The Gerund and The Infinitive Động danh từ và V nguyên mẫu (the gerund and the infinitive) 1. Động danh từ (the gerund) 1.1. Cấu tạo của động danh từ: V + ing 1.2. Cách sử dụng của the gerund + Là chủ ngữ của câu: dancing bored him + Bổ ngữ của động từ: her hobby is painting + Là bổ ngữ: seeing is believing + Sau giới từ: he was accused of smuggling + Sau một vài động từ 1.3. Một số cách dùng đặc biệt • Verb + V-ing: Những động từ sau được theo sau bởi V-ing: Admit, avoid, delay, enjoy, excuse, consider, deny, finish, imagine, forgive, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practise, resist, risk, stop, remember, forget, regret, suggest, like, propose, detest, dread, resent, pardon, try, fancy. Ví dụ: He admitted taking the money Would you consider selling the property? He kept complaining. He didn’t want to risk getting wet. Chú ý: the gerund cũng theo sau những cụm từ như can’t stand (=endure), can’t help (=prevent/ avoid), it’s no use/good, there is no point in (chẳng có ích gì …) Ví dụ: I couldn’t help laughing. It’s no use arguing. Is there anything here worth buying? • Verb + possessive adjective/ pronoun + V-ing. Cấu trúc này được sử dụng với các động từ như: dislike, resent, object, excuse, forgive, pardon, prevent. Forgive my/me ringing you up so early. He disliked me/my working late. He resented my/me being promoted before him. • Verb + pronoun + preposition + V-ing. Cấu trúc này được dùng với các động từ như: forgive, prevent, stop, excuse. You can’t prevent him from spending his own money. 2. The infinitive (Theo sau là To_V) Một số cách dùng động từ nguyên thể đặc biệt: • Verb Infinitive + ToV Những động từ sau được theo sau trực tiếp bởi the infinitive: Agree, appear, arrange, attempt, ask, decide, determine, be determined, fail, endeavour, forget, happen, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, promise, prove, refuse, remember, seem, tend, threaten, try, volunteer expect, want, mean. Ví dụ: She agreed to pay $50. Two men failed to return from the expedition. The tenants refused to leave. She volunteered to help the disabled. He learnt to look after himself. • Verb + how/what/when/where/ which/why + To V Những động từ sử dụng công thức này là ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, show + object, think, understand, want to know, wonder. He discovered how to open the safe. I found out where to buy fruit cheaply. She couldn’t think what to say. I showed her which button to press. • Verb + object + To V: Những động từ theo công thức này là advise, allow, enable, encourage, forbid, force, hear, instruct, invite, let, order, permit, persuade, request, remind, see, train, teach how, urge, warn, tempt. Ví dụ: These glasses will enable you to see in the dark. She encouraged me to try again. They forbade her to leave the house. They persuaded us to go with them. • Assume, believe, consider, feel, know, suppose, understand + (object) + to be: I consider him to be the best candidate = He is considered to be the best candidate He is known to be honest. You are supposed to know the laws of your own country. Chú ý: Một số động từ có thể đi cùng với cả To V và V-ing, hãy so sánh sự khác nhau về ý nghĩa giữa chúng. Stop + V-ing: dừng làm gì Stop making noise! (dừng làm ồn) Stop + to V: dừng để làm gì I stop to smoke (tôi dừng lại để hút thuốc) Remember/forget/regret + to V: nhớ/quên/tiếc sẽ phải làm gì (ở hiện tại và tương lai) Remember to send this letter (hãy nhớ gửi bức thư này). Don’t forget to buy flowers (đừng quên mua hoa đấy) I regret to inform you that the train was canceled (tôi rất tiếc phải báo tin cho anh rằng chuyến tầu đã bị hủy bỏ) Remember/forget/regret + V-ing: nhớ/quên/tiếc đã làm gì (ở quá khứ). I paid her $2. I still remember that. I still remember paying her $2. (tôi nhớ đã trả cô ấy 2 đô la) She will never forget meeting the Queen. (cô ấy không bao giờ quên lần gặp nữ hoàng) He regrets leaving school early. It is the biggest mistake in his life. Try + to V: cố gắng làm gì I try to pass the exam. (tôi cố gắng vượt qua kì thi) Try + V-ing: thử làm gì You should try unlocking the door with this key. (bạn nên thử mở cửa với chiếc khóa này) Like + V-ing: thích làm gì vì nó thú vị, hay, cuốn hút, làm để thưởng thức I like watching TV. Like + to V: làm việc đó vì nó là tốt và cần thiết. I want to have a job. I like to learn English. Would like + to V: mời ai đi đâu Would you like to go to the cinema? Prefer + doing something + to + doing something else. I prefer driving to travelling by train. Prefer + to do something + rather than (do) something else I prefer to drive rather than travel by train. Need + to V: cần làm gì I need to go to school today. Need/want/require + V-ing: mang nghĩa bị động (cần được làm gì) Your hair needs cutting (tóc của bạn cần được cắt ngắn) The grass needs cutting. The grass wants cutting. Be used to + V-ing: quen với việc gì (ở hiện tại) I’m used to getting up early. (tôi quen với việc dậy sớm) Used to + V: thường làm gì trong quá khứ (bây giờ không làm nữa) I used to get up early when I lived in Bac Giang (tôi thường dậy sớm khi tôi sống ở Bắc Giang) Advise/ allow/ permit/ recommend + object + to V: Khuyên/cho phép/đề nghị ai làm gì He advised me to apply at once. They don't allow us to park here. Advise/ allow/ permit/ recommend + Ving: Khuyên/ cho phép/ đề nghị làm gì He advised applying at once. They don't allow parking here. See / hear/ smell/ feel/ notice/ watch + object + V-ing: Cấu trúc này được sử dụng khi người nói chỉ chứng kiến một phần của hành động: I see him passing my house everyday. She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising. See / hear/ smell/ feel/ notice/ watch + object + V(nguyển thể không có 'to'): Cấu trúc này được sử dụng khi người nói chỉ chứng kiến toàn bộ hành động: We saw him leave the house. I heard him make arrangements for his journey. Sau đây là bảng so sánh về 2 động từ Dạng Gerund- Danh động từ và To infinitive: TO-INFINITIVE GERUND ● Diễn đạt mục đích Ex: He went to university to become a teacher (in order to become) ● Sau một số động từ sau(agree, appear, decide, hope, promise, refuse, plan, expect etc). Ex: I promised to vote for him ● Sau một số tính từ(happy, glad, sorry etc) Ex: I am really sorry to hear that ● Sau công thức “I would like /love/prefer” My ex: I would like to see your boss ● Sau một số danh từ (surprise, fun …) Ex: What a fun to be here ● Sử dụng như danh từ Ex: Walking is good exercise ● Sau một số động từ admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, forgive, go (physical activities), imagine, involve, keep (= continue), mention, mind, miss, quit, resist, save, stand, suggest, tolerate, etc Ex: Let’s go jogging ● Sau dislike, enjoy, hate, like, prefer để diễn đạt sở thích chung ● Sau cấu trúc “too/enough” Ex: He’s clever enough to finish the task She is too short to reach the ceiling ● Trong một số cấu trúc như: to tell you the truth, to the honest, to begin with, etc Ex To begin with, I’d like to talk about the sales this year Ex She likes drawing (in general) ● Sau một số cấu trúc: I’m busy, It’s (no) good, it’s not worth, there is no point in, can’t help, can’t stand, have a hard/difficult time, have difficulty (in) … Ex: It’s no use persuading him ● Sau cấu trúc: spend/waste (time, money …) Ex: He waste his time doing meaningless things ● Sau giới từ Ex: He looks forward to hearing from her Ex1: Chia động từ 1. Mr Backer’s children are busy (collect) ……………… stamps for their club. 2. We do not want (go) ……………… to that restaurant because it’s dirty. 3. Would you be so good as (answer) ……………… the phone when it rings? 4. They give up (gamble) ……………… long ago. 5. Try avoid (make) ……………… a lot of mistakes in your thesis. 6. They are against (make) ……………… complaints about the road construction. 7. It is no use (drink) ……………… a lot of alcoholic drinks. 8. The director (hold) ……………… another meeting next week. 9. It is difficult for me to get used to (sleep) ……………… earlier. 10. We are looking forward to (hear) ……………… from you next week. 11. Would you mind (put) ……………… your pet snake somewhere else? 12. It ‘s no use (wait) ……………… for her too long. 13. He urged us (work) ……………… faster than he does. 14. My mother told me (not speak) ……………… to anyone about it. 15. I can’t understand her (behave) ……………… like that. 16. You are expected (know) ……………… the safety regulation of the college. 17. I am prepared (wait) ……………… here all night if necessary. 18. It isn’t good for children (eat) ……………… too many sweets. 19. I could not help (overhear) ……………… that you said. 20. She warned me (not touch) ……………… the wire. 21. I regret (inform) ……………… you that your application has been refused. 22. It is no use (tell) ……………… lies to anyone. 23. I am beginning (understand) ……………… what you have told me. 24. The boy does not know how (use) ……………… a computer. 25. I am busy (teach) ……………… English all the day. 26. I am nervous about (make) ……………… friends with her. 27. People liked (go) ……………… to the movie because they showed another world. 28. They are accustomed to (get) ………………large salaries. 29. Editors are responsible for (write) ……………… editorials. 30. It is interesting (study) ……………… the history of today’s motion-picture industry. 31. Reporters for major newspaper are used to (work) ……………… long hours. 32. By the end of 1992, over 500 radio stations had begun (broadcast) ……………… around the United States. 33. People enjoyed (listen) ……………… to the early radio programs. 34. The first station was created by radio equipment companies in order (develop) ……………… a market for their products. 35. She had to ask the boys (stop) ……………… (make) ……………… noise. 36. Our teacher has promised (help) ……………… us (prepare) ……………… for the exams. 37. I’d love (have) ……………… an opportunity of (meet) ……………… you again. 38. He resents (be) ……………… told what (do) ………………. 39. I love (eat) ……………… organs, but I dislike (peel) ……………… them. 40. There is no (deny) ……………… that he enjoys (listen) ……………… to his own voice. 41. We regret (say) ……………… that the lecture was dull and wasn’t worth (listen) ……………… to. 42. Is (bold) ……………… or frying way of (cooking) ……………… this fish? 43. Where there is work (do) ……………… you should be ready (lend) ……………… a hand. 44. It is no use (ask) ……………… him (lend) ……………… you any money. 45. Can you manage (finish) ……………… (write) ……………… these reports by yourself? 46. She stopped (talk) ……………… if waiting for him (speak) ……………… 47. You begin (learn) ……………… a language by (listen) ……………… to new sounds. 48. I’ve come (make) ……………… peace, not (start) ……………… another war. 49. There is nothing (be) ……………… done about it now, except (tell) ……………… the police truth. 50. You’re too young (start) ……………… giving up (build) ……………… a career. Ex2: Chọn đáp án đúng: 1. The teacher decided (accepting/to accept) the paper. 2. They appreciate (to have/having) this information. 3. His father doesn’t approve of his (going/ to go) to Europe. 4. We found it very difficult (reaching/ to reach) a decision. 5. Donna is interested in (to open/opening) a bar. 6. George has no intention of (to leave/leaving) the city now. 7. We are eager (to return/returning) to school in the fall. 8. We would be better off (to buy/ buying) this car. 9. She refused (to accept/ accepting) the gift. 10. Mary regrets (to be/being) the one to have to tell him. 11. George pretended (to be/being) sick yesterday. 12. Carlos hopes (to finish/finishing) his thesis this year. 13. They agreed (to leave/leaving) early. 14. Helen was anxious (to tell/ telling) her family about her promotion. 15. We are not ready (to stop/stopping) this research at this time. 16. Henry shouldn’t risk (to drive/driving) so fast. 17. He demands (to know/knowing) what is going on. 18. She is looking forward to (return/returning) to her country. 19. There is no excuse for (to leave/leaving) the room in this condition. 20. Gerald returned to his home after (to leave/leaving) the game. Ex3: Hoàn thành mỗi câu sau với một trong các động từ sau: apply, be, be, listen, make, see, try, use, wash, work, write. (chia động từ theo đúng dạng) 1. Could you please stop……………… so much noise? 2. I enjoy …………………to music. 3. I considered ………………… for the job but in the end I decided against it. 4. Have you finished ………………………your hair yet? 5. If you walk into the road without looking, you risk………knocked down. 6. Jim is 65 but he isn’t going to retire yet. He wants to carry on……………… 7. I don’t mind you……………the phone as long as you pays for all your calls. 8. Hello! Fancy ………… you here! What a surprise! 9. I’ve put off ……………… the letter so many times. I really must do it today. 10. What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine any body …………… so stupid? 11. Sarah gave up ………………… to find a job in this company and decided to go abroad. . The Gerund and The Infinitive Động danh từ và V nguyên mẫu (the gerund and the infinitive) 1. Động danh từ (the gerund) 1.1. Cấu tạo của động danh từ: V + ing 1.2. Cách sử dụng của the gerund +. admitted taking the money Would you consider selling the property? He kept complaining. He didn’t want to risk getting wet. Chú ý: the gerund cũng theo sau những cụm từ như can’t stand (=endure),. urge, warn, tempt. Ví dụ: These glasses will enable you to see in the dark. She encouraged me to try again. They forbade her to leave the house. They persuaded us to go with them. • Assume, believe,