Logico-semantic relations and their realization in chapter 5 "White fang and the Indians" in the novel " White fang" by Jack London Các mối quan hệ lôgíc – ngữ nghĩa và sự thể hiện của chúng trong chương 5 „Nanh Trắng và những người Anh-Điêng‟ trong tiểu thuyết „Nanh Trắng‟ của Jack London Nguyễn Thị Phượng University of Languages and International Studies M.A. Thesis. English Linguistics; Mã số: 60 22 15 Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Hoàng Văn Vân Năm bảo vệ: 2012 Abstract. This paper investigates logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes. The study first re-examined some basic concepts of systemic functional grammar and two types of logico-semantic relation – expansion and projection. Then, Chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London was taken and analyzed based on the framework of Halliday‟s (1994) An Introduction to Functional Grammar. The result of the study showed that both types of logico-semantic relations were present in the text in which expansion was predominant than projection. This could be explained that the writer mainly described the characters, their behavior and actions rather than quoted or reported their talks. In expansion, extension was most frequently used because the text was constructed to give more information rather than explain it. In projection, projecting locutions were more prominent than projecting ideas, for here the characters communicated with each other by languages rather than by thoughts. Besides that, the study revealed some characteristics of the type of the text. It also reflected the complexity of language and logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes. Finally, the study made some implications for teaching and learning English and some suggestions for further research. Keywords. Ngôn ngữ; Tiếng Anh; Ngữ nghĩa Content. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration i Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Notational conventions iv List of figures and tables v Table of contents vi PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale 1 2. Aim of the study and Research questions 2 3. Scope of the study 2 4. Data collection 3 5. Methods of the study 3 6. Design of the study 3 PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1. Introduction 4 1.2. What is functional grammar? 4 1.3. The role of Contextual Analysis 5 1.3.1. What is Context? 5 1.3.2. The Model of context 6 1.4. Grammatical rank scale 6 1.5. Clause and clause complex 8 1.5.1. Clause and its position in functional grammar 8 1.5.2. Clause simplex and clause complex 9 1.6. Logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes in English 9 1.6.1. Expansion 12 a. Elaboration 13  Paratactic elaboration 13  Hypotactic elaboration 14 b. Extension 16  Paratactic extension 16  Hypotactic extension 17 c. Enhancement 18  Paratactic enhancement 19  Hypotactic enhancement 21 1.6.2. Projection 23 a. Paratactic projection 23  Paratactic locutions 23  Paratactic ideas 24 b. Hypotactic projection 25  Hypotactic locutions 25  Hypotactic ideas 25 1.7. Summary 26 CHAPTER 2 LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONS BETWEEN CLAUSES IN CLAUSE COMPLEXES IN CHAPTER 5 “WHITE FANG AND THE INDIANS” IN THE NOVEL “WHITE FANG” BY JACK LONDON 2.1. Introduction 28 2.2. The context of the chosen text 28 2.3. Contextual configuration of the text 29 2.3.1. Field 29 2.3.2. Tenor 29 2.3.3. Mode 29 2.4. The analysis of the text 30 2.5. Findings and discussions 30 2.5.1. Expansion 30 a. Elaboration 31  Paratactic elaboration 31  Hypotactic elaboration 31 b. Extension 33  Paratactic extension 33  Hypotactic extension 34 c. Enhancement 35  Paratactic enhancement 35  Hypotactic enhancement 36 2.5.2. Projection 39 a. Paratactic projection 39  Paratactic locutions 39  Paratactic ideas 39 b. Hypotactic projection 40  Hypotactic locutions 40  Hypotactic ideas 40 2.6. Concluding remarks 42 PART C: CONCLUSION 1. Recapitulation 43 2. Implications of the study 43 3. Suggestions for further study 44 REFERENCES 46 APPENDICES References. 1. Bloor, Thomas & Meriel. (1995), The Functional Analysis of English, Oxford University Press Inc., Oxford. 2. Brown, G. & Yule, G. (1983), Discourse Analysis, CUP, Cambridge. 3. Downing, A. & Locke, P. (1992), A University Course in English Grammar, International Book Distributors Ltd, Prentice Hall International. 4. Eggins, S. (1994), Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics, Continuum Wellington House, Wellington. 5. Halliday, M.A.K. (1970), Language Structure and Language Function, (In) New Horizon in Linguistics. J. Lyons (Ed), Harmonsworth: Penguin. Pp. 140-165. 6. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985), Spoken and Written Language, Deakin University, Geelong Victoria. 7. Halliday, M.A.K. 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Nguyễn Hoà (2000), An introduction to Discourse Analysis, ĐHQG, Hà Nội. 17. Nunan, D. (1993), Introducing Discourse Analysis, Penguin, London. 18. Oxford Learner‟s Pocket Dictionary (2008), Oxford University Press, Hong Kong. 19. Quirk, R. & Greenbaum, S. (1987), A University Grammar of English, Longman Group UK Limited, Hong Kong. 20. Richards, J.C & Rodgers, T.S. (1986), Approaches & Methods in Language Teaching: A descriptive & analysis, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom. 21. Thompson, G. (1996), Introducing Functional Grammar, Oxford University Press Inc., London. 22. Thomson, A.J. & Martinet, A.V. (1989), A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University Press, Hong Kong. . Logico-semantic relations and their realization in chapter 5 " ;White fang and the Indians& quot; in the novel " White fang& quot; by Jack London Các mối quan hệ. and two types of logico-semantic relation – expansion and projection. Then, Chapter 5 White Fang and the Indians in the novel White Fang by Jack London was taken and analyzed based on the. projection 25  Hypotactic locutions 25  Hypotactic ideas 25 1.7. Summary 26 CHAPTER 2 LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONS BETWEEN CLAUSES IN CLAUSE COMPLEXES IN CHAPTER 5 WHITE FANG AND THE INDIANS