LAW AND GOVERNANCE IN GOLF COURSES A Cross-National Comparison of Environmental Frameworks, Industry Norms and Sustainability Practices in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore EDNA SELLORIQUEZ PANA (PhD Candidate 2013) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY FACULTY OF LAW NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2013 Acknowledgements I would like to dedicate this dissertation to the two most influential persons in my life - my father, Emilio Henry Fernandez Pana Sr (1932-1989), who made me plant trees, grow vegetables, identify plants, swim rivers and climb hills in a tiny, rustic village where I grew up in South Cotabato, Philippines, and generous benefactor-employer, Tsutomu Muguruma, who helped me achieve higher educational pursuits while working at the same time and for giving me absolute authority and independence in managing and “experimenting” the transformation of TAT Filipinas Golf Club into what it is today, a “Sustainable Golf Course” – beautifully re-designed and molded from what I have learned and unlearned in the process of my doctoral studies This paper is probably the first academic research and legal scholarship in the world involving law and governance in golf courses Dr Martin Lau (SOAS), University of London, encouraged me to write about golf courses as a doctoral research paper Associate Professor Lye Lin Heng (NUS) assisted me in making the first brave steps in unraveling the intricacies of international environmental law, the nuances of legal transplantation and its subsequent domestic implementation Professor Koh Kheng Lian mentored me about the importance and relevance of ASEAN environmental law in my research Thanks to my graduate research mentors, Professor Andrew Simester and Professor Alan Tan Khee Jin My teachers: Environmental law, Malgosia Fitzmaurice (Queen Mary); Law and Governance, Andrew Harding (NUS); Water Policy, Asit Biswas (LKYSPP); Environmental Policy, Shreekant Gupta (LKYSPP) Thanks for the friendship of Prof Helena Whalen Bridge (NUS) and especially to Associate Professor Eduardo Araral (LKYSPP) who reviewed my draft thesis, giving comments and criticisms Deepest gratitude to all for sharing their expertise, knowledge and experiences in golf course development and operation, namely; Rodney McKeown (Kranji Sanctuary), Desmond Chua (Keppel), Ian Gray and Michael Cabel (New Warren), Junie Ledesma (Sta Elena), T.W Hughes (Dalat Palace), Kenny Saunders (Ocean Dunes), Robert Bicknell Jr (Tam Dao), Ben Styles (Chi Linh Star), Jonathan Smith (GEO), Howard Swan, Dr Niddhi Bijaisoradat (ProCrop) and Dr Micah Woods (Asian Turfgrass Centre) My utmost gratitude to Mr Duong Quoc Xuan, Provincial People’s Committee Chairman of Long An Province, Viet Nam, Ai Hammond (Vietnamese translator), NUS student Mai Anh, and former classmate in London, Huong Hoang for her invaluable assistance and support in Viet Nam Also to Dr Michael Hurdzan, Dana Fry, Jason Straka and Chris Hurdzan of Hurdzan and Fry Environmental Architects for the Ohio and Wisconsin research Great thanks to Emmie Ruales and Gino Mangosing, NWRB, Philippines; Elsie Cesar, DENR-EMB, Philippines and Efren V Leano and Corazon Dichoso-Halili, BOI, Philippines Raweewan Bhuridej, MNRE, Thailand; Sunee Piyanpanpong, PCD-MNRE, Thailand, Thi Bich Ngoc, MPI, Vietnam and Le Hoai Nam, EIA-MNRE, Viet Nam I also thank my classmate and good friend Haijing Cao and her husband William, for providing comfort when the going gets tough I thank Rahayu Oktoberina, for her sweet smile and friendship, and to Miss Normah Bte Mahamood for the laughter and wonderful conversations about family and food And most of all, to my foot soldiers - staff and managers of TAT Filipinas Golf Club - Jose P Dagdagan, Engr Rey Sumalnap, Randy Casupang, Ian Sunga and those who have supported me in achieving my goals and keeping with the demands of my research work To my loyal Executive Assistant, Emma M Chiyuto, who helped me in my Viet Nam visits from Ho Chi Minh to Hanoi, and Office Assistant, Anna Camacho for assisting me in my Thailand research - I owe you my safety and endurance on those trips I express gratitude to my childhood friend Grace Balayon Waga for the technical aspect of computer troubleshooting ii I greatly thank my sisters Emilyn, Elsie and Eva, brother Emilio Jr and nephews Christian, Dave Carl and Christian Alnie, thank you for the love and support To my best cousin, Gladys Reconquista-Bayot and her husband Jay, and kids Keila Christiene, Joaquim Samuel and Quentin Ike, for the beautiful environment in Chicago House where I was able to write the finishing touches of my thesis A heartfelt gratitude to Dr Annette Salillas, for the wonderful days in her glass house in Amara, Cebu, where I did the final revisions of this dissertation The enchanting view of the Mactan Channel made writing easy and smooth UK colleague and Cebu Professor Miss Lourdes Montenegro and childhood friend Gemma Subaldo Delima accompanied me in my furlough and writing expedition in Cebu iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Acknowledgments Table of Contents Summary Main Body of Thesis Bibliography Appendices “1” to “40 “ Tables 1-24 Locational Plotting of Golf Courses, Maps “1”-“4” Charts “1” -“2” Page CHAPTER 1.1 A B C I INTRODUCTION Background of the Research…………………………………………………… Sustainable Development…………………………………………………………… Law and Governance………………………………………………………………… Gap in Legal and Academic Literature ………………………………………………8 1.2 Research Scope, Aims and Hypotheses…………………………………………….9 Hypothesis 1……………………………………………………… ……………………… 10 Hypothesis 2……… ……………………………………………………………………… 11 Hypothesis 3…… ………………………………………………………………………… 12 1.3 Case Selection, Case Studies and Methodology…… ……………………………13 A General Approach to Research…………………… ……………………………… 13 B General Approach to Analyses……………… …………………………………… 14 C Field Work, Personal Interviews and Secondary Data……………… …………….14 D Choice of Jurisdictions for Comparison ………………………………………… 15 E Relevant Features of Subject Countries ………………………………………… 24 Table 1.1 Comparative Summary of Features of Golf Courses and the Subject Countries ………….…………………………………………………………… 26 F Legal Systems in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore….………… 26 G Case Studies……………………………………………………………………… 28 H Limitations of the Research…………………………………………………………28 1.4 Overview of the Conceptual Framework……………………….……………… 29 Chart Flow Chart of the Conceptual Framework of Dissertation……………………… 30 1.5 Significance of Research……………………………………………… …… … 31 1.6 Organization of the Dissertation….……………………………………… …… 31 CHAPTER II LAW AND GOVERNANCE IN GOLF COURSES: FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSES PART I GOLF COURSES AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 33 A Parts of the Golf Course…………………………………………………………… 35 Table 1.2 - Parts of the Golf Course………………………………………………….…… 35 iv B Use of Hybrid Turf grasses in Southeast Asia……………………………………… 35 Table 1.3 - Use of Turf Grasses…………………………………………………….……… 37 1.2 Impacts and Consequences of Golf Courses……………………………… … 38 A Impact of Development …………………………………………… …………… 38 Table 1.4 - Water Requirements for 18 Holes Golf Course ……………………….……… 39 Table 1.5 - Summary of Total Water Requirements for 18 Holes Golf Course ….…… 40 Table 1.6 - Chemical Requirements for 18 Holes Golf Course…………………….……… 41 Table 1.7 - List of Chemicals Applied by Warren Golf Club, Singapore…………… ….…41 Table 1.8 - List of Chemicals Applied by TAT Filipinas Golf Club, Philippines………… .42 Table 1.9 –Sand Requirements for 18 Holes Golf Course……… ….…………………… 43 Table 1.10 - Summary of All Requirements….……………………………… …………… 44 B Impact on the Social Environment…………………………………….………… 44 C Economic Impact………………………………………………………………… 45 1.3 Stages of Golf Course Development and Operation…………………………… 46 Table 1.11 - Stages of Golf Course Development and Operation……….………………… 46 1.4 Maintenance and Operation of Golf Courses……………………… ………… 46 Table 1.12 - Turf Maintenance Activities…………………………………………….…… 47 Table 1.13 - Manpower Requirements…………………………………….…………….… 48 Table 1.14 - Desired Number of Equipment, Machineries, Tools for 18 Holes Golf Course……………………………………………… 49 1.5 Feasible Recommendations…………………………………… ……………… 49 PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Literature Review………….………………………………………………… … 50 Table 1.15 Summary of Existing Literature About Sustainable Golf Courses………… … 51 1.2 A B Law and Governance …….……………………………………………………… 53 Governance Theory………………………………………………………………… 55 Environmental Governance………………………………………………………… 56 1.4 A Environmental Regulations……………………………………………………… 56 Application of Regulatory Controls in Southeast Asia……………………….…… 59 1.5 A B C D E Sustainable Development………………………………………………………… 60 Definition of Sustainable Development (SD)……………………………………… 61 Sustainable Development in Golf Courses………………………………………….62 The Debates and Contestations……………………………………………… …… 63 Achieving Sustainability………………………………………………………… 65 Sustainable Development Perspective of the Thesis……………………………… 66 PART III FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSES 1.1 A B C Introduction………… …………………………………………………… …… 67 Robinsons (1998) Comparative Environmental Law Framework of Analysi…… 67 Francesch-Huidobro (2008) Environmental Governance Framework …………… 67 Definition of Terms…… ………………………………….…………………… 67 1.2 Explanations and Elaboration………………………………….… …………… 70 v A B C First Question…………………………………………………….………………… 70 Second Question…………………………………………………………….……… 71 Third Question…………………………………………………………….……… 72 1.3 Benchmarking the Three Elements or Determinants of Law and Governance in Golf Courses…………………………… ……………………… 72 PART IV 1.1 CASE STUDIES Introduction……………………………………………………………….….…… 74 1.2 Comparisons and Evaluation……………………………………… ………… 75 A Philippines……………………………………………………………………… … 75 Table 1.16 – Philippines…………………………………………………………… ……… 76 TAT Filipinas Golf Club……………………………………… ………………… 76 Eastridge Golf Club…………………………………………………… ………… 78 Santa (Sta.) Elena Golf Club………… …………………………………………… 81 B Thailand………………………………… ………………………………………….83 Table 1.17 – Thailand………………………… …………………………………………… 83 Navatanee Golf Club……………………………………………………………… 83 Royal Golf Club………………………………………………………………… …84 Thai Country Club……………………………………………………… …………85 C Viet Nam……………………………………………… ………………………….86 Table 1.18 - Viet Nam……………………………………………………………………… 86 Dalat Palace Golf Club….………………………………… …………………… 86 Chi Linh Star Golf Course….………… ………………………………………… 87 Tam Dao Golf and Resort………………………………………………………… 88 D Singapore………………………………………………………… ……………… 89 Table 1.19 – Singapore………………………………………………….……… ………… 89 Warren Golf Course……………………………………………….……………… 90 Kranji Sanctuary Golf Course………………………………………………… ….91 Marina Bay Golf Course………………………………………………………….….92 1.3 Summary…………………………………………………….…………….…………93 Table 1.20 - Summary of Comparisons and Evaluation………………………………………93 CHAPTER II I COMPARATIVE EVALUATION AND ANALYSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS PART I INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS 1.1 A B Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 94 International Hard and Soft law Instruments……………………………………… 97 The United Nations………………………………………………………… …… 98 1.2 A Relevant Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs)…………………… 99 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially As Waterfowl Habitat (“Ramsar”), 1971………………………………… ……………………….99 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972…………………………………………………………………… 102 Convention on the Conservation of the Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) Bonn Convention, 1979……………….…………………………….… 104 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992……………………………… 106 B C D vi E F G H Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety, 2000………… ……………………………… 108 Biosafety Compliance…………………… ………………………………… … 109 General Laws on Plants, Plant Products, Species……………………… ……… 111 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), 2001…… … 114 Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure For Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Revised in 2008)… 116 Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, 1998……… 119 Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA)………………………………….…… 120 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in Trans-boundary Context (“Espoo Convention”), 1991……………………………………….…………… 120 Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), 2003………… … 122 PART II REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS 1.1 A Introduction…………………………………………………………………….…124 The ASEAN……………………………………………………………………… 124 ASEAN Agreements and Instruments…………………………………………… 126 ASEAN Institutional Framework…………………………………………….…….126 The ASEAN Charter (2007)……………………………………………………… 127 1.2 A B C D E Regional Environmental Agreements…………………………………… …… 128 Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985…… … 128 ASEAN Tourism Agreement, 2002…………… ……….…………………… … 130 ASEAN Declaration on Heritage Parks, 2003 …………………….…… … ……131 Agreement to Establish the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, 2005…… ….…… 132 ASEAN Guidelines on Maximizing Biodiversity in Golf Courses, 2004……… 132 1.4 Evaluation………………………………………………………………………… 134 PART III NATIONAL OR DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS 1.1 Legal Systems……………………………………………………………… ……135 1.2 Structure of Government and National Governance…….…… …………… 135 1.3 A B C D Government Agencies Responsible for the Regulation of Golf Courses ….… 139 Philippines…………………………………………………………… ………… 139 Thailand…………………………………………………………………….…… 146 Viet Nam………………………………………………………………………… 148 Singapore……….……………………………………………………………….…149 1.4 Legal and Regulatory Frameworks………….…………… 152 1.5 Relevant Constitutional Provisions…………….…………………… ………… 157 1.6 Cross-national Comparisons and Evaluation in Relation to the Three Stages of Golf Course Development and Operation……………………………………161 Planning Stage Investment Laws and Regulations……………………………… ……………… 162 Planning Stage A B vii Land Use Planning and Control Laws and Regulations ………………….……… 182 Table 1.21 – Approved Application for Land Use Conversion (2005)…………………… 184 Chart – Land Use Conversion by Area/Land Size……………………………………… 185 Table 1.22 – Approved Applications for Land Use Conversion………………………… 185 Chart – Summary of Applications for Land Use Conversion…………………… …… 186 Table 1.23 – Summary of Land Use Conversion (2011)………….……………………… 187 C Planning Stage Environmental Impact Assessment System Laws and Regulations……………… 207 D Construction and Development Stage Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Laws and Regulations……………………227 E Construction and Development Stage Natural Heritage and Archeological Preservation Laws and Regulations…….… 241 F Maintenance and Operation Stage Water Resources Laws and Regulations……………………….……………….…249 G Maintenance and Operation Stage Chemical Pollution Laws and Regulations…………………… …………………268 H Maintenance and Operation Stage Environmental Protection, Health, Sanitation, Waste Disposal and Management……………………………………………………………….….285 I Maintenance and Operation Stage Prevention of Corruption……………………………………………………… …293 1.7 A B C D E Norms of the Industry and Self-Regulation…………………………………… 298 World’s Golf Bodies……………………………………………………………… 299 Civil Society and NGO Participation……………………………………………… 301 Role of Civil Society and NGOs in Environmental Governance ………………… 302 Golf Advocacy Groups…………………………………………………………… 302 Environmental Relief, Incentives, Disincentives to Promote Sustainability ……… 304 CHAPTER IV SUMMARY OF CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSES AND EVALUTION 1.1 Summary …………………………………………………………………………… 305 1.2 Cross-national Summary…………………………………………………………… 331 Table 1.24 – Summary………………………………………………………………………… 334 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………… ………… .336 1.2 1.3 1.4 Theoretical Implication………………………………………………………… 340 Policy Implication…………………………………………………………………… 340 Legal Implication……………………………………………………………………… 340 1.5 Recommendations…………………………………………………………………….340 1.6 Contribution to Knowledge…………………………………………………… .341 1.7 Guidance for Future Studies…………………………………………………………341 viii Edna Selloriquez Pana Doctor of Philosophy Candidate 2013 Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore Dissertation: Law and Governance in Golf Courses A Cross-National Comparison of Environmental Frameworks, Industry Norms and Sustainability Practices in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore Summary The last twenty years saw the considerable proliferation of golf courses in Southeast Asia owing to sustained economic growth Golf is also the preferred sport among Asians nowadays Philippines boast of 78 operational courses, Singapore has 18 clubs, while Thailand has 222, and Viet Nam catches up with 28 In most of these developments, governments assist in setting up infrastructures such as airports, bridges and road networks Fiscal and non-fiscal incentives, subsidies and tax holidays are proffered to entice foreign direct investments in capital-intensive development In many instances the government machinery is tapped to support, finance and operate golf courses This thesis explores whether law and governance can promote the objectives of sustainable development by using a cross-national comparative study involving golf courses in the four countries of Southeast Asia – a subject that has not received adequate attention from legal scholars studying sustainable development or environmental law This thesis asks: “are golf courses in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore coherently, effectively, and adequately regulated under the existing national law and governance”? “Is self-regulation feasible in the subject countries”? “Do principles or philosophies embedded in Multi-lateral Environmental Agreements, international and regional hard and soft law instruments, actually guide, inform, enhance and promote domestic environmental protection and conservation”? This thesis proposes the following: Hypothesis 1: The existing national laws and governance tend to be incoherent, ineffective, unresponsive and inadequate Hypothesis 2: Self-regulation by golf courses, in terms of adopting sustainable practices, is feasible under certain conditions Hypothesis 3: MEAs, international and regional hard and soft law instruments, to a certain extent, guide, inform, enhance and promote domestic law and governance in golf courses This thesis builds its comparative environmental law literature on Robinson's (1998) approach and the environmental governance framework of analysis by Francesch-Huidobro (2008) There are two kinds of golf courses Developing the traditional/conventional golf courses is arguably, “one of the most unsustainable activities” involving natural resources It is largely criticized for conventional practices that are destructive of wildlife’s natural habitat, excessive water usage, hybrid turf grass use, integration of sand bunkers and dependence on chemicals known to have high toxicity Meanwhile, non-conventional/sustainable golf courses break from the norm to explore new practices by disproving the notion that golf courses are invariably destructive Sustainable golf courses conform to a combination of legal and regulatory compliance, self-regulation, best management practices and good governance These courses meet the aim to balance the philosophy of People, Profit and Planet, that lies at the heart of sustainable development paradigm In this dissertation, there are findings of fragmentation, incoherence and inadequacies in domestic law and governance And that governance and capacities are affected by a dearth of manpower capabilities, less environmental information, lack of scientific expertise and financial resources to conduct baseline studies to predict impacts There are possibilities that developers take advantage of weaknesses by locating activities in countries with less official restrictions and stakeholders’ opposition This thesis is an original contribution to knowledge and probably, the first research in this underdeveloped legal field ix Keywords: Traditional Golf Courses, Sustainable Golf Course, Golf Club, Development and Operation, Sustainable Development, Turf grass Management, Ground Maintenance, Agriculture, Integrated Pest Management, Hybrid Turf grass, “Cultural Practices”, Tees, Greens, Fairways, Roughs, Putting Greens, contamination, irrigation and watering, groundwater production, water catchment, proprietary and non-proprietary membership, securities, policy tool, policy instrument x Jean Pierre Schneider, Thai Country Club, Thailand Prachaa Boonsompong, Navatanee Golf Club, Thailand Desmond Chua and Ng Sook Fun, Keppel Golf Club, Singapore Ian Gray and Michael Cabel, Warren Golf Club, Singapore Rodney McKeown, NSRCC Kranji Sanctuary Golf Club, Singapore T W Hughes, Dalat Palace Golf Club, Viet Nam Kenney Saunders, Ocean Dunes Golf Club, Viet Nam Robert Bicknell, Tam Dao Golf Resort, Viet Nam Ben Styles, Chi Linh Star Golf Club, Viet Nam 10 Junie Ledesma, Sta Elena Golf Club, Philippines 11 Jose Dagdagan, TAT Filipinas Golf Clubb, Philippines 12 Dr Niddhi Bijaisoradat, Country Manager of ProCrop, Thailand 13 Dr Michael Hurdzan of Hurdzan and Fry Environmental Golf Course Design 14 Dr Micah Woods, Asian Turfgrass Centre 15 Maria Corazon Halili-Dichosa, Board of Investments, Philippines 16 Elsie Cesar, EIA Division, EMB-DENR, Philippines 17 Setthapong Leleerdpong, Securities and Exchange Commission, Thailand 18 Worawit Sing-in, Department of Business Development, Ministry of Commerce, Thailand 19 Wanee Poomparun, Board of Investments, Thailand 20 Raweewan Bhuridej, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand 21 Supanon Sirichuaychoo, Department of Agriculture, MOAC, Thailand 22 Margaret Yoovatana, Department of Agriculture, MOAC, Thailand 23 Sunee Piyanpanpong, Pollution Control Department, MONRE, Thailand 24 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc, Ministry of Planning and Investment, Viet Nam 25 Duong Quoc Xuan, Chairman, Peoples Provincial Committee, Long An, Viet Nam 26 Le Hoai Nam, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Viet Nam “2” Questionnaire Questions What are the features of the golf course Turf grass Species a Greens b Fairway c Tees d Roughs Design and Landscape Artist Year Operated Area Owner/Operator No of Employees Residential/Hotel Component No of Caddies 10 Classification 11 Water Resources 12 Water Permits xvi 13 Chemical Rate of Application 14 Corporate Social Responsibility Program 15 Youth Development Program 16 Would you know how many golf courses are there in Singapore? 17 What is your stand with regards to golf tourism in Singapore? 18 Would you know many golf resorts are there in the Singapore? 19 Would you know how many golf courses have residential components in Singapore? 20 Would you know if there are government subsidies, fiscal or non-fiscal incentives extended to the golf course sector? 21 Would you know if the Club pay taxes to the government for golf operations? 22 Would you know if there are sufficient laws for the regulation of golf courses? 23 Would you know any agency of the government, which exercises regulation, supervision and/or monitoring of golf courses in Singapore? 24 If there are sufficient laws, are these laws strictly enforced considering the fact that golf course development has environmental (chemical use, water needs), social and economic impacts? 25 Would you know if there are regulations for the construction and development of golf courses in Singapore, i.e., planning laws, zoning ordinances? 26 Are there chemical use regulations in Singapore? 27 Are there water use regulations in Singapore? 28 What you see in the future involving the golf course industry in Singapore? 29 Concerns/ Social Problems 30 Suggestions “2-A” Questionnaire Questions Please explain the EIA process under the 2005 Law of Environmental Protection Could you state in particular, which provisions pertain to the regulation of golf course construction, development and operation? There are golf projects in Viet Nam, which ranges from 9, 18, 27 (18 +9) or double 18 (18+18) or three 18’s (18+18+18) holes A regulatory 18 holes golf course needs at least an average area of 50 hectares Yet some golf course projects, which were issued licenses for development allocated vast track of lands from 300-350 hectares, allegedly for residential development Please explain how your department implements the 2005 LEP provision on EIA for golf courses? From the national or central office as against local administration? Would you know if MONRE is involved in policy planning and formulation for golf course development? Is there any policy guidance laid down by MONRE to the EIA division? Could you claim that the legal framework for golf course regulation in Viet Nam is adequate? Would you know any constraints in the EIA Guidelines and Procedure, which affects implementation? xvii “2-B” Questionnaire Questions Please describe your company and its services What are the products that you produce market or sell to golf courses? Would you know any laws regulating the development and operation of golf courses in Thailand? Would you say that the laws and regulations are sufficient? An officer of the Pesticide Regulatory Sub-division of the Department of Agriculture mentioned that when manufacturers or suppliers of chemicals places or sticks product labels for turf grass use of the following ingredients or mixed components: i Iprodione 50% SC on leaf spot ii Trinexapac-ethyl 12% ME use as a Plant Growth regulator (PGR) iii Fipronil 0.1% GR (granular) insecticide for ants The manufacturers or suppliers must obtain first the approval of the PRS and OAR before the labels can be allowed to be placed and the chemicals be registered If the laws are sufficient, are these laws strictly enforced considering the fact that golf course development has environmental (chemical use, water needs), social and economic impacts? Golf maintenance and operation not fall within the definition of agriculture It means that if an agricultural activity is regulated, golf course operation and maintenance is excluded from regulation • How Thailand regulates the chemical application and water use of golf courses? Which government agency regulates water resources use in Thailand? Are there water use regulations in Thailand? 10 There is a report by United States Environmental Protection Agency that more or less, US golf superintendents use around 55 pounds of chemicals per acre, annually Is that the same practice in Thailand? 11 What is your position regarding golf tourism? 12 What are the investment opportunities, incentives, tax breaks, etc in Thailand? a GDP share from agriculture is only 11% as of June 2009 yet Thailand is an agriculture economy 13 What you foresee in the future involving golf and golf course development in Thailand? 14 Concerns 15 Comments 16 Suggestions “3” Transcript of personal interview of Dr Michael Hudzan “4” Copy of 2008 Biodiversity Assessment “5” Personal interview with Jose P Dagdagan, Operations Manager and Sustainable Turfgrass Management Program, with Water Comparative Study xviii “5-A” Sustainable Turfgrass Management Program “6” Photos of blasting in 1994 were posted inside the Petroglyphic museum “6-A”; “6-B”; “6-C”; “6-D”; “6-E”; “6-F”; “6-G”; “6-H” and “6-I” “7” Personal interviews of Emmie Ruales, Policy Analyst, and Engr Gino Mangosing, NWRB on March 22, Philippines2009 “8” In an email dated March 27, 2009, Engr Gino Mangosing Jr, NWRB provided a list of water permits issued to golf clubs/courses, Philippines “9” Questionnaire signed by Mr Junie Ledesma, General Manager of Sta Elena Golf Club, whereby he admitted that the golf course is a recipient of water supply from the National Irrigation Authority (NIA), Philippines “10” Pracha Bansoompong disclosed that “the club reportedly spends 18 Million Baht (USD596,619.) (SGD769,998) for annual maintenance cost” He also complies with the requirements of Hazardous Substance Act, B.E 2535 (1992) and the Fertilizer Act, B.E 2518 (1975), Thailand “11” Personal Interview with Jean Pierre Schneider, General Manager, 88 Moo 1, BangnaTrad Km 35.5, Thambon Pimpa, Bangpakong District, Chacheongsao 24180, Thailand “12” On May 24, 2009, T.W Hughes, Managing Director of Dalat Palace Golf was interviewed for this paper at the club in Dalat “13” Personal interview with Ben Styles, Director for Operations on May 3, 2009 “14” During the April 29, 2009 visit to Tam Dao, Robert Bicknell, General Manager and Director of Golf was interviewed Bicknell writes a column in Teed Off, a newsletter sponsored by the Professional Golf Association of Viet Nam “15” Personal interview of Ian Gray, General Manager Joint transcript of interview with Michael Cabel of Warren Golf Course, “16” There are five lakes built as water catchments by Warren Golf Club “17” A series of personal interview and e-mail exchanges with Rodney McKeown, Golf Course Superintendent were made in 2009 “18” Biodiversity Guidelines The Biodiversity Guidelines was prepared by John R MacKinnon, ARCBC (Now ACB) and Ma Cheryll T Manzano-Patulot of Manila Southwoods Golf and Country Club, 2004 “19” Personal interview with Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc, Deputy Head, Service Sector Division, Ministry of Planning and Investment on April 28, 2009, Hoang Van Thu, Hanoi, Vietnam Nguyen is in charge of the golf sector promotion “20” Copy of the 2020 National Golf Course Development Plan “21” Personal interview with Ma Corazon Halili-Dichosa, Director, Policy and Planning Department, BOI, October 21, 2010, Makati City xix “22” Personal interview with Worawit Sing-In, Trade Officer, Office of Secretary of Foreign Business Committee, Department of Business Development, MOC, June 30, 2009, 44/100 Nonthaburi Rd., Amphur Muang, Nonthaburi 11000 Bangkok “23” Personal interview with Setthapong Leelerdpong, Executive Officer, Corporate Affairs Department, SEC, June 29, 2009 at 15th Floor, Diethelm Towers B, 93/1 Wireless Road, Lumpini, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330 “24” Personal interview with Wannee Poomprapun, BOI, June 29, 2009, at 555 Vibhavadi Rangsit Rd., Chatuchak, 10900 Bangkok “24-A” Email-reply is attached “25” This was later confirmed in several conversations and emails with Elsie Cesar, Officerin-charge, EIA Division, DENR-EMB “26” Personal interview with Raweewan Bhuridej, PhD, Director, Office of the Minister, MONRE, June 24, 2009, 10:00 am, Office of the Minister, MNRE, 92 Phaholyothin Rd., Phayathai District, Bangkok 10400, Thailand “27” Transcript of personal interview of MNRE-PCD Director Sunee Piyapanpong “28” Personal interview of Le Hoai Nam, Deputy Director for EIA, MNRE at #83 Nguyen Chi Tanh, Dong Da, Hanoi Viet Nam Transcript of interview is attached as Appendix “29” “29” Copies of FPA registration of chemical supplier of TAT Filipinas Golf Club “30” List of fertilizers and pesticides used by TAT Filipinas Golf Club “31” Transcript of personal interview of Pracha Bansoompong, Course Superintendent, Navatanee Golf Club, Thailand “32” Personal interview with Supanon Sirichuaychoo, Chief, Pesticide Regulatory SubDivision, Office of Agricultural Regulation, Department of Agriculture, 30 June 2009, Chatuchak, 10900 Bangkok Transcript of interview is attached as Appendix “33” “33” Personal interview with Chawee Lomlek and Margaret Yoovatana, International Cooperation Group, Planning and Technical Division, Department of Agriculture, June 30, 2009, Paholyothin Rd., Chatuchak, 10900 Bangkok “34” Personal interview with Dr Niddhi Bijaisoradat, Deputy Managing Director, Procrop Group of Companies, July 14, 2009, at Navatanee Golf Club, 22 Navatanee Rd., Kwaeng Kannayao, Khet Kannayao, Bangkok, 10230 “35” An email was received on September 10, 2009 from Sayang Sawanduan (tcpa@tcpa.or.th) of TCPA “36” A Kannan, Environmental Health Executive, Environmental Health Department NEA wrote to this author in reply to her query that EHD regulates public health pesticides intended for use against the five vectors (namely mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches, rodents and rat fleas) xx “37” 2008 PUB Guidelines on Allowable Chemical Application for Golf Courses in Water Catchments “38” “39” “40” Duong Quoc Xuan, Chairman of the PPC of Long An Province, spoke through an interpreter, Truong Thuy Ai, on April 22, 2009 at the Provincial Ceremonial Hall in Tan An Town, Long An Province Transcript of interview is attached as Appendix “39 ” Personal interview of Nguyen Than Nguyen, Deputy Manager, Planning & Investment Department, No 61 Truong Dinh St., Tan An Town, Long An Province, Viet Nam Personal interview of Desmond Chua, Deputy General Manager, Keppel Club, # 10, Bukit Chermin, 109918 Singapore on March 10, 2009 Summary of Relevant MEAs, Regional Treaties and National Legislations (including Orders, Decrees, Guidelines, Policies) Discussed in Thesis A International Statutes Statute of the International Court of Justice, 1945 UN Convention against Corruption, 2003 B Multi-Lateral Environmental Agreements and Declarations Agenda 21 Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety, 2000 Chemicals Convention, 1998 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972 Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, (“Aarhus Convention”), 1998 Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 Convention on Migratory Species, 1979 Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), 2001 Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, 1998 (Revised in 2008) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (“Ramsar”), 1971 International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), 1951 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, UNCED, 1992 Statement of Principles for the Sustainable Management of Forests, UNCED, 1992 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Trans-boundary Context (“Espoo Convention”), 1991 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Economic and Social Resolution 36, dated March 28, 1947 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), 2003 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992 C Regional Agreements and Declarations ASEAN Agreement for the establishment of the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, 2005 xxi ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985 ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution, 2002 ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB), 2005 ASEAN Charter, 2007 ASEAN Declaration on Heritage Parks, 1984 (expanded 2003) ASEAN Guidelines on Maximizing Biodiversity in Golf Courses, 2004 ASEAN Tourism Agreement, 2002 Bandar Seri Begawan Resolution on Environment and Development, 1994 Bangkok Declaration (1967) established the Association of South East Asian Nation (ASEAN) Bangkok Declaration on the ASEAN Environment, 1984 Bangkok Declaration on the ASEAN Environment, 1984, reiterated, 2003 Cebu Declaration on the Acceleration of the ASEAN Community, 2015 Cebu Resolution on Sustainable Development, 2006 Cha-Am Hua Hin Declaration on the Roadmap for the ASEAN Community (2009-2015) Concord II (Bali Concord II), Bali, Indonesia, October 7, 2003 Jakarta Consensus on ASEAN Tropical Forestry Third Meeting, ASEAN Economic Ministers on Agriculture and Forestry, 1981 Jakarta Declaration on Environment and Development, 1997 Jakarta Resolution on Sustainable Development, 1987 Kuala Lumpur Accord on Environment and Development, 1990 Manila Declaration on the ASEAN Environment, 1981 Manila Declaration on the ASEAN Environment, 1981 Singapore Resolution on Environment and Development, 1992 Singapore Resolution on Environment, 1992 Yangon Resolution on Sustainable Development, 2003 D United States of America Clean Air Act (CAA), 42 U.S.C § 7401 Clean Water Act (CWA), 33 U.S.C § 1251 Coastal Zone Management Act, 1972, 16 U.S.C § 1451 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), 42 U.S.C § 9601 Endangered Species Act, 1973, 16 U.S.C § 1531 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), U.S.C § 136 Federal Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 42 U.S.C 300 f § Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U.S.C §1251-1376 National Environmental Policy Act, (1969) Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA), 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), 15 U.S.C § 2601 Wisconsin Comprehensive Groundwater Act 410 (1983) Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for Agricultural Pesticides {40 CFR 170.240 (d) (4-6)} E National Legislations Philippines Act No 3815 (1930) - Revised Penal Code of the Philippines, as amended Administrative Order No 23-2008 - Designation of Environmental Courts Batas Pambansa Blg 220 (1981) - Judicial Reorganization Act Commonwealth Act No 108 (1936) - Anti-Dummy Law, as amended Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (1987) DAO 2003-30 (2003) - Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of PD 1586, and revising DAO 21(1992) and DAO 37 (1996) DENR – Department Administrative Order 2003-30 implements PD 1586 DENR AO 26 (1992) – Appointment of Pollution Control Officers (PCOs) xxii DENR AO 300 (1996) - clarifies the authority to grant or deny the issuance of ECCs DENR AO 31 (1988) - Established the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) DENR Administrative Order 96-37 (1996) - Revises the rules and regulations for implementation; elucidating that public participation in EIA DENR Department Order No 42 (2002) - Rationalized the implementation of EIS and streamlined the processing system by delegating the authority to approve EIA application and issuance of ECC to the Secretary of the DENR, Director and Regional Directors of the EMB DENR issued DAO 2005-10 as the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of RA 9275 DENR Memorandum Circular 2002-15 (2002) - Identifies the scope of violations and Guidelines for the imposition of Penalties under the Philippine EIS system and specifically provides criteria for the reduction of the maximum penalty imposed by s 9, PD 1586 DENR Memorandum Circular 2007-08 (2007) - simplifies the requirements for ECC or Certificate of Non-Coverage Application DENR Memorandum Circular 21, Series 2003 - Guidelines on the availment of the reduction of penalties for projects operating without ECC in violation of PD 1586 DENR Secretary Administrative Order 61 - Delegates to the LLDA General Manager the authority to grant or deny the issuance of ECC/Certificate of Non-Coverage for projects located within the Lake Region DENR-AO No 96-37 (1996) - Mandatory scoping the outcome of which gives the project proponent an indication whether or not the project is acceptable to the stakeholders EMB Memorandum (2005) - clarifies the provisions of Section 11, Procedural Manual for DAO 2003-30 on “Fines, Penalties and Sanctions” Executive Order 116 (1987) - Established the Department of Agriculture Executive Order 124 (1993) - Established priorities and procedures in evaluating areas for land conversion in Regional Agricultural/Industrial Centers, Tourism Development areas and sites for Socialized Housing Executive Order 192 (1987) - Re-organized the DENR Executive Order 200 (2000) - Authorizes the issuance of Onshore Special Minerals Extraction Permits to qualified government entities/instrumentalities for government projects DENR Administrative Order 2000-39 (2000) - Provides Rules and Regulations in the Issuance of Onshore Special Minerals Extraction Permits (SMEP) to Qua1ified Government Entities/Instrumentalities for government projects pursuant to Section 4, EO 200 Executive Order 226 (1987) - Omnibus Investments Code Executive Order 247 (1995) - Established the regulatory framework on Biological and Genetic Resources Executive Order 292 (1987) Administrative Code of the Philippines Executive Order 342 (1996) - Established the Golf Course Construction and Development Committee (GCCDC) in order to “adopt and promulgate standards for the construction, development and operation of golf courses and to assist in the evaluation of all applications for ECC” Executive Order 514 (2004) - National Framework on Biosafety Executive Order 63 (1999) - Incentives to Foreign Investments in Tourism Related Activities Executive Order 72 (1993) - mandates cities and municipalities to continue formulating or updating their respective comprehensive land use plans and submit the same to the local council for approval as a zoning ordinance Executive Order 786 (1982) - Established the Natural Resources Development Corporation (NRDC) Executive Order No 190 (2003) - GCCDC was eventually abolished under Executive Order No 603 (1996)– Golf course construction was included as an environmentally critical project (ECP) that must undergo the EIA process under Guidelines on Fertilizer Product Registration (Implementing Circular 96- 08 {1996} House Bill No 2963 (2008) - LLDA Reorganization Act seeks to include Makati, Mandaluyong and San Juan within the mandate of the LLDA Letter of Instruction 1179 (1981) - Imposes the requirement of a proof of compliance (ECC) xxiii Letter of Instruction Mining Act, Republic Act 7942 (1995) LLDA Board Resolution No.234, Series 2004 - adopted the EIA System and its Implementing Rules and Regulations via DAO 2009-14 requiring that new ECC and CNC applications for projects should be processed at NCR/Region EMB Regional Office Malacanang Memorandum 229 - Approved the 2009 Investments Priority Plan (IPP) Malacanang Memorandum Circular 54 (1993) - prescribes guidelines for Section 20, RA 7160, which specifically authorizes Cities and Municipalities to reclassify lands into NonAgricultural Uses NWRB Policy Recommendation for Golf Courses in Critical Areas, Resolution No 003-0109 Office Circular No 3, Series 1983 - Identified the technical definitions and scope of the ECPs and ECAs Presidential Decree No, 1067 (1976) - National Water Code Presidential Decree No 1144 (1977) - Fertilizer and Pesticide Act Presidential Decree No 1151 (1977) - Philippine Environment Policy Presidential Decree No 1152 (1977) - Philippine Environment Code Presidential Decree No 1586 (1978) - Environmental Impact Statement Law Presidential Decree No 198 (1973) - Local Water Utilities Authority (LWUA), as amended Presidential Decree No 2152 - Palawan as a Mangrove Forest Reserve Presidential Decree No 260 (1973) - Sites and Shrines Law Presidential Decree No 374 (1966) - Cultural Properties Preservation and Protection Act, as amended Presidential Decree No 705 (1975) - Forestry Reform Code Presidential Decree No 856 (1975) - Sanitation Code Presidential Decree No 953 - Tree Planting Law Presidential Decree No 979 (1976) - Marine Pollution Decree Presidential Decree No 984 (1976) - Pollution Control Decree Proclamation 2146 (1996) - that a listing was released classifying “environmentally critical areas (ECAs)” and “environmentally critical projects (ECPs)” Proclamation 420 (1994) - Creation of Special Economic Zones in Camp John Hay, Baguio Proclamation 66 (1999) - Declares the Lahar-affected Rivers and Embankment as Environmentally Critical Areas (ECA) and as Mineral Reservation directly supervised and controlled by the government Proclamation No 2146 (1981) - Environmentally Critical Areas Republic Act No 10066 (2009) - National Cultural Heritage Act Republic Act No 1180 (1954) - Retail Trade Nationalization Act Republic Act No 293 (1948) - Sale of Marsh lands or lands under water bordering shores Republic Act No 3019 (1960) - Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Republic Act No 3571 (1963) Prohibiting the Cutting, Destroying or Injuring of Planted or Growing Trees, Flowering Plants, Shrubs or Plants of Scenic Value along Public Roads, Plazas, Parks, etc and in Certain Places Act Republic Act No 3601 (1963) - Established the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) Republic Act No 3931 (1964) - National Water & Air Pollution Control Commission Republic Act No 4368 (1965) - National Historical Commission Act Republic Act No 4850 (1966) - Laguna Lake Development Authority Act Republic Act No 6657 (1988) - Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Code, as amended Republic Act No 6713 (1989) - Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials Republic Act No 6716 (1989) - Rainwater Collection and Spring Protection Act Republic Act No 6770 (1989) - Ombudsman Act Republic Act No 6957 (1994) - Build, Operate and Transfer Law Republic Act No 6969 (1990) - Control of Toxic Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Republic Act No 6978 (1991) - Irrigation Crisis Act Republic Act No 7042 (1991) - Foreign Investment Act (amend RA 8179) Republic Act No 7160 (1991) - Local Government Code Republic Act No 7161 (1991) - Tax Laws in the Revised Forestry Code Republic Act No 7227 (1992) - Bases Conversion and Development Act xxiv Republic Act No 7586 (1992) - National Integrated Protected Area System Act Republic Act No 7611 (1992) - Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) for Palawan Act Republic Act No 7640 (1992) - Created the Legislative-Executive Development Advisory Council (LEDAC) as a consultative and advisory body to the President Republic Act No 7652 (1993) - Investors' Lease Act Republic Act No 7942 (1995)- Mining Act Republic Act No 8041 (1995) - National Water Crisis Act Republic Act No 8289 (1997) - Small and medium scale enterprises Republic Act No 8371 (1997) - Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act Republic Act No 8435 (1997) - Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act Republic Act No 8492 (1998) - National Museum Law Republic Act No 8550 (1998) - Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Republic Act No 8749 (1999) - Clean Air Act Republic Act No 8749 (1999) - Comprehensive Air Pollution Control Republic Act No 8762 (2000) - Retail Trade Liberalization Act Republic Act No 8799 (2001) - Securities Regulation Code Republic Act No 9003 (2000) - Ecological Solid Waste Management Act Republic Act No 9072 (2001) - Manage and Protect Caves and Cave Resources Republic Act No 9147 (2001) - Conservation and Protection of Wildlife Resources and their Habitats Republic Act No 9168 (2002) - Established the National Plant Variety Protection Board Republic Act No 9225 (2003) - Citizenship Retention and Re-Acquisition Act Republic Act No 9275 (2004) - Clean Water Act Republic Act No 9485 (2007) - Anti-Red Tape Act Republic Act No 9593 (2008) - Tourism Act of the Philippines Revised Fisheries Administrative Order No 60 (1960) Revised Manual of Procedure for DAO 2003-30 (2007) Thailand 1996 EIA Regulations on Types of Projects and Activities Requiring EIS and on Standard Procedures, Regulations and Guidelines 2007 Constitution Agricultural Economics Act, B.E 2522 (1979) Animal Species Maintenance Act (1966) Archaeological Sites, Antiques, Art Objects Biodiversity Policy (2009) Biosafety Guidelines of Thailand (1992) City Planning Act, B.E 2518 (1975) Civil and Commercial Code, B.E 2468 Community Forest Act (2007) Constitution of Thailand (2007) Country Management Plan (2008 – 2011) Enhancement and Conservation of the Natural Environmental Quality Act, (NEQA,) B.E 2535 (1992) Export and Import to the Kingdom Act (1979) Foreign Business Act, B.E 2542 (1999) Forest Plantation Act, B.E 2535 (1992) Government Information Act, B.E 2540 (1997) Groundwater Act (1977) Industrial Estate Authority Act, (No 3) B.E 2539 (1996) Investment Promotion Act, (No 3) B.E 2544 (1992) Land Code, B.E 2526 (1983) Land Code, BE 2497 (1954) Land Development Act (LSADA), B.E 2542 (1999) established the Land Development Committee xxv Land Reform for Agriculture Act, BE 2518 (1975) National Conserved Forest Act (1964) National Museum Act, B.E 2504 (1961) National Park Act B.E 2504 (1991) National Parks Act (1991) Notification (August 24, 1992) issued by the MONRE identifying certain Types and Sizes of Projects or Activities of Government Agencies, State Enterprises or Private Persons Required to Prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment Report Plant Quarantine Act, B.E 2507 (1952) Plant Species Protection Act (1999) Public Health Act, B.E 2535 (1992) Second Plant Storage Act (2008) Securities and Exchange Act, B.E 2535 (1992) Thai Organic Act on Counter Corruption, (No.2) B.E 2550 (2007) Toxic Substances Affecting the Mental and Nervous Systems Act, (Vol 4) B.E 2543 (amend 2000) Wildlife Conservation and Protection Act (1992) Viet Nam 1992 Constitution (amend 2001) 1992 Decision by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers on Policies for the Use of Bare Land, Denuded Hills, Forests, alluvial Flats, and Water Bodies (327CT) 1992 Draft National Water Law 1993 Instruction by the Prime Minister on Policies and Methods for Continued Economic and Social Development in Mountainous Areas (525TTG) 2003 Draft National Water Law 2003 Land Law 2005 Law on Environmental Protection 2006 Anti-Corruption Law 2020 National Golf Course Development Plan was adopted Basic Law on Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas Biodiversity Law, No 20/QH12 (2008) Circular No 01/TTLT-BTNMT-BNV (2003) provides guidelines to the function(ing) authority designated to assist the Provincial People’s Committees (PPCs) in addressing the issues of natural resources and environment within the provincial level Circular No 08/2010/TT-BNNPTNT (2010) providing for the elaboration of national environmental reports, reports on environmental impacts of branches and sectors and provincial level reports on environmental conditions Circular No 230/2009/TT-BTC (2009) Circular No 230/2009/TT-BTC, which provides tax relief for environmental protection efforts in Viet Nam Circular No 30/2009/TT-BTNMT (2009) provid[es] for the procedures and economictechnical norms for developing a natural resources and environment databases Circular No.13/2011/TT-BNNPTNT guiding the food safety control for imported foodstuffs of plant origin Civil Service Act, B.E.2551 (2008) Commercial Law, No 36/2005/QH11 (2005) Decision No 79/2007/QD-TTg, 2007, Promulgating National Action Plan on Biodiversity 2010-2020 implementing CBD and Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Decision No 1946/QD-TTg (2009), which approved the 2020 National Golf Course Development Plan Decision No 45/2003/QD-TTg (MHA) established the provincial Departments of Natural Resources and Environment (DNRE) xxvi Decision No.34/2007/QD-BNN on publishing the list of regulated articles subject to pest risk analysis before importing into Vietnam Decision No.48/2007/QD-BNN, Regulation Procedure for issuance of the phytosanitary import permit for articles subject to pest risk analysis before importing into Vietnam Decision No.89/QD-BNN of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development promulgating regulations on state management on fumigation practice for regulated articles Decision No102/2007/QD, 2007, Promulgating Overall Project on Strengthening Biosafety Management of genetically modified organisms, products and goods originating from genetically modified organisms Decision of the Prime Minister, No 67/2000/QD-TTg (2000) established the NWRC Decree 02/2007/ND-CP on plant quarantine Decree 21/2008/ND-CP amended and supplemented a number of articles of Decree 80/2006 Decree 80/2006/ND-CP (2006) Decree No 102/2007/N!-CP, June 14, 2007 Decree No 102/2008/ND-CP seeks to build a national database on natural resources and environment Decree No 158/2007/N!-CP, October 27, 2007 Decree No 179/1999/ND-CP mandates the implementation of the Law on Water Resources Decree No 19/2010/ND-CP (2010) amend[ed] and supplement[ed] Points c, d, g, h and i, Clause 5, Article 2, Government’s Decree No 25/2008/ND-CP (2008) defining the functions, tasks, powers and organizational structure of the MNRE Decree No 37/2010/ND-CP (2010), which provides for the formulation, evaluation, approval and management of urban planning Decree on Labeling, 2006, Regulation on management of biological safety of GMOs, products and goods originating from GMOs, 2005 Decree on the Detailed Regulations to Implement some Articles of the Law on Cultural Heritage (2002) Enterprise Act (1999) Environmental Protection Law, 1993 (amend 2005) Fishery Law, 2003 Fertilizer Act, B.E 2518 (1975) Forest Protection and Development Law, 1991 (amend 2004) Governmental Decree No 91/2002/ND-CP (2002) Hazardous Substances Act, B.E.2535 (1992) Housing Law (2005) Implementation of Law on Land, under Decree No 181-2004/ND-CP Land Law, No 13-2003-QH11 (2003) Land Use Law, 1993 (amend 1998; 2003) Law of Cultural Heritage (2001) Law on Chemicals, No 06/2007/QH12 Law on Environmental Protection (2005) Law on Environmental Protection (LEP), 52/2005/QH11 (2005) Law on Environmental Protection, 2005 Law on Forest Protection and Development (1991) Law on Investment, No 59-2005-QH11 (2005) Law on Special Consumption Tax, No.5/1998/QH10 (1998) Law on Water Resources, No 8/1998/QH10 (1998) National Health Act, B.E 2550 (1992) Ordinance on Plant Varieties, Order No 03/2004/L-CTN Organic Act on Criminal Procedure for Persons Holding Political Positions, B.E 2542 (1999) as amended by B.E 2550 (2007) Organic Act on Ombudsmen, B.E 2542 (1999) Prime Ministerial Decision 1946 dated November Public Cleanliness and Orderliness Maintenance Act, B.E 2535 (1992) Public Health Act, B.E 2550 xxvii Resolution 18-HDBT, January 17, 1992 lists the rare and precious species of wild fauna and flora in order to regulate, manage and protect wildlife As the natural habitats are also protected Revised Land Law (1998) Royal Irrigation Act (1992) Securities Law (2007) State Irrigation Act, B.E 2845 (1942) State of the Environment Report (2005) Viet Nam Environmental Protection Agency (VEPA) was established per Decision No 14/2005/QD – BTNMT Singapore 2008 Guidelines on Allowable Chemical Usage (List of Fertilizer/Chemicals (Common Names/Trade Names) allowed for use in Golf Courses within Water Catchments, WSP 90504/442008 2011 Concept Plan 2001 Concept Plan Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority Act, Cap (2000, amend.) Animals and Birds Act, Cap (1965, with amendments) Biosafety Guidelines for Research on GMOs, 2006 Business Registration Act, Cap 32 (1974, with various amendments) Code of Practice on Sewerage and Sanitary Works issued under Section 3, Sewerage and Drainage Act (Chapter 294) Code of Practice on Surface Water Drainage Companies Act, Cap 50 (2005, with amendments), Control of Plants Act (CPA), Cap 57A (1994, with amendments) Control of Plants Act, Cap 57A (1994, amend.) Control of Plants Act, Cap 57A, Plant Importation Rules Control of Vectors and Pesticides Act, Cap 59 (1998) Economic Development Board Act, Cap 85 (1961, with amendments) Endangered Species (Import and Export) Act, Cap 92A (2006, amend.) Environmental Protection and Management Act (EPMA), Cap 94A (1998, with amendments) Environmental Public Health Act (Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial Wastes) Regulations, Cap 95 Environmental Public Health Act, Cap 95 (1987, with amendments) Feeding Stuffs Act, Cap 105 (1966, amend.) Fisheries Act, Cap 111 (1969, amend.)Sale of Food Act, Cap 283 (1973, amend.) Fisheries Act, Cap 111 (1969, with amendments) Foreshores Act, Cap 113 (1972, with amendments) Health Promotion Board Act, Cap 122B (2001, amend) Income Tax Act, Cap 134 (1948, with amendments) Interpretation Act, Cap 1, s.2, cl.1 (1965, amend Limited Liability Partnerships Act, Cap 163A (2005, with amendments) National Environment Agency Act, Cap 195 (2002, with amendments) National Heritage Board Act, Cap 196A (1993, with amendments) National Parks Board Act, Cap 198A (1996, with amendments) Parks and Trees Act, Cap 216 (1997, with amendments) Planning Act, Cap 232 (1998, with amendments) Preservation of Monuments Act, Cap 239 (2009) Prevention of Corruption Act, Cap 241(1960, with amendments) Public Utilities Act, Cap 261 (2001, with amendments) Second Schedule of the Plant Importation Rules, under Section 48, Cap 57A Section 48, Control of Plants (Registration of Pesticides) Rules Securities and Futures Act, Cap 289 (2002, with amendments) Sewerage and Drainage Act, Cap 294 (1999, with amendments) xxviii Singapore Constitution, 1992 Singapore Green Plan (SGP) 2012 Singapore Green Plan 2012 Singapore Land Authority Act, Cap 301 (2001, with amendments State Lands Act, Cap 314 (1985, with amendments) regulates State Lands Encroachment Act, Cap 315 (1970, with amendments) Urban Redevelopment Authority Act, Cap 340 (1989, with amendments) Wholesome Meat and Fish Act, Cap 349A (1999, amend) Wild Animals and Birds Act, Cap 350 (1965, amend), including subsidiary legislations Wild Animals and Birds Act, Cap 351 (1965, with amendments) Workplace Safety and Health Act, Cap 354A (2006, with amendments) F International and National Golf Associations Constitution of the European Golf Association (EGA) The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, Scotland (R & A) United States Golf Association (USGA) G Jurisprudence Philippines Alvarez v PICOP, G.R No 164516, December 3, 2009 Carpio v Executive Secretary, (1992) Dasmarinas Water District v Leonardo De Castro, JJ Monterey Foods Corporation, 564 SCRA 624 (20080 Fortich v Corona, 298 SCRA 679, (1998) Heirs of Attorney C Reyes v Republic of the Philippines, 497 SCRA 520, (2006) John Hay People’s Alternative Coalition v Lim, 414 SCRA 356 (2003) Metropolitan Manila Development Authority v Concerned Citizens of Manila Bay, 574 SCRA 661, (2008) MMDA v Manila Bay Residents, 574 SCRA 661 (2008) Oposa Minors Case, 224 SCRA 792 Patalinhug v Court of Appeals, 229 SCRA 534, (1994) Tano v Socrates, 278 SCRA 154, August 21, 1997 Singapore Raffles Town Club Pte Ltd v Tan Chin Seng and Others, SGCA 40 (2005) xxix “Not all Greens can be eaten” -Anonymous- “Golf is neither inherently good, nor inherently bad for the environment since its impact is dependent on the detail of individual courses, and the way they are developed and managed” -Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, Scotland- xxx ... Environmental Frameworks, Industry Norms and Sustainability Practices in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore Summary The last twenty years saw the considerable proliferation of golf courses. .. Governance in Golf Courses: A Cross- national Comparison of Environmental Frameworks, Industry Norms and Sustainability Practices in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore The “Revised version”... Locational Plotting of Golf Courses in Philippines Locational Plotting of Golf Courses in Thailand Locational Plotting of Golf Courses in Viet Nam Locational Plotting of Golf Courses in Singapore