THE LEGAL FOUNDATION OF STATE STABILITY IN THE EARLY BANGKOK PERIOD SIRIPORN DABPHET (M.A.), NUS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2013 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over several years of my study at National University of Singapore, many people have given me valuable assistance and support. The person I wish to acknowledge first and foremost is my M.A. and Ph.D. supervisor, Associate Professor Bruce Lockhart, who had spent over countless hours to clarify my writing and argument. I am grateful for his intellectual guidance along the way of my research and for giving me strong and warmest encouragements for the past six years. He was patient and supportive, abundantly helpful, and offered invaluable guidance. This work would never have been possible without his support. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the members of the supervisory committee, Professors Maurizio Peleggi and Michael Feener. I am grateful for their interdisciplinary graduate seminars and for their timely and useful comments. Without the intellectual and helpful guidance of them, this work would not have been completed. I also owe special thanks to many teachers. My appreciation must go to Professors Hong Lysa, Prasenjit Duara, Mark Emmanuel, Thomas DuBois, and Douglas Kammen for stimulating intellectual experience through their courses. In addition, I am grateful to Professors Timothy Barnard, Teow See Heng, Huang Jianli, and Dr. Christian Lammerts for their guidance. I also owe a big debt to Dr. Hong Lysa for her words of encouragement and inspiration. I would also like to convey thanks to Prof. Maitrii Aung-Thwin and the two anonymous examiners for giving me invaluable guidance that considerably helped to improve my dissertation. I also enjoyed a warm and memorable friendship from my fellow graduate colleagues in the History Department- in particular; Hu Wen, Zou Kunyi, Hwang Eunshil, Wong Leemin, Oh Wen-Ci, Christine Chan, and Chau Huy Ngoc. We shared knowledge, suggestions, fine humor, junk food, and oftentimes gossip. Special thanks must go to my Thai friends, Kridsanah Pornpibun, Somrak Chaisingkananont, and Panu Wongcha-um, for sharing good times in Singapore. Special thanks must also go to Edgar Liao for his generous assistance in proof-reading my work and for helping me improve the work. I also owe many thanks to Ho Chi Tim, Pang Yang Huei, Clarence Ngui, and Natasha Sarkar for reading an early draft. In addition, I am grateful to all administrative staffs of the History Department, who always provide assistance and friendship to the students- in particular: the ex-graduate secretaries Kelly Lau and Gayathri D/O Dorairaju, and the graduate secretary Adeline Loi. I would also like to convey thanks to National University of Singapore and the Department of History in particular for granting me the research scholarship and providing the financial support for my research trip. In Thailand, I sincerely thank to all my professors and colleagues at the Department of History, Faculty of Social Science, Srinakharinwirot University for supporting my study at NUS. I also wish to extend my deepest gratitude to my exsupervisor, Associate Professor Wutdichai Moolsilpa, for his constant encouragement, helpful advice, and all assists, and to Dr. Woraporn Poopongpan of the Department of History, Silpakorn University for advice and sharing knowledge. I also thank the staffs at the Division of Thai archival scripts and inscriptions, National Library of Thailand for providing much-needed assistance. ii To my family, I wish to express my eternal gratitude to my parents and my aunt for their support and many other acts of kindness, especially care of my lovely dogs. There were many supports behind this work. I was greatly indebted to many people who had assisted me, even while the remaining errors of facts and interpretations remain my responsibility. iii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………………… .i SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………….………… vii ABBREVIATIONS AND SHORT FORMS USED IN FOOTNOTES……………………………… …ix INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 1. The “State” and “Monarch” in Early Modern Siam………………………………………….….1 2. The Study of Legal Transformations in the Context of Southeast Asian History………………………………………………………………………………14 3. The Three Seals Code………………………………………………………………………………………21 4. Research Questions………………………………………………………………………….…………… 24 5. Literature Review…………………………………………………………………………………………….25 6. Sources and Scope of the Study………………………………………………………………………48 CHAPTER 1: ORIGINS OF MONARCHICAL AND LEGAL AUTHORITY IN THAI TRADITION…………………………………………… 52 1.1 Notions in Traditional Thai Law ………………………………………………………………………54 1.2 Buddhist Conceptions of Kingship and the King’s Legal Authority…………………………………………………………….…………………59 1.2.1 Three Aspects of the Dharmaraja Kingship………………………………… .61 1.2.2 The Significance of the Traiphum and Thammasat to the King’s Legal Authority………………………………….…………………… 67 1.3 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………75 CHAPTER : THE LEGITIMATION OF KING RAMA I’S AUTHORITY THROUGH LAWS……………………………………………………………… …………… 77 2.1 The Quest for Legitimacy After Rama I’s Ascension ………………………………………78 2.1.1 The Legitimation of Rama I’s Ascension to the Throne………………… 79 2.1.2 Religious Virtue and Its Impact to Rama I’s Legitimation of Authority……………………………………………… 90 2.2 Law as the Potent Tool of Rama I’s Legitimization of Authority………………………95 2.2.1 Legislation on Morality at the Beginning of Rama I’s Reign……………95 2.2.2 Laws on Administration and Social Order…………………………………….101 2.3 Conclusion…………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 104 CHAPTER : LAWS AND THREATS CONCERNING ROYAL AUTHORITY……………… 108 3.1 The Contents of Laws on Royal Authority………………………………………………………109 3.1.1 Acts Concerning Royal Ptige…………………………………….………………….109 3.1.2 Acts on the Security of Royal Authority……………………………………….113 3.1.3 Acts Relating to Military Discipline……………………… ……………………114 3.1.4 Acts on Controlling Influence of Princes and Nobles…………………….116 3.2 Threats to Royal Authority…………………………………………………………………………….119 3.2.1 Impact of the “Bun Barami” Conception………………………………………120 3.2.2 Vagueness of Succession Laws ……………………………………………………122 3.2.3 The Structure of Administration and iv the Threat to Royal Authority……………………………………………………….124 3.3 The Use of Law in Maintaining Royal Authority in the Early Bangkok Period………………………………………………………………………… 127 3.3.1 Legislation Relating to Royal Security ………………………………………….128 3.3.2 Cases of Conspiracy …………………………………………………………………….130 3.3.3 Laws Prohibiting Anonymous Letters ………………………………………….136 3.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….………… 142 CHAPTER 4: LAWS AND OFFENCES AGAINST STATE AUTHORITY…………………………147 4.1 The Laws on State Authority: the Ayaluang and Ayarat ……………………………… 149 4.2 Offences Against State Authority in the Laws…………………………………………………151 4.2.1 “Rawang Lamoet”: the Violation of the Law ……………………………….152 4.2.2 “Rawang Amphrang”: the Concealment of the Truth………………… 159 4.2.3 “Rawang Bang-art”: Misbehavior and Corruption……………………… 161 4.2.4 “Rawang Kanchok”: Abuses of Authority…………………………………… 164 4.3 The Laws Concerning State Authority in the Early Bangkok Era …………………… 165 4.3.1 Official’s Offences Concerning Judicial Duty………………………………166 4.3.2 The state’s Attempt to Prevent Official Abuses of Power…………… 170 4.4 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………….………………173 CHAPTER 5: THE STATE’S LEGAL MEASURE IN BUILDING SOCIAL ORDER………………………………………………………………… 175 5.1 The Laws and Offences Concerning Security and Social Order ……………………….176 5.2 Piracy……………………………………………………………………………………………………………185 5.3 Opium and Chinese Secret Societies…………………………………………… 192 5.3.1 The Expansion of Opium Consumption and Illegal Trade………………………………………………………………………….192 5.3.2 Chinese Secret Societies……………………………………………………………….199 5.4 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………206 CHAPTER 6: LAWS ON THE CONTROL OF MANPOWER ……………………………………….208 6.1 The Control of Manpower through Laws in the Ayudhyan Period………………….212 6.1.1 The Laws on Manpower………………………………………………………………….213 6.1.2 The Issue of Biracial People in Relation to Manpower…………………… 216 6.2 The Control of Manpower in the Early Bangkok Era ……………………………………….222 6.2.1 Problems on Manpower……………………………………………………………….224 6.2.2 The State’s Measures to Control Manpower……………………………… 225 6.2.3 Examples of Court Politics and the Misappropriation of Phrai………………………………………………………237 6.3 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………….239 CHAPTER 7: THE ESTABLISHEMENT OF STATE AUTHORITY THROUGH THE SANGHA LAWS……………………………………………………… 243 7.1 The Relationship Between the Monarchy and the Sangha……………………… 245 7.1.1 Historical Relationship Between v the Monarchy and the Sangha……………………………………….…………… 245 7.1.2 The Decline of the Sangha and the Monarch’s Responsibility ………………….……………………………………250 7.2 The Revival of Buddhism and the Organization of the Sangha………………….251 7.2.1 The Revival of Buddhism and the Sangha in Taksin’s Reign……………………………………………………………………………252 7.2.2 The Revival of Buddhism and the Sangha in Rama I’s Reign………………………………………………………………………… 257 7.3 The Sangha Laws: the Restoration of the Sangha…………………………………… 262 7.3.1 Monks’ Acting as “Phumibun”…………………………………………………… 266 7.3.2 Monks’ Lack of Accurate Knowledge of Buddhism……………………….271 7.3.3 Monks’ Violating Monastic Disciplines…………………………………………274 7.4 Assessing the Effectiveness of the Law Enforcement…………………………………… 276 7.4.1 The State’s Control Over the Sangha………………………………………………276 7.4.2 Assessing the Enforcement of Laws……………………………………………… 279 7.5 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………….282 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………………288 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………………………… 301 vi SUMMARY This research examines the relationship between law, religion, and the state in the early Bangkok period (1782 – 1851). Specifically, it explores the usage of law by the state and rulers and assesses the effectiveness of law enforcement. In addition, it offers an alternative interpretation of pre-modern Thai history by making the distinction between the “monarch” and the “state”. The first chapter studies the Buddhist influences in traditional Thai law, and the cosmological concept that underpinned the authority of the laws and royal legislation. Chapter Two analyses King Rama I’s legitimation of his authority through legislations concerned with morality. It demonstrates the relationship between religion and the legitimation of monarchical power in the traditional Thai politics. The third chapter explores the three laws on the royal authority and analyzes factors that impacted the stability of royal authority. Chapter Four discusses the laws and offences against the stability of the state dealing with state affairs and officials. Chapter Five examines the laws and offences relating to social order. It examines offences that affected the living of people such as robbery, and offences concerning the security such as piracy and crimes relating to Chinese secret societies. The sixth chapter discusses the control of manpower through the laws on manpower and other problems concerning manpower. Examples both in the Ayudhyan and Bangkok periods provided in Chapter Two – Five show the state’s responses to the cases through revising old laws and promulgating new laws. Chapter Seven analyses the state’s establishment of authority over the Sangha through monastic laws. vii This work reveals that religious conceptions of kingship influenced and shaped the nature of pre-modern Thai politics, especially the sacred authority of Thai king. However, it argues that, in practice, the king’s authority was not as venerated as it was supposed to be and the laws sometimes were broken. 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(Southeast Asian History), Michigan: University Microfilms International, 1991. _______________________ 320 [...]... purpose The appearance of the king in the processions signifies the rule of the Universal Monarch over the entire world.23 These rituals showed and emphasized the significant and leading status of the king as an individual The king was represented as the main performer of the “ritual state – and indeed he effectively manifested and personified the state itself Moreover, the laws also reflect the king’s... the Oath-Taking Ceremony, the Royal Procession on land and by boat, the drinking of the Water of Allegiance, and the Ceremony of the Viewing of the Troops and the Royal Elephant Some are agricultural ceremonies such as the Ploughing Ceremony and the Brahman Water-Lowering Ceremony Buddhist ceremonies were also significant as the king was the head of Buddhist patrons In these rituals, the king was the. .. study of legal transformations in early modern Siam gives a broader insight into the nature of regional change and continuity in early modern Southeast Asia The phrase, early modern Southeast Asia”, is a periodization of Southeast Asia to study change and continuity in this region Many scholars have long studied Southeast Asia in the early modern period Harry Benda proposes the periodization of Southeast... with the state as a polity.7 Other scholars have discussed the pre-modern Siamese state in terms of the criteria of statehood in modern definitions Chaiyan Rajchagool, for instance, discusses the nature of the pre-modern Siamese state by comparing its nature with that of a modern nationstate He first looks at the issue of geophysical boundaries.8 From this view, the Siamese state in the early modern period. .. region They encourage us to view the state in another way, in which families completed for power and their actions influenced the formation of the state These studies are applicable partly in the study of legal transformation in the Early Bangkok period They help us to understand better the competition for power between political figures and influential families in Thai history, their abuse of authority,... counterfeiting of official documents, are included However, these offences involved the officials more than the ruler, hence this dissertation’s argument is that they constituted offences against state authority Some offences in the Ayaluang are similar to the decrees mentioned in the Kot Monthianban and the Kabotsuek, especially acts relating to the stability of the king’s authority Among them are prohibitions... distinction between the “monarch” and state in Thai laws The discussions above indicate much overlap between the two kinds of authority In Chapter 3, the discussion will focus more on the distinct characteristics of “royal” authority, while the distinct characteristics of state authority will be examined in Chapter 4 2 The Study of Legal Transformations in the Context of Southeast Asian History The. .. consisting the institutions and apparatus of governance, and the institution of the “monarchy”; the two were conflated and treated as the same (and all of the terms used referred to the ruler as an individual rather than to the institutions and structure through which he governed) In other words, the king was the state as well as the monarchy” This can be seen in the terms used to address the king... the center of the universe and the residence of the god Indra – and practices of the Burmese court and the belief of being the devaraja, the God King in ancient Cambodia, which was based on HinduMahayana Buddhist belief.33 I.W Mabbett also examines patterns of kingship in traditional Asia and analyzes the devaraja in Khmer Angkor.34 In the Buddhist context, the nature of power has been considered in. .. Nobility of Ayudhya) (Bangkok: Thammasat University Press, 1993) 3 They include Akin Rabibhadana, The Organization of Thai Society in the Early Bangkok Period, 1782–1873 (Ithaca, New York: Department of Asian Studies, Cornell University, 1969); Lorraine 2 the state and the monarchy as equivalent, but focus on the state, subsuming the monarchy under the state. 4 They have usually used the term “rat” in their . considered a state . Some scholars define the state in early modern Southeast Asia in familial terms. According to them, the forming of early modern mainland Southeast Asian states involved nobles. completed for power and their actions influenced the formation of the state. These studies are applicable partly in the study of legal transformation in the Early Bangkok period. They help us to understand. semantically linked to the ruler. Phillip Gorski, in his study of the rise of the state in early modern Europe, proposes that there are other ways to define statehood than relying only on state theories.