (tình nguyện) 40.manage (tìm cách) 11.OTHER STRUCTURES 1.would rather (tốt là) had better A would rather (not) + B.I + than + B.I 10 Ex: You’d rather stay at home than go out B would rather + S + V2 -clause (2) V2 past subj -clause (2) khứ V2 past perfect Ex: I would rather you hadn’t gone to Da Lat last week C Had better + B.I It’s time/ It’s high time/ It’s about time + S + V2 (ở simple past) It’s time for + O + + to-inf Ex: It’s time we caught the bus It’s time for us to catch the bus 3.This is the first time + S + V2 (ở present perfect) This was the first time + S + V2 (ở past perfect) The first time + S + V2 (ở present perfect) + is + khoảng thời gian This is the second time + S + V2 (ở present perfect) Ex: This is the first time I have seen this film The first time I have seen this film is years ago 4.As if (như thể là) + V2 (ở past subj) Ex: He behaves as if he were a boss So… that/ Such …that (quá… đến nỗi) So + Adj/Adv + that… Such + noun phrase: (a/an) + Adj + N + that… *Special notes: -Dùng so…that much, many, little, few Ex: There are so many stars in the sky that we can’t count them on -Khi chuyển “so” thành “such” cần ý: So many + N đếm So much + N số không đếm Such + a lot of + N đếm không đếm So long  such a long way So far  such a long time -Cấu trúc thay đổi sau: so + Adj + noun phrase + that… Ex: She is such a beautiful girl that all of us love her She is so beautiful a girl that all of us love her Enough … (for + O) + to-inf Enough + N 11 Adj/ Adv + enough Ex: She is old enough to study there S1 + be + adj S2 + can’t / couldn’t + V bare-inf S1 + be + too + adj + (for + O) + to-inf (quá… không thể) Ex: These suitcases are too heavy for me to carry to upstairs Note: -Nếu có never, hardly, really, nobody, nothing  câu xác định có ý phủ định - Chuyền nobody, nothing  for anybody, for any thing Ex: The room is very dirty No one can live in it The room is too dirty for anyone to live in Because/ Because of Because + clause Because of + phrase Ex: She felt unhappy because of her father’s death  She felt unhappy because her father was died What + is the price of + STH? How much + be + STH? How much +do/does+ STH + cost? Ex: What is the price of this coat? = How much is this coat? = How much does this coat? 10 It’s + one’s duty +to +STH Ex: It’s your duty to tidy your room 11 S + be thought + to-inf S + be + supposed + to-inf Ex: You were thought to make that mistake 12 S + be + adj S + make + O + adj Ex: He makes me crazy 13 S + V + time It + take + SO + time + to-inf S + spend + time + V-ing Ex: It takes me 30 minutes to walk to school I spend 30 minutes walking to school 14 Compound adj (tính từ ghép) Số lượng – N số 12 Ex: She is a twelve-year-old girl 15 There + is/are + ….+ (giới từ) + (danh từ) (Danh từ) + has/ have + got +… Ex: There are a lot of parks in London London has got a lot of parks 16 V-ing … + be + adj (+for O) It + be + adj (+for O) + to-inf Ex: Learning English is very useful It is very useful to learn English 17 Who + do/does + N + belong to? Whose + N + is/are + it/this/ that/ those/ these? Ex: Who does this bicycle belong to? Whose bicycle is it? 18 is/ are + (so sánh nhất) + N + (that) hoàn thành Ex: This is the most interesting film I have ever seen 19 Thể truyền khiến (A)Have/ Get +S.O+do +STH (P) Have/ Get + STH+ done + by S.O Ex: I have Paul repair my bike I have my bike repaired by Paul 20 Despite/ In spite of + noun phrase (Al)though/ Even though + clause Ex: They came to the concert though it rained heavily (=in spite of the heavy rain) 21.No matter + what/ who/ where/ when/ why/ how(adj/ adv) + S + V Whatever + N + S + V (dù, cho dù) Ex: No matter who you are, I still love you Whatever any job you do, you should it devotedly The end 13 [...]... takes me 30 minutes to walk to school I spend 30 minutes walking to school 14 Compound adj (tính từ ghép) Số lượng – N số ít 12 Ex: She is a twelve-year-old girl 15 There + is/are + ….+ (giới từ) + (danh từ) (Danh từ) + has/ have + got +… Ex: There are a lot of parks in London London has got a lot of parks 16 V-ing … + be + adj (+for O) It + be + adj (+for O) + to-inf Ex: Learning English is very useful... The room is too dirty for anyone to live in 8 Because/ Because of Because + clause Because of + phrase Ex: She felt unhappy because of her father’s death  She felt unhappy because her father was died 9 What + is the price of + STH? How much + be + STH? How much +do/does+ STH + cost? Ex: What is the price of this coat? = How much is this coat? = How much does this coat? 10 It’s + one’s duty +to do +STH... it/this/ that/ those/ these? Ex: Who does this bicycle belong to? Whose bicycle is it? 18 is/ are + (so sánh nhất) + N + (that) hiện tại hoàn thành Ex: This is the most interesting film I have ever seen 19 Thể truyền khiến (A)Have/ Get +S.O+do +STH (P) Have/ Get + STH+ done + by S.O Ex: I have Paul repair my bike I have my bike repaired by Paul 20 Despite/ In spite of + noun phrase (Al)though/ Even though ... 5.ask (yêu cầu) 7.beg (van xin) 9. can’t wait (ước ao làm gì) 11.claim (yêu cầu) 13.demand (đòi hỏi) 15.dare (dám) 17.expect (mong chờ) 19. guarantee (bảo đảm) 21.learn (học tập) 23.hope (hy vọng) 25... hoãn) 8.deny 9. detest= dislike = hate (ghét) 10.dread 11.enjoy (thưởng thức) 12.escape 13.excus (tha lỗi) 14.fancy 15 give up (từ bỏ) 16.imagine 17.finish (hoàn thành) 18.forgive 19. involve (liên... vọng) 25 plan (vạch kế hoạch) 27.pretend (giả vờ) 29. prove (chứng tỏ) 31.seem (có vẻ) 33.threaten (đe dọa) 35.undertake (đảm trách) 37 wish (ước) 39. urge (cổ vũ) 2.aim (nhắm đến) 4.arrange (sắp xếp)