THE DYNAMICS OF FUNCTIONAL MEANINGS IN DISCOURSE Volume II LOH BOON LIANG (B.SC. (HONS), NUS) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS (ENGLISH LANGUAGE) DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume II TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................................. i TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................... ii APPENDICES....................................................................................................... 227 Appendix 1 Clauses of the Text .....................................................................227 Appendix 1.1 Main Story (852 words) ......................................................227 Appendix 1.2 Ten (Last) Comments (990 words)......................................230 Appendix 2 SF Analysis of Clauses ...............................................................234 Appendix 2.1 Main Story..........................................................................234 Appendix 2.2 Comments ..........................................................................332 Appendix 3 SF Analysis Matrices ..................................................................368 Appendix 4 Theme/Rheme Calculation .........................................................385 Appendix 5 SVD Definition ..........................................................................387 Appendix 6 SVD Plots ..................................................................................390 Appendix 6.1 Main story ..........................................................................391 Appendix 6.2 Comments ..........................................................................410 Appendix 7 The Grammar .............................................................................413 Appendix 7.1 Clause Page ........................................................................413 Appendix 7.2 Interclausal Page .................................................................418 Appendix 7.3 Discourse Page ...................................................................419 ii _____________________________________________________________________ APPENDICES _____________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX 1 CLAUSES OF THE TEXT Appendix 1.1 Main Story (852 words) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 October 10, 2008 -- Updated 1136 GMT (1936 HKT) Commentary: Why there 's a crisis -- and how to stop it - CNN.com At this point in the credit crisis, at least one thing is certain : most policymakers lack a clue of what is really at stake. Those with some knowledge are driving policy looking through the rearview mirror. Begin with the U.S. Treasury's $700 billion bailout package. This was presented as some magic pill which, if gulped down, would quickly restore financial stability. The "shock and awe" of the sheer size of the taxpayer-funded bailout would somehow restore confidence. Instead, stock markets collapsed and credit markets remained frozen. This is because the credit crisis reflects something more fundamental than a serious problem of mortgage defaults. Global investors, now on the sidelines, have declared a buyers' strike against the sophisticated paper assets of securitization that financial institutions use to measure and offload risk. In recent years, our banks, borrowing to maximize the leverage of their assets at unheard-of levels, produced mountains of financial paper instruments (called asset-backed securities) with little means of measuring their value Incredibly, these paper instruments were insured by more dubious paper instruments. Therefore, the housing crisis was a mere trigger for a collapse of trust in paper, followed by a de-leveraging of the entire global financial system. As a result, we are experiencing the painful downward reappraisal of the value of virtually every asset in the world. So what are these paper instruments, these asset-backed or mortgage-backed securities? 227 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 I like to use a salad analogy. Before the last decade, bankers simply lent in the form of syndicated loans. But with the huge expansion of the global economy in the 1990s, which produced an ocean of new capital, the bankers came up with an idea called securitization. Instead of making simple loans and holding them until maturity, a bank collected all its loans together, then diced and sliced them up into a big, beautiful tossed salad. The idea was to sell (for huge fees) individual servings of diversified financial salad around the world. The only problem: under an occasional piece of lettuce was a speck of toxic waste in the form of a defaulting subprime mortgage. Eat that piece of salad, and you're dead. The overall salad looked delicious, but suddenly global investors were no longer ordering salad. No one knew the location of the toxic waste. This distrust heightened when global interest rates began to rise. So what does this salad boycott mean for the future and why have financial markets collapsed so brutally? The markets are telling us the world will face a serious credit crunch in 2009 regardless of how much money government spends to remove the toxic salad from bank balance sheets. Policymakers have no means of forcing the banks to start lending short of nationalizing the entire financial system. After all, the U.S. banks alone so far during the crisis have lost upwards of $2 trillion from their collective asset base. Most banks are leveraged by more than 10 to 1. Translation: The U.S. financial system will have a whopping $15 trillion to $20 trillion less credit available next year than was around a year and a half before. The cost of money is rising and the availability shrinking. True, the banks will still lend -- but the fear is they will do it only to people such as Warren Buffett, who don't need loans. What is uncertain is the amount of lending to borrowers engaged in entrepreneurial risk, the center of business reinvention and job creation. 228 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Apart from the economic pain resulting from shrinking credit markets, we are about to see an earthquake in the relationship between government and financial markets. The great uncertainty is whether government has the power to rescue the financial system in times of crisis. It seems doubtful. In the United Kingdom, for example, the collected assets of the major banks are four times the nation's gross domestic product (GDP). A similar situation exists in many Euro zone countries. This means government cannot bail out the system even if it wanted to. Given such massive exposure, government guarantees in a time of crisis become meaningless. Yet because of the interconnected web of global financial relationships, we are all vulnerable to the threat. The collapse of, say, a major European bank would hardly leave American workers immune. Our policy leaders in Washington are thinking domestically when the solution to the credit crisis will be global. It is not that the world lacks money; it is that the world's money is sitting on the sidelines -- more than $6 trillion in idle global money markets alone. The challenge will be to reform our financial system quickly to draw that global capital back into more productive uses. The first step should be efforts to make the market for future asset-backed paper more transparent and credible. We need a private/public global bank clearing facility. The bankers don't trust each other. The central banks, working with the private institutions in providing enhanced data, need to begin to refashion the world's financial architecture. And while that is happening, the major governments of the world, including the Chinese, should begin major fiscal efforts to stimulate their weakening economies. 229 Appendix 1.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Ten (Last) Comments (990 words) Commentary: Why there's a crisis -- and how to stop it - CNN.com Sound Off: Your opinions and comments 1. RCE One easy way to stop the market volatility would be to make permanent the ban on short sales, across the board. Take the short sales out of the market and you will see reduced market volatility. 2. Professor Bear It is much easier to explain the disaster in progress than to specify a remedy -- sort of like noticing a tsunami is about to hit a coastal community is much easier than figuring out how to evacuate the community in time to save everyone. 3. P I truly do wonder how all these professionals, people who are paid for their knowledge of the workings of the nation's and the world's financial dealings, did not foresee the impending collapse of this house of cards built out of these toxic paper instruments? It seems that for a long time your slightly above average Joe Sixpack knew the bubble was going to burst. How could these highly paid professionals have been blind to it? Or were they perfectly aware of the situation and playing chicken with the world's economy, assured by their golden parachutes if they swerved too late that they would be able to ride out the chaos they had created? Next time around I hope there is someone willing to point out the elephant in the room and the fact the emperor has no clothes, well, that someone with some power would. It's not even a matter of regulation vs. de-regulation. It is a matter of personal responsibility vs. corporate greed. Forsaking all in the pursuit of profit is not the foundation of a sound economy. Why weren't the boards of directors seeking sound investments instead of the quick buck? Why were investors willing to ignore the fact they were participating in a dangerous pyramid scheme? 230 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Why was Joe Sixpack getting a mortgage for a house he couldn't afford to maintain let alone pay for? 4. Jared We are caught in a vicious cycle right now and nobody seems to be able to pull us out of it or point to where the problem lies. We wake up each morning to find that Asian & European markets have plummeted and thus ours plummets. On the other side of the globe they wake up to see that American markets have plummeted and theirs plummets in kind. The media reports on it and everyone panics, snowballing the situation and making it worse. We are in a downward spiral and people's fears are only making it worse. Pulling all of your money out of stocks right now is not only a hasty decision that you will regret, but adding to the problem and making things worse. Unless you are on the cusp of retirement, sit tight and ride it out and don't panic because panic only adds to the problem. 5. gmakens I believe one of the problems is with the credit default swap (CDS) market, particularly what are called naked swaps. A CDS is a contract between two parties where the buyer pays a premium to the seller for protection against a debt security (like a collaterized mortgage obligation or a company bond) defaulting. If the debt defaults, the seller then needs to pay the buyer the par value of the debt. This is basically an insurance contract against defaulting debt. The problem is that speculators (hedge funds, etc) have bought this insurance on debt they don't even own. 231 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 This is where the regulation has failed. So now if a $1MM bond defaults, and 100 speculators have bought a CDS on it, the sellers of the CDS need to pay off that $1MM bond 100 times over. How does this make economic sense?! The reason for the credit squeeze is that the banks and financial institutions who sold these swaps have to acquire as much cash as they can in case they have to pay off on the defualts of the underlying debt. They can't lend money - they need to pay the speculators. The credit crisis is not not going away until this issue is addressed. I think the government should make naked swaps illegal - force all the financial institutions and speculators to unwind the contracts. Have the sellers give the buyers thier premium back, close the swaps, and call it even. Then the banks and financial instiutions won't have to hoard their cash and instead can start loaning it out again. The outstanding value of all the CDS is on the order of $50 TRILLION dollars!! The credit markets are not going to get back to normal until this is addressed. But that is just my opinion. 6. Steve One of the comments on WASPs running Wall Street appears so. Why is there no diversity? Where there is money and power they try to control? 7. Texrat Wow, a refreshing dose of common sense and reason. Do we have time to write David Smick in for president? 8. Mike M It's emotion fueling it now so the media could help by pulling back on the rabid coverage -- the amount of coverage and the way its couched. We do not need to see another "Is this another Great Depression" piece when most Americans don't fully understand the complexity of the market nor the full details of the Depression. The press hype adds to the panic. 232 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 Watching every flicker of the Dow is not representative as well. Do we even know what 6,000 points means? The average invesotr needs to ask themseklves: Is that my price? Some investors see it as a buying opportunity. The President's near daily special press conferences also do not help, especially having lost his credibility with Mission Accomplished. 9. Jonathan If you really knew "how to stop it," wouldn't you be a billionaire 700 times over? 10. Susan Has anyone ever thought to do an in-depth analyses of Bush and his associates finances? I firmly believe they've gotten brutally rich during his term. First with invading Iraq (oil) then laying in bed with Wall St. In all clauses presented in Appendix 1.1 and Appendix 1.2, the original form of the text is preserved – including all misspellings and punctuation marks 233 APPENDIX 2 SF ANALYSIS OF CLAUSES This is the most important section in the Appendices (and perhaps in the entire thesis); the information in this section forms the basis of all discussions in the main body of this thesis. Analysis at the level of the clause has been the basis of research in linguistics through the ages. Here is a complete compilation of all the SF analyses, at the level of the clause, of all clauses (as listed in Appendix 1: Clauses of the Text) of the main story and comments. The clause analysis is presented in the form of printouts from the Clause Page of Systemics. Appendix 2.1 Main Story SF analysis of the main story is comprehensive, spanning all metafunctions. For a complete list of dimensions of meaning present within the main story analysis, see Appendix 3: SF Analysis Matrices. The analysis includes the title: clause 3 & 4; and 74 ranking clauses numbered 7 to 80. Index to Appendix 2.1 Main Story Clause clause 1 clause 10 clause 20 clause 30 clause 40 clause 50 clause 60 clause 70 clause 80 Page 236 240 255 266 276 287 302 314 330 234 For each clause the printout consists of two tables: Clause Table, followed by the Analysis Table. The occasional Text Box beside the tables contains remarks, sometimes explaining why I analysed clause elements in non-conventional ways. 235 236 237 238 239 policy: Range or Goal. Range-like: policy is a plan or strategy, doesn't exist without the action. Goal-like: policy is developed/made/steered, impacted upon 240 mood met because it means "we're going to begin with..." 241 T1m = "presented as" = "appeared as" 242 243 244 "somehow" has some interpersonal function, expressing the author's own misgivings about this 245 246 247 because="caused by (the fact that)" (therefore process) X causes Y (or X so Y) Y is because X (identifying) 248 249 250 251 making = Range, IFG 3rd ed p 193 252 253 254 Kevin: X were insured by Y =X were represented by Y Self: circ because insured = covered 255 256 257 258 "So"="Well" mood met because it means "I'm going to talk about what these xxx are" 259 260 261 see IFG 3rd ed p. 542: "and" and "but" are not syntactic adjuncts but can function as conj adj 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 "so"= "well", not “therefore” mood met because it means "I'm going to tell you what this xxx means" 277 278 279 280 281 282 conventionally "remove" is material process, but here I've taken it to mean something like removing $5 from your bank account, so possessive 283 284 285 286 287 Leverage 1. using borrowed money to increase your potential return on investment. 2. The amount of debt used to finance a firm's assets P) The bank was leveraged by the merger. A) The merger leveraged the bank. 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 earthquake = great change 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 "Given" = "with" semi-preposition Halliday (1995: 232) 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 The challenge is x. X is challenging. Gram Met: Martin (1992: 377) 319 320 321 first step = first move effort = "try to do" gram met - Martin (1992: 411) 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 see IFG 3rd ed p. 542: "and" and "but" are not syntactic adjuncts but can function as conj adj 329 330 331 Appendix 2.2 Comments While the same level of comprehensive analysis as the main story was performed on the comments, to respect the constraints of space, only the parts of the commentary analysis which are used in the main body of this thesis (Chapter 5: SVD Section 5.2 p. 219) will be shown here, namely, the transitivity analysis. Index to Appendix 2.2 Comment Clause clause 1 clause 20 clause 40 clause 60 clause 80 clause 100 clause 120 clause 125 Page 333 340 346 350 357 361 366 367 332 Clause 1 Commentary: Why there's a crisis -- and how to stop it - T1 CNN.com Clause 2 Sound Off: Your opinions and comments T1 Clause 3 T1 Clause 4 1. RCE T1 Clause 5 One easy way [[to stop the T1 Idd market volatility]] would be Proc Value Reln Iden Int T2 Proc Range Mat 333 [[to make permanent the Proc Att Carr Reln Circ ban [on short sales], across the Idr Token Ext Domain Attr Circ board.]] Clause 6 Take T1 Proc the short Goal sales out of the market Range Mat Clause 7 and you T1 Sens will see reduced Proc Phen Ment Range market volatility. Perc 334 Clause 8 T1 Clause 9 2. Professor Bear T1 Clause 10 It is T1 Carr Proc much easier Att [[to explain the disaster [in Carr Reln Attr Int T2 Proc Range Verbl progress]]] [[than to specify a remedy]] Att Verb Range 335 Clause 11 -- {which T1 is} sort of like [[[[noticing Idd Proc Idr Token Reln Value || a tsunami is about Iden Int T2 Carr T3 Proc Actor Proc Ment Mat Perc to hit a coastal community]] is much Proc Att easier [[than figuring Reln Attr Int Goal Proc Ment Cogn 336 out || how to Mann Proc Means Mat evacuate the Goal community in time || to Locn Proc Time Mat save everyone.]]]] Goal Clause 12 T1 Clause 13 3. P T1 337 Clause 14 I truly T1 Sens Proc do wonder Ment Cogn Clause 15 how all T1 Mann these professionals, people Sens [[who are paid for Goal Proc Caus Mat Reas Sens Means T2 their knowledge financial [of the workings dealings]]]], did [of the nation's not foresee the Proc Phen Ment Range and the world's impending collapse Perc [of this house [of cards] [[built out Proc Range of these toxic paper Mat 338 instruments]] ]? Clause 16 It seems that T1 for a long time Ext your slightly above average Joe Sens Temp Sixpack knew Proc Ment Cogn Clause 17 the bubble T1 Actor was going to burst. highly paid Proc Mat Clause 18 How could these professionals have T1 Caus Proc Carr Reas Reln Reln Attr Attr Int Int Proc been blind Att 339 to it? Contg Cond Clause 19 Or were they Proc Carr T1 perfectly aware of Att Contg Reln the situation Cond Attr Int Clause 20 and {were T1 Proc they} playing chicken with the Actor Proc Range Proc Goal Mat Mat world's economy, Mat Clause 21 assured by their golden swerved too late Proc Locn Mat Time T1 Proc Phen Ment Agent parachutes Aff Clause 22 if they T1 Actor 340 Clause 23 that T1 they would Actor Proc be able to ride out the chaos [[they had Actor Proc Range Mat T2 Mat created]]? Clause 24 Next time around T1 Locn I hope Sens Proc Time Ment Aff Clause 25 there T1 is someone Proc Ex [[{who is} Behav Proc willing to point out the Exist T2 Range Behl T3 341 elephant [in the room] and the fact [[the emperor has no Carr Proc Att Possr Reln Possd Attr Poss clothes]]]], Clause 26 well, T1 that someone [with some Behav power] would Proc {do that}. Range Behl Clause 27 It 's T1 Carr Proc not even a matter [of regulation vs. de-regulation]. Att Reln Attr Int 342 Clause 28 It is T1 Carr Proc a matter [of personal responsibility vs. corporate Att Reln Attr Int greed]. Clause 29 [[Forsaking all in the pursuit T1 Idd Token [of profit]]] is not the Proc Idr Reln Value Iden Int T2 Proc Ment Phen Caus Range Purp Cogn foundation [of a sound economy]. 343 Clause 30 Why weren't the T1 Caus Proc Behav Reas Behl investments boards [of directors] seeking sound Proc Range Behl instead of the quick buck? Accom Add Clause 31 Why were investors willing to ignore the fact [[they T1 Caus Proc Sens Proc Phen Reas Ment Ment Range Perc Perc T2 Behav were Proc Behl participating in a dangerous pyramid scheme]]? Behr Clause 32 Why T1 Caus Reas was Joe Proc Actor Mat Sixpack getting a Proc Range mortgage for a house Clien Mat T2 344 [[he couldn't afford || to maintain || let alone pay for]]? Idd Proc Proc Proc Token Reln Mat Mat Possr Iden Poss Clause 33 T1 Clause 34 4. Jared T1 Clause 35 We T1m Carr are caught in a vicious cycle right now Proc Att Locn Reln Circ Time Range Locn Attr Circ T1 Goal Proc Mat Time Clause 36 and nobody T1 Actor seems to be able to [[pull Proc Proc Mat Mat us out of it || or point Goal Locn Proc Place Mat T2 345 to [[where the problem lies]]]]. Range Idr Idd Proc Token Value Reln Circ -- Iden Circ Clause 37 We T1 Behav wake up each Proc Locn Behl Time morning Clause 38 to find T1 Proc Ment Perc Clause 39 that T1 Asian & European Actor markets have plummeted Proc Mat Clause 40 and thus T1 ours plummets. Actor Proc Mat 346 Clause 41 On the other side [of the globe] T1 Locn they wake Behav Proc Place up Behl Clause 42 to see T1 Proc Ment Perc Clause 43 that American T1 markets have Actor plummeted Proc Mat Clause 44 and theirs T1 Actor plummets in Proc Mann Mat Qual kind. Clause 45 The media T1 Sayer reports on Proc Verb it Verbl Clause 46 and everyone T1 Behav panics, Proc Behl 347 Clause 47 snowballing the T1 Proc situation Goal Mat Clause 48 and making T1 Proc it worse. Goal Range Mat Clause 49 We are T1 Carr Proc Reln in a downward spiral Att Circ Attr Circ Clause 50 and people's T1 Actor fears are only making it worse. Proc Proc Goal Range Mat Mat Clause 51 [[Pulling all of your money out of stocks right T1 Token now]] is Proc Reln Iden Int T2 Proc Mat Goal Range Locn Time 348 not only Accom a hasty decision [[that you will Sens Proc regret]], Value Add Ment Aff Clause 52 but adding T1 Proc to the problem Goal Mat Clause 53 and making T1 Proc things worse. Goal Range Mat Clause 54 Unless T1 you are Carr Proc Reln on the cusp [of retirement], Att Circ Attr Circ Clause 55 sit T1 Proc tight Range Behl 349 Clause 56 and ride T1 Proc it out Goal Proc Mat Mat Clause 57 and don't T1 panic Proc Behl Clause 58 because T1 panic Actor only adds to the Proc problem. Range Mat Clause 59 T1 Clause 60 5. gmakens T1 Clause 61 I believe T1 one Carr of the problems is with Proc Att Reln Circ the credit default swap Attr Circ T2 350 (CDS) market, particularly [[what are called naked Idd Proc Idr Value Reln Token swaps]]. Att Circ Iden Int Clause 62 A CDS T1 Carr is a Proc Att contract [between two parties] Reln Attr Int Clause 63 where T1 Locn the buyer Actor Place pays a Proc Range premium to the seller Recip Mat for Caus Purp T2 protection [[against a Actor debt security defaulting]]. Proc Mat Clause 64 If the T1 debt Actor defaults, Proc Mat Clause 65 the seller T1 Actor then needs Locn Proc Time Mat to pay the Recip buyer the par value [of Range the debt]. Clause 66 This T1 Idd Token is basically an Proc Idr Reln Value insurance contract [against defaulting Iden Int debt]. 352 Clause 67 The problem T1 Idd Value is [[that Proc Idr Reln Token speculators (hedge Actor Actor funds, etc) have Iden Int T2 Proc Mat T3 bought this insurance Range on debt [[they don't even own]]]]. Carr Proc Proc Possr Reln Reln Attr Attr Poss Poss Contg Cond Clause 68 This is [[where Proc Idr Token Reln Value -- Iden Circ T1 Idd the regulation has failed]]. Circ T2 Range Actor Proc Mat 353 Clause 69 So now if a T1 $1MM bond Actor defaults, Proc Mat Clause 70 and 100 T1 speculators Actor have bought Proc a CDS Range on it, Contg Mat Cond Clause 71 the sellers [of the CDS] T1 Actor need to pay off that Proc $1MM bond Goal Mat 100 times over. Ext Temp Clause 72 How T1 Mann Means does this make Proc Carr Proc Reln Reln Attr Attr Int Int economic sense?! Att 354 Clause 73 The reason [for the credit squeeze] T1 Idd Value is [[that Proc Idr Reln Token the banks Iden Int T2 Actor T3 and financial institutions [[who sold these swaps]] have to Proc Mat Actor Proc Range Mat acquire as much cash as [[they can {acquire}]]]] Range Actor Proc Mat Clause 74 in case T1 they have Actor Proc to pay off on the defualts [of the Range Mat 355 underlying debt]. Clause 75 They can't T1 Actor Proc lend money Range Mat Clause 76 - they T1 need Actor to pay the Proc speculators. Recip Mat Clause 77 The credit crisis is T1 Actor not not going Proc away Range Mat Clause 78 until T1 this issue Goal is addressed. Proc Mat Clause 79 I think T1 the Attbr government should Proc make naked Carr swaps illegal Att Reln Attr Int 356 Clause 80 - force T1 all Proc the financial institutions and speculators Actor to Proc Mat Mat unwind the contracts. Goal Clause 81 Have the T1 Proc sellers Goal Mat give the Proc Recip buyers thier premium Range Mat back, Mann Comp Clause 82 close T1 Proc the swaps, Goal Mat Clause 83 and call T1 Proc it even. Carr Att Reln Attr Int Clause 84 Then T1 the Actor banks and financial instiutions won't have to hoard Proc Mat 357 their cash Goal Clause 85 and instead T1 {the banks and financial institutions} can Actor start Proc Mat loaning it out again. Goal Range Ext Temp Clause 86 The outstanding value [of all the CDS] T1 Carr is on Proc Att the order of $50 Reln Attr Int TRILLION dollars!! Clause 87 The T1 Carr credit markets are not going to get back to normal Att Proc Mann Proc Reln Comp Reln Attr Attr Int Int 358 Clause 88 until T1 this is Goal Proc addressed. Mat Clause 89 But that T1 is just my Idd Proc Idr Token Reln Value opinion. Iden Int Clause 90 T1 Clause 91 6. Steve T1 Clause 92 One of the comments [on WASPs [[ {who are} Actor Proc running Wall T1 Carr T2 Goal Mat 359 Street]]] appears so. Proc Att Reln Circ Attr Circ Clause 93 Why is there T1 Caus Proc Reas Exist no diversity? Ex Clause 94 Where there T1 Locn Place is money Proc Ex and power [[they try Actor Proc to control]]? Exist T2 Mat Clause 95 T1 Clause 96 7. Texrat T1 Clause 97 Wow, a refreshing dose of common sense and reason. T1 360 Clause 98 Do we have T1 Proc Carr Proc Reln Reln Attr Attr Circ Circ time [[to write David Smick in for president]]? Att Circ T2 Proc Goal Proc Mat Range Mat Clause 99 T1 Clause 100 8. Mike M T1 Clause 101 It T1 Idd Value 's emotion [[{that Proc Idr Idd Reln Token Value is} fueling it now]] Goal Locn Iden Int T2 Actor Proc Mat Time Clause 102 so the T1 Actor media could help Proc Mat 361 Clause 103 by pulling T1 back Proc on the rabid coverage Range -- the amount of Range Mat T2 coverage and the way [[it s couched]]. Actor Proc Mat Clause 104 We {we} do not need T1 Sens to see another Proc Phen Ment Range "Is this another Proc Idd Idr Reln Token Value Perc T2 Iden Int Great Depression" piece 362 Clause 105 when T1 most Americans Sens [of the market] don't fully understand the Proc Proc Phen Ment Ment Range Cogn Cogn nor the full details complexity [of the Depression]. Clause 106 The press hype T1 Actor adds Proc to the panic. Goal Mat Clause 107 [[Watching every T1 Carr flicker of the Dow]] is not representative Proc Att Reln Circ Attr Circ T2 Proc Behr Behl as well. Mann Comp 363 Clause 108 Do T1 Proc we even know Sens Proc Ment Ment Cogn Cogn Clause 109 what T1 Idr Value 6,000 points means? Idd Proc Token Reln Iden Int Clause 110 The average invesotr needs T1 Sayer to ask Proc themseklves: Rec Verbl Clause 111 Is T1 Proc Reln that my price? Idd Idr Token Value Iden Int Clause 112 Some T1 Sens investors see it as Proc Phen Role Ment Range Guise a buying opportunity. Perc 364 Clause 113 The President's near daily special press conferences T1 Behav also do Proc Behl not help, Clause 114 especially T1 having lost his credibility with Proc Att Caus Reln Possd Reas Mission Attr Poss Accomplished. Clause 115 T1 Clause 116 9. Jonathan T1 365 Clause 117 If you T1 really Sens knew Proc Ment Cogn Clause 118 "how to T1 Mann stop Proc Means it," Goal Mat Clause 119 wouldn't you be T1 Proc Carr Proc Reln Reln Attr Attr Int Int a billionaire Att 700 times over? Ext Temp Clause 120 T1 Clause 121 10. Susan T1 Clause 122 Has T1 Proc Mat anyone ever thought Actor Ext Proc Temp Mat to do an in-depth analyses [of Range 366 Bush and his associates finances]? Clause 123 I firmly believe T1 they 've gotten Carr Proc brutally Att rich during his term. Locn Reln Time Attr Int Clause 124 First with T1 invading Iraq (oil) Proc Goal Caus Mat Purp Clause 125 then T1 laying in Proc Behav Behl bed with Wall St. Accom Comt 367 APPENDIX 3 SF ANALYSIS MATRICES The occurrences of all tags in all clauses in the main story as shown in the previous section, Appendix 2: SF Analysis of Clauses, are counted by Systemics and output as matrices. This section is a compilation of the matrices, classified according to Key. The matrices in this section are crucial for understanding the recurrence plots, as well as the SVD results. All the Keys can be extracted from Systemics Search Page with the commands: Cl/* An/* The information in this section is restricted to clause 7 to 80 of the main story, and only terminal-tags are used (superordinate tags are ignored). Key No. of tag types S TH Tex M Int T E Exp MET 21 13 18 33 44 92 19 16 37 Total = 293 368 Note that the tags in the matrices are not arranged in alphabetical order like the tag lists in the rest of this thesis, but have been arranged to reflect what tags are important (more important = leftmost columns), in my judgement. I have also tried, as far as possible, to group together columns (columns = tags) that are most closely semantically related to each other. This is to facilitate interpretation. 369 1 1 1 1 3 4 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Cl/S3/Ellipsis Cl/S1c/Clause-3 3 Cl/S2c/Clause-2 Cl/S1c/Clause-2 16 Cl/S2c/Head Cl/S1c/Clause-1 4 Cl/S2cc/Ellipsis Cl/S1c/Complex 10 Cl/S2/Ellipsis Cl/S1c/Head 1 Cl/S2/Rank-shift Cl/S1ccc/Ellipsis 1 Cl/S1cc/Clause-4 Cl/S1cc/Ellipsis 6 Cl/S1cc/Clause-3 Cl/S1/Ellipsis 6 Cl/S1cc/Clause-2 Cl/S1/Interrupt 19 Cl/S1cc/Clause-1 Cl/S1/Rank-shift Totals Clause 7 Clause 8 Clause 9 Clause 10 Clause 11 Clause 12 Clause 13 Clause 14 Clause 15 Clause 16 Clause 17 Clause 18 Clause 19 Clause 20 Clause 21 Clause 22 Clause 23 Clause 24 Clause 25 Clause 26 Clause 27 Clause 28 Clause 29 Clause 30 Clause 31 Clause 32 Clause 33 Clause 34 Clause 35 Clause 36 Clause 37 Clause 38 Clause 39 Clause 40 Clause 41 Clause 42 Clause 43 Clause 44 Clause 45 Clause 46 Clause 47 Clause 48 Clause 49 Clause 50 Clause 51 Clause 52 Clause 53 Clause 54 Clause 55 Clause 56 Clause 57 Clause 58 Clause 59 Clause 60 Clause 61 Clause 62 Clause 63 Clause 64 Clause 65 Clause 66 Clause 67 Clause 68 Clause 69 Clause 70 Clause 71 Clause 72 Clause 73 Clause 74 Clause 75 Clause 76 Clause 77 Clause 78 Clause 79 Clause 80 Cl/S1c/Clause-4 S 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 370 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cl/TH1/Int/Mod/Adj/Theme Cl/TH2/Topic/Theme Cl/TH2/Topic/TH/Theme Cl/TH2/Rheme Cl/TH2/Text/Conj/Str/Theme Cl/TH1/Text/Conj/Adj/Theme Cl/TH1/Rheme Cl/TH1/Topic/TH/Theme 3 71 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cl/TH1/Int/Mod-Met/Theme 6 Cl/TH1/Text/Cont/Theme 57 1 1 1 Cl/TH1/Text/Conj/Str/Theme totals clause 7 clause 8 clause 9 clause 10 clause 11 clause 12 clause 13 clause 14 clause 15 clause 16 clause 17 clause 18 clause 19 clause 20 clause 21 clause 22 clause 23 clause 24 clause 25 clause 26 clause 27 clause 28 clause 29 clause 30 clause 31 clause 32 clause 33 clause 34 clause 35 clause 36 clause 37 clause 38 clause 39 clause 40 clause 41 clause 42 clause 43 clause 44 clause 45 clause 46 clause 47 clause 48 clause 49 clause 50 clause 51 clause 52 clause 53 clause 54 clause 55 clause 56 clause 57 clause 58 clause 59 clause 60 clause 61 clause 62 clause 63 clause 64 clause 65 clause 66 clause 67 clause 68 clause 69 clause 70 clause 71 clause 72 clause 73 clause 74 clause 75 clause 76 clause 77 clause 78 clause 79 clause 80 Cl/TH1/Topic/WH/Theme Cl/TH1/Topic/Theme TH 7 14 2 2 2 4 1 7 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 371 1 An/Tex2/Topic/unmarked/ellipsed An/Tex2/Topic/none 9 1 An/Tex2/Topic/unmarked/-- 1 An/Tex2/Theme/multiple/textual-1 1 An/Tex2/Theme/simple 52 An/Tex1/Topic/marked/dependent An/Tex1/Topic/unmarked/rankshift 3 An/Tex1/Theme/beta-clause An/Tex1/Topic/unmarked/ellipsed 1 An/Tex1/Theme/none/alpha-clause An/Tex1/Topic/unmarked/-- 20 An/Tex1/Topic/none An/Tex1/Theme/none/non-finite 5 An/Tex1/Topic/marked/-- An/Tex1/Theme/multiple/textual-2 39 1 An/Tex1/Theme/multiple/textual-1 An/Tex1/Theme/simple totals clause 7 clause 8 clause 9 clause 10 clause 11 clause 12 clause 13 clause 14 clause 15 clause 16 clause 17 clause 18 clause 19 clause 20 clause 21 clause 22 clause 23 clause 24 clause 25 clause 26 clause 27 clause 28 clause 29 clause 30 clause 31 clause 32 clause 33 clause 34 clause 35 clause 36 clause 37 clause 38 clause 39 clause 40 clause 41 clause 42 clause 43 clause 44 clause 45 clause 46 clause 47 clause 48 clause 49 clause 50 clause 51 clause 52 clause 53 clause 54 clause 55 clause 56 clause 57 clause 58 clause 59 clause 60 clause 61 clause 62 clause 63 clause 64 clause 65 clause 66 clause 67 clause 68 clause 69 clause 70 clause 71 clause 72 clause 73 clause 74 clause 75 clause 76 clause 77 clause 78 clause 79 clause 80 An/Tex1/Theme/multiple/interpersonal-1 Tex 8 4 3 3 2 5 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 372 45 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 55 1 1 1 1 1 Cl/M1/Residue 3 Cl/M1/Circ-Adj/Residue 2 Cl/M1/Comp/WH/Residue 7 Cl/M1/Circ-Adj/WH/Residue 2 1 Cl/M1/Comp/Residue 18 Cl/M1/Pred/Residue 6 Cl/M1/Modal-Met/Mood 35 1 Cl/M1/Adj/Pol/Mood Cl/M1/Fin/Pred/Mood-Residue 3 Cl/M1/Adj/Mood Cl/M1/Fin/Temp/Mood 4 Cl/M1/Fin/Mood Cl/M1/Subj/WH/Mood 60 1 1 1 Cl/M1/Subj/TH/Mood Cl/M1/Subj/Mood totals clause 7 clause 8 clause 9 clause 10 clause 11 clause 12 clause 13 clause 14 clause 15 clause 16 clause 17 clause 18 clause 19 clause 20 clause 21 clause 22 clause 23 clause 24 clause 25 clause 26 clause 27 clause 28 clause 29 clause 30 clause 31 clause 32 clause 33 clause 34 clause 35 clause 36 clause 37 clause 38 clause 39 clause 40 clause 41 clause 42 clause 43 clause 44 clause 45 clause 46 clause 47 clause 48 clause 49 clause 50 clause 51 clause 52 clause 53 clause 54 clause 55 clause 56 clause 57 clause 58 clause 59 clause 60 clause 61 clause 62 clause 63 clause 64 clause 65 clause 66 clause 67 clause 68 clause 69 clause 70 clause 71 clause 72 clause 73 clause 74 clause 75 clause 76 clause 77 clause 78 clause 79 clause 80 Cl/M1/Adj/Comm/Mood Cl/M1/Fin/Modl/Mood 6 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 373 Cl/M2/Subj/Mood Cl/M2/Subj/WH/Mood Cl/M2/Fin/Mood Cl/M2/Fin/Modl/Mood Cl/M2/Fin/Pred/Mood-Residue Cl/M2/Adj/Mood Cl/M2/Pred/Residue Cl/M2/Comp/Residue Cl/M2/Circ-Adj/Residue Cl/M2/Residue 8 4 6 3 4 2 22 29 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 Cl/M3/Residue 1 Cl/M3/Comp/Residue 1 Cl/M3/Pred/Residue 1 1 1 Cl/M3/Fin/Mood 1 4 3 Cl/M3/Subj/WH/Mood 1 Cl/M3/Subj/Mood 2 4 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 374 2 4 3 1 64 1 1 1 3 20 36 1 1 1 An/Int1/TENSE/future 3 An/Int1/TENSE/present 1 An/Int1/TENSE/past 3 An/Int1/POLARITY/negative 1 An/Int1/POLARITY/positive An/Int1/MOOD-ADJUNCT/polarity/positive 2 An/Int1/MOOD-ADJUNCT/time 6 An/Int1/MOOD-ADJUNCT/intensity 8 An/Int1/MOOD-ADJUNCT/degree An/Int1/MODALITY-orientation/objective/explicit 7 An/Int1/MODALITY/Modulation/obligation/median An/Int1/MODALITY-orientation/subjective/implict 2 An/Int1/MODALITY/Modulation/inclination/median An/Int1/Mood%20metaphor 3 An/Int1/MODALITY-orientation/subjective/explicit An/Int1/Mood/non-finite 3 An/Int1/MODALITY/Modalization/probability/median An/Int1/Mood/imperative/full 59 1 1 1 An/Int1/Mood/WH-interrogative/full 1 An/Int1/Mood/declarative/ellipsed 3 An/Int1/Mood/declarative/full An/Int1/SPEECH-FUNCTION/Action/offer 70 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 An/Int1/SPEECH-FUNCTION/Action/command totals clause 7 clause 8 clause 9 clause 10 clause 11 clause 12 clause 13 clause 14 clause 15 clause 16 clause 17 clause 18 clause 19 clause 20 clause 21 clause 22 clause 23 clause 24 clause 25 clause 26 clause 27 clause 28 clause 29 clause 30 clause 31 clause 32 clause 33 clause 34 clause 35 clause 36 clause 37 clause 38 clause 39 clause 40 clause 41 clause 42 clause 43 clause 44 clause 45 clause 46 clause 47 clause 48 clause 49 clause 50 clause 51 clause 52 clause 53 clause 54 clause 55 clause 56 clause 57 clause 58 clause 59 clause 60 clause 61 clause 62 clause 63 clause 64 clause 65 clause 66 clause 67 clause 68 clause 69 clause 70 clause 71 clause 72 clause 73 clause 74 clause 75 clause 76 clause 77 clause 78 clause 79 clause 80 An/Int1/SPEECH-FUNCTION/Knowledge/statement Int 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 375 An/Int2/SPEECH-FUNCTION/Knowledge/statement An/Int2/SPEECH-FUNCTION/Knowledge/question An/Int2/Mood/declarative/full An/Int2/Mood/declarative/ellipsed An/Int2/Mood/non-finite An/Int2/MODALITY-orientation/subjective/implict An/Int2/MODALITY/Modalization/potentiality An/Int2/MODALITY/Modalization/probability/median An/Int2/MOOD-ADJUNCT/intensity An/Int2/POLARITY/positive An/Int2/POLARITY/negative An/Int2/TENSE/past An/Int2/TENSE/present An/Int2/TENSE/future An/Int3/SPEECH-FUNCTION/Knowledge/statement An/Int3/Mood/declarative/ellipsed An/Int3/Mood/non-finite An/Int3/POLARITY/positive An/Int3/TENSE/past An/Int3/TENSE/present 30 1 11 1 19 3 1 2 2 11 1 3 7 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 376 Cl/T1/Goal Cl/T1/Range 1 1 22 10 10 14 1 1 7 10 1 Cl/T1/Idr/Token/Circ Cl/T1/Actor 1 Cl/T1/Idr/Token Cl/T1/Proc/Exist 1 Cl/T1/Idd/Token Cl/T1/Proc/Verbl 1 Cl/T1/Attbr Cl/T1/Proc/Behl 4 Cl/T1/Att/Possd Cl/T1/Proc/Ment/Perc 3 Cl/T1/Att/Circ Cl/T1/Proc/Ment/Aff 13 Cl/T1/Att Cl/T1/Proc/Ment/Cogn 7 Cl/T1/Carr/Possr Cl/T1/Proc/Reln/Iden/Circ 4 Cl/T1/Carr Cl/T1/Proc/Reln/Iden/Int 11 1 Cl/T1/Proc/Reln/Attr/Poss 36 Cl/T1/Proc/Reln/Attr/Circ totals clause 7 clause 8 clause 9 clause 10 clause 11 clause 12 clause 13 clause 14 clause 15 clause 16 clause 17 clause 18 clause 19 clause 20 clause 21 clause 22 clause 23 clause 24 clause 25 clause 26 clause 27 clause 28 clause 29 clause 30 clause 31 clause 32 clause 33 clause 34 clause 35 clause 36 clause 37 clause 38 clause 39 clause 40 clause 41 clause 42 clause 43 clause 44 clause 45 clause 46 clause 47 clause 48 clause 49 clause 50 clause 51 clause 52 clause 53 clause 54 clause 55 clause 56 clause 57 clause 58 clause 59 clause 60 clause 61 clause 62 clause 63 clause 64 clause 65 clause 66 clause 67 clause 68 clause 69 clause 70 clause 71 clause 72 clause 73 clause 74 clause 75 clause 76 clause 77 clause 78 clause 79 clause 80 Cl/T1/Proc/Reln/Attr/Int Cl/T1/Proc/Mat T 4 7 1 6 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 377 Cl/T1/Idd/Value Cl/T1/Idd/Value/-Cl/T1/Idr/Value Cl/T1/Sens Cl/T1/Phen/Range Cl/T1/Sayer Cl/T1/Rec Cl/T1/Ex Cl/T1/Accom/Add Cl/T1/Accom/Comt Cl/T1/Role/Guise Cl/T1/Role/Prod Cl/T1/Contg/Cond Cl/T1/Caus/Reas Cl/T1/Ext/Spat Cl/T1/Ext/Temp Cl/T1/Mann/Means Cl/T1/Mann/Qual Cl/T1/Locn/Place Cl/T1/Locn/Time Cl/T1m/Proc/Mat Cl/T1m/Proc/Behl Cl/T1m/Proc/Verbl Cl/T1m/Actor Cl/T1m/Goal Cl/T1m/Range 8 2 5 6 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 4 3 5 5 8 1 4 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 378 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 Cl/T2/Att Cl/T2/Att/Circ Cl/T2/Att/Possd Cl/T2/Idd/Token Cl/T2/Idr/Token/Circ Cl/T2/Idr/Token/-Cl/T2/Idr/Value Cl/T2/Proc/Reln/Attr/Poss 3 Cl/T2/Carr/Possr Cl/T2/Proc/Reln/Attr/Circ 2 Cl/T2/Carr Cl/T2/Proc/Reln/Attr/Int 2 Cl/T2/Range Cl/T2/Proc/Mat 19 Cl/T2/Goal Cl/T1m/Locn/Time 2 Cl/T2/Actor Cl/T1m/Locn/Place 3 Cl/T2/Proc/Behl Cl/T1m/Role/Guise 1 Cl/T2/Proc/Ment/Aff Cl/T1m/Verb 1 Cl/T2/Proc/Reln/Iden/Int Cl/T1m/Sayer 1 Cl/T2/Proc/Reln/Iden/Circ Cl/T1m/Behav 2 3 2 1 1 4 10 8 4 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 379 Cl/T2/Idd/Value/Circ Cl/T2/Sens Cl/T2/Accom/Comt Cl/T2/Caus/Purp Cl/T2/Ext/Spat Cl/T2/Mann/Qual Cl/T2/Locn/Place Cl/T2/Locn/Time Cl/T3/Proc/Mat Cl/T3/Proc/Reln/Attr/Circ Cl/T3/Proc/Reln/Attr/Int Cl/T3/Goal Cl/T3/Att Cl/T3/Att/Circ Cl/T3/Carr Cl/T3/Locn/Time 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 380 Cl/E1m/Range Cl/E1m/Circ Cl/E2/Proc Cl/E2/Medm Cl/E2/Range Cl/E2/Agent Cl/E2/Circ Cl/E3/Proc Cl/E3/Medm Cl/E3/Range Cl/E3/Circ 36 1 Cl/E1m/Medm 16 Cl/E1m/Proc 41 1 1 Cl/E1/Benef Cl/E1/Agent 72 1 1 1 Cl/E1/Circ Cl/E1/Range 83 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 Cl/E1/Medm totals clause 7 clause 8 clause 9 clause 10 clause 11 clause 12 clause 13 clause 14 clause 15 clause 16 clause 17 clause 18 clause 19 clause 20 clause 21 clause 22 clause 23 clause 24 clause 25 clause 26 clause 27 clause 28 clause 29 clause 30 clause 31 clause 32 clause 33 clause 34 clause 35 clause 36 clause 37 clause 38 clause 39 clause 40 clause 41 clause 42 clause 43 clause 44 clause 45 clause 46 clause 47 clause 48 clause 49 clause 50 clause 51 clause 52 clause 53 clause 54 clause 55 clause 56 clause 57 clause 58 clause 59 clause 60 clause 61 clause 62 clause 63 clause 64 clause 65 clause 66 clause 67 clause 68 clause 69 clause 70 clause 71 clause 72 clause 73 clause 74 clause 75 clause 76 clause 77 clause 78 clause 79 clause 80 Cl/E1/Proc E 1 7 7 3 6 33 20 17 6 7 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 4 1 4 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 381 An/Exp2/VOICE/effective/active/agent An/Exp2/VOICE/effective/passive/agent An/Exp2/VOICE/none An/Exp3/VOICE/middle/ell-medium An/Exp3/VOICE/none 7 An/Exp2/VOICE/middle/ell-medium 1 An/Exp2/VOICE/middle/medium 9 An/Exp1m/VOICE/none An/Exp1/VOICE/none 3 An/Exp1m/VOICE/middle/medium An/Exp1/VOICE/effective/passive/ell-agent 4 An/Exp1m/VOICE/effective/passive/ell-agent An/Exp1/VOICE/effective/passive/agent 50 1 1 An/Exp1/VOICE/effective/active/ell-agent totals clause 7 clause 8 clause 9 clause 10 clause 11 clause 12 clause 13 clause 14 clause 15 clause 16 clause 17 clause 18 clause 19 clause 20 clause 21 clause 22 clause 23 clause 24 clause 25 clause 26 clause 27 clause 28 clause 29 clause 30 clause 31 clause 32 clause 33 clause 34 clause 35 clause 36 clause 37 clause 38 clause 39 clause 40 clause 41 clause 42 clause 43 clause 44 clause 45 clause 46 clause 47 clause 48 clause 49 clause 50 clause 51 clause 52 clause 53 clause 54 clause 55 clause 56 clause 57 clause 58 clause 59 clause 60 clause 61 clause 62 clause 63 clause 64 clause 65 clause 66 clause 67 clause 68 clause 69 clause 70 clause 71 clause 72 clause 73 clause 74 clause 75 clause 76 clause 77 clause 78 clause 79 clause 80 An/Exp1/VOICE/effective/active/agent An/Exp1/VOICE/middle/medium Exp 6 1 1 6 1 4 1 19 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 382 Cl/MET1m/Int/Modal/Qual Cl/MET1m/Int/Modal/Circ Cl/MET1m/Int/Modal/Ent Cl/MET1m/Int/None/Ent Cl/MET1m/Log/Rel/Ent Cl/MET1m/Log/Rel/Circ Cl/MET1m/Log/Rel/Proc 1 Cl/MET1m/Int/Modal/Proc 1 3 Cl/MET1m/Exp/None/Proc 2 Cl/MET1m/Exp/None/Ent 1 Cl/MET1m/Exp/Rel/Proc 2 1 Cl/MET1m/Exp/Rel/Circ 2 Cl/MET1m/Exp/Attrib/Proc Cl/MET1m/Exp/Circ/Ent 1 Cl/MET1m/Exp/Attrib/Ent Cl/MET1m/Exp/Ent/Qual 19 Cl/MET1m/Exp/Qual/Ent Cl/MET1m/Exp/Ent/Proc 13 Cl/MET1m/Exp/Qual/Circ Cl/MET1m/Exp/Ent/Mod 26 Cl/MET1m/Exp/Circ/Qual Cl/MET1m/Exp/Proc/Qual totals clause 7 clause 8 clause 9 clause 10 clause 11 clause 12 clause 13 clause 14 clause 15 clause 16 clause 17 clause 18 clause 19 clause 20 clause 21 clause 22 clause 23 clause 24 clause 25 clause 26 clause 27 clause 28 clause 29 clause 30 clause 31 clause 32 clause 33 clause 34 clause 35 clause 36 clause 37 clause 38 clause 39 clause 40 clause 41 clause 42 clause 43 clause 44 clause 45 clause 46 clause 47 clause 48 clause 49 clause 50 clause 51 clause 52 clause 53 clause 54 clause 55 clause 56 clause 57 clause 58 clause 59 clause 60 clause 61 clause 62 clause 63 clause 64 clause 65 clause 66 clause 67 clause 68 clause 69 clause 70 clause 71 clause 72 clause 73 clause 74 clause 75 clause 76 clause 77 clause 78 clause 79 clause 80 Cl/MET1m/Exp/Proc/Ent MET 2 2 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 383 1 1 1 Cl/MET2m/Exp/Proc/Qual Cl/MET2m/Exp/Ent/Mod Cl/MET2m/Exp/Ent/Qual Cl/MET2m/Exp/Circ/Qual Cl/MET2m/Exp/Qual/Proc Cl/MET2m/Exp/Attrib/Ent Cl/MET2m/Exp/Rel/Circ Cl/MET2m/Int/Modal/Proc Cl/MET2m/Int/Modal/Qual Cl/MET2m/Log/Rel/Ent Cl/MET2m/Log/Rel/Proc Cl/MET1m/Tex Cl/MET1m/Log/Rel/Qual Cl/MET2m/Exp/Proc/Ent 10 1 10 8 6 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 384 APPENDIX 4 clause7 clause8 clause9 clause10 clause11 clause12 clause13 clause14 clause15 clause16 clause17 clause18 clause19 clause20 clause21 clause22 clause23 clause24 clause25 clause26 clause27 clause28 clause29 clause30 clause31 clause32 clause33 clause34 clause35 clause36 clause37 clause38 clause39 clause40 clause41 clause42 clause43 clause44 clause45 clause46 THEME/RHEME CALCULATION No. of participants in... Theme Rheme 2 1 2 non-finite 0 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 5 non-finite non-finite 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 0 1 0 0 3 5 8 2 5 3 4 4 1 2 3 1 1 2 4 3 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 1 1 2 1 385 clause47 clause48 clause49 clause50 clause51 clause52 clause53 clause54 clause55 clause56 clause57 clause58 clause59 clause60 clause61 clause62 clause63 clause64 clause65 clause66 clause67 clause68 clause69 clause70 clause71 clause72 clause73 clause74 clause75 clause76 clause77 clause78 clause79 clause80 total No. of participants in... Theme Rheme non-finite 1 2 non-finite 1 3 1 0 1 5 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 0 0 5 2 5 1 4 1 0 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 non-finite 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 3 1 0 3 2 78 129 k = R/T ratio = 129/78 = 1.653846154 386 APPENDIX 5 SVD DEFINITION Matrix multiplication is defined as follows: Let A be a matrix with m rows and p columns i.e. a ݉ × ‫ ݌‬matrix with entries ܽ௜௝ ( ܽ௜௝ denotes the entry at the ith row and jth column) Let B be a ‫ ݊ × ݌‬matrix with entries ܾ௜௝ Their product AB is defined as a ݉ × ݊ matrix with entries given by: ௣ ෍ ܽ௜௞ ܾ௞௝ ௞ୀଵ Just as a number like 30 can be factorized as: 30 = 2 × 3 × 5, a matrix, A, can be factorized into the form: ‫∗ ܸܷܵ = ܣ‬ This factorization is known as singular value decomposition. U, V are matrices, superscript * denotes transposition1, and S is a diagonal matrix, i.e. its non-diagonal entries are zero. To illustrate this, suppose A is a ݉ × ݊ matrix where ݉ > ݊, e.g. m = 3, n = 2: ∎ 0 ൥ ൩=൥ ൩ ൥ 0 ∎൩ ቂ ቃ ᇣᇧᇤᇧᇥ ᇣᇧᇤᇧᇥ ᇣᇧᇧᇧᇤᇧᇧᇧᇥ ᇣᇧᇤᇧᇥ 0 0 ௏∗ ஺ ௎ and ∎ denote values that need not be zero. ௌ ∎ , the diagonal entries of S, are known as the singular values of A. 1 More generally, * denotes conjugate transposition, but in the SF data the numbers are all real numbers 387 In the SVD analysis performed in my thesis, A is the reduced matrix of clauses (in columns) by tags (in rows): The columns of U are called the left-singular vectors: vectors representing Features in terms of tags, while the rows of V* (i.e. the columns of V) are the rightsingular vectors: vectors representing Features in terms of clauses. Each singular value represents the strength of a Feature in the discourse. To show this more clearly, multiply both sides of the equation by V on the right: ∎ 0 ൥ ൩ቂ ቃ=൥ ൩ ൥ 0 ∎൩ ᇣᇧᇤᇧᇥ ᇣᇧᇤᇧᇥ ᇣᇧᇧᇧᇤᇧᇧᇧᇥ ᇣᇧᇤᇧᇥ 0 0 ௏ ஺ ௌ ௎ Organize the matrices V, U, S into columns: ߪଵ 0 ሾ‫ݒ‬ଵ ‫ݒ‬ଶሿ = ൥‫ݑ‬ଵ ‫ݑ‬ଶ ൥ ൩ ᇣᇧᇤᇧᇥ ൩ ൥ 0 ߪଶ ൩ ᇣᇧᇤᇧᇥ ᇣᇧᇧᇧᇤᇧᇧᇧᇥ ᇣᇧ ᇧᇥ ௏ 0ᇧᇤᇧ 0 ஺ ௎ ௌ This gives us: ‫ݒܣ‬ଵ = ߪଵ ‫ݑ‬ଵ ‫ݒܣ‬ଶ = ߪଶ ‫ݑ‬ଶ (1) (2) In this form, the variables are easier to interpret. Equation (1) defines Feature 1. ‫ݑ‬ଵ is Feature 1 in terms of tags – a vector 388 ‫ݒ‬ଵ is Feature 1 in terms of clauses – a vector ߪଵ is the strength of Feature 1 – a positive number2 The purpose of performing SVD is that it generates Features, which form a new set of basis vectors - a new coordinate system - to describe the positions of the clauses in Semantic Space in a more economical way (least squares fit) compared to the original basis vectors (the tags). The results of the SVD are the same regardless of the order of the rows/columns of the input matrix A, i.e. changing the ordering of the clauses in the article does not affect the results of SVD, neither does changing the order of tags. 2 σ can be a negative number, but the corresponding singular vector can be reversed in polarity to make σ positive. 389 APPENDIX 6 SVD PLOTS The plots in this section are explained and used in Chapter 5: Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) in the main body of the thesis. Index to Appendix 6.1: Main story Figure A-1: Main story T1 F0 tag wheel Figure A-2: Main story T1 F0 tag neighbours Figure A-3: Main story T1 F0 clause neighbours Figure A-4: Main story T1 F1 tag wheel Figure A-5: Main story T1 F1 text Figure A-6: Main story T1 F1 tag neighbours Figure A-7: Main story T1 F1 clause neighbours Figure A-8: Main story T1 F2 tag wheel Figure A-9: Main story T1 F2 text Figure A-10: Main story T1 F2 tag neighbours Figure A-11: Main story T1 F2 clause neighbours Figure A-12: Main story T1 F3 tag wheel Figure A-13: Main story T1 F3 text Figure A-14: Main story T1 F3 tag neighbourhood Figure A-15: Main story T1 F3 clause neighbourhood Figure A-16: Main story T1 F4 tag wheel Figure A-17: Main story T1 F4 text Figure A-18: Main story T1 F4 tag neighbours Figure A-19: Main story T1 F4 clause neighbours 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 Index to Appendix 6.2: Comments Figure A-20: Comments T1 F1 tag wheel Figure A-21: Comments T1 F2 tag wheel Figure A-22: Comments T1 F3 tag wheel Key 410 411 412 (for all SVD plots in Appendix 6) -Blue indicates presence and Red indicates “absence” (or vice versa) -intensity of colouring, font size and the size of node/circle denote strength (for a tinted tag, strength refers to strength of tag’s contribution to the Feature; for a tinted clause, strength refers to the strength of the Feature in the clause) 390 Appendix 6.1 Main story Figure A-1: Main story T1 F0 tag wheel 391 Figure A-2: Main story T1 F0 tag neighbours 392 Figure A-3: Main story T1 F0 clause neighbours 393 Figure A-4: Main story T1 F1 tag wheel 394 Figure A-5: Main story T1 F1 text 395 Figure A-6: Main story T1 F1 tag neighbours 396 Figure A-7: Main story T1 F1 clause neighbours 397 Figure A-8: Main story T1 F2 tag wheel 398 Figure A-9: Main story T1 F2 text 399 Figure A-10: Main story T1 F2 tag neighbours 400 Figure A-11: Main story T1 F2 clause neighbours 401 Figure A-12: Main story T1 F3 tag wheel 402 Figure A-13: Main story T1 F3 text 403 Figure A-14: Main story T1 F3 tag neighbourhood 404 Figure A-15: Main story T1 F3 clause neighbourhood 405 Figure A-16: Main story T1 F4 tag wheel 406 Figure A-17: Main story T1 F4 text 407 Figure A-18: Main story T1 F4 tag neighbours 408 Figure A-19: Main story T1 F4 clause neighbours 409 Appendix 6.2 Comments Figure A-20: Comments T1 F1 tag wheel 410 Figure A-21: Comments T1 F2 tag wheel 411 Figure A-22: Comments T1 F3 tag wheel 412 APPENDIX 7 THE GRAMMAR Appendix 7.1 Clause Page Overview of Grammar for Clause Page analyses The Overview above is generated by expanding the system networks to only three 413 nodes deep. The full systems of TH, M, T, MET, Tex, Int, Exp, however, are generally deeper; their complete networks are as follows: Appendix 7.1.1 System of TH (Theme) Appendix 7.1.2 System of M (Mood) 414 Appendix 7.1.3 System of T (Transitivity) 415 Appendix 7.1.4 System of MET (Grammatical Metaphors) The categories “Exp”, “Int”, and “Log” expand into: (congruent grammatical function) Each of these expands into: (shifted grammatical function) Appendix 7.1.5 System of Tex (Textual) 416 Appendix 7.1.6 System of Int (Interpersonal) 417 Appendix 7.1.7 System of Exp (Experiential) Appendix 7.2 Interclausal Page “Lg”: Logical Complexing Each of the nodes “paratactic”, “hypotactic”, and “cohesive”, expand further into: The nodes of “elaboration”, “extension”, “enhancement” can be expanded deeper: 418 Appendix 7.3 Discourse Page 419 “Ch”: Reference Chains “St”: Lexical Strings 420 [...]... because it means "we're going to begin with " 241 T1m = "presented as" = "appeared as" 242 243 244 "somehow" has some interpersonal function, expressing the author's own misgivings about this 245 246 247 because="caused by (the fact that)" (therefore process) X causes Y (or X so Y) Y is because X (identifying) 248 249 250 251 making = Range, IFG 3rd ed p 193 252 253 254 Kevin: X were insured by Y =X were...For each clause the printout consists of two tables: Clause Table, followed by the Analysis Table The occasional Text Box beside the tables contains remarks, sometimes explaining why I analysed clause elements in non-conventional ways 235 236 237 238 239 policy: Range or Goal Range-like: policy is a plan or strategy, doesn't exist without the action Goal-like: policy is developed/made/steered,... because X (identifying) 248 249 250 251 making = Range, IFG 3rd ed p 193 252 253 254 Kevin: X were insured by Y =X were represented by Y Self: circ because insured = covered 255 256 257 258 "So"="Well" mood met because it means "I'm going to talk about what these xxx are" 259 260 ...TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume II TITLE PAGE i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii APPENDICES 227 Appendix Clauses of the Text ... way to stop the market volatility would be to make permanent the ban on short sales, across the board Take the short sales out of the market and you will see reduced market volatility Professor... 413 Appendix 7.2 Interclausal Page 418 Appendix 7.3 Discourse Page 419 ii _ APPENDICES _ APPENDIX CLAUSES