DllN DAN TRAO Ddi *' MOT SO DAC DIEM CUA BAO Cffl VIET NAM GIAI DOAN 1936-1939 Th.S TRI ONG THUY DUNG* GIAI PHONG [vifrriAflDfcLAp NUOC DUC DA DALJ HANG VO £ieUKl6N ^ tan xH-hdi 1 so DAC-BICT VE BdqG-OU'O NG Otl-HQI Mot sd td bao phdt hanh thdi ky trudc nam 1950 '/l[ he ky XIX, bao chi vin cdn la mdt hinh thinh va phit triln, dai dien cho tilng ^U^ khii niem kha la lam ddi vdi vin hda ndi din chu va ty do cua dan tdc Viet Nam. Viet Nam. Ciing vdi qua trinh khai thae Td bio diu tien danh diu sy xuit hien thudc dja va thong tri, thyc dan Phip da cua bio chi tieng Viet la td Gia Dinh bdo dua bao chi vao nude ta, vdi y dd bien bio (xuat bin nam 1865). Tuy nhien trong sudt chi thanh mdt cdng cu hd trg dac luc cho mot thdi gian dii tir nim 1865 din nam bp miy thyc dan cua chiing. Tuy nhien, 1925, bio ehi gin nhu la mdt lanh dia quin thuan theo nhiing quy luit khich quan cua Iy dde quyen cua ngudi Phip va nhiing ljch sir. nen bio chi Viet Nam dan dugc ngudi cd quan he mat thilt vdi bp miy cai tri ciia Phip. Tilng ndi cua ngudi Viet, dac * Vien Sir hpc Viet Nam biet la nhiing ngudi Viet Nam yeu nude TAP CHl LICH SCTOANG - S6 2/2012 51 DI^N OAN TRAO OOl cdn md nhat. Nam 1925, td bao Thanh nien (eo quan ngdn luan eiia Hdi Viet Nam Cich mang Thanh nien) dugc xuit bin da trd thanh mdt sy kien quan trpng dinh dau sy xuit hien ciia ddng bio chi cich mang Viet Nam. Din nam 1930, vdi sy ra ddi ciia Ding Cpng sin Viet Nam vi dugc sy chi dao trye tilp eua Ding, ddng bio chi cich mang cing cd nhiing budc phit trien khdi sic. Tuy nhien, trong giai doan 1930-1936, do nhirng dilu kien ehu quan va khich quan nhit dinh, bio chi cich mang chua thuc sy cd nhung budc dot phi manh me de khing djnh vj the cua minh. Mac du vay, bio chl tilng Viet theo khuynh hudng cich mang cung da cd nhiing budc tiln bp nhanh chdng dl khang dinh tilng ndi rieng cua nhirng ngudi yeu nude va cich mang, vi cung chinh trong giai doan nay, bio chi tieng Viet da di vao quy dao ciia cupc cich mang din tdc nham diu tranh cho ty do, dan chii. cho nen dpc lap eua nude nha. Giai doan 1936-1939, bao chi Viet Nam mdi thyc sy the hien tinh chat dan tdc mdt each manh me. Trong Dai hdi bio chi Trung Ky, nhi van Hii Trieu khing dinh: "Ty do bio ehi chinh la cii chia khda cua tat ci cic ty do dan chii khac"' Ngay tir nhiing ngiy diu tien khi con dudng cich mang vd san dugc truyen vao Viet Nam. nhiing nha cich mang chan chinh da y thiic rit rd sue manh \a vai fro ciia bio chi trong viec tuyen truyen phue \u phong trio diu tranh cich mang: "Cich mang ddi hdi phii cd bio chi cich mang, sinh ra bio chi cich mang va sir dung bao chi cich mang lam vii khi chiln diu, thiic diy cich mang Viet Nam phit trien va gianh thang Igi"' Dya tren cic chii truong chi dao cua Dang trong nhiing hoin canh cu the khic nhau, dong bio chi cich mang da dan khing dinh dugc bin ITnh vi vi tri cua minh trong moi trudng bio chi liic bay gid. Trong chinh sich cai tri cua minh, thuc dan Phip mudn diing nhirng thanh tyu ciia van minh phuong Tay de trdi budc nhimg nude thudc dia lac hau nhu Viet Nam. Chiing mudn diing chii Qudc ngii de lam md nhat di chii Nho, mudn diing chinh sach giio due nhd gipt de dio tao tay sai vi dac biet lam "ngu hda" dan tdc ta. Tuy nhien, nhiing muc tieu cua chiing da bj pha san khi trao vio trong tay nhan dan ta mpt cdng cu truyin ba rdng rai do chinh la bio chi. Vdi bao chi chiing ta da lam cho chii Qudc ngii trd thanh linh hdn ciia dan tdc ma khdng phai li mot thii ngdn ngir du nhap, "Tiy hda" de triet tieu ngdn ngii Viet Nam. Vdi bao chi chiing ta cd dupe mdt phuong tien "tuyen truyen, ed dpng, giio due" hieu qua nhit, sau rdng nhat doi vdi mpi tang lap nhin dan trong xa hpi. Trong giai doan 1936-1939, vin de co ddng hpc ehir Qudc ngii dugc the hien mpt cich lien tuc, thudng xuyen vdi quy mo rdng Idn tren bao chi. Nhiing uu diem thuc su cua chii Qudc ngii dugc nhin nhan mpt each thiu dio, khdng don thuan la mpt phuong tien giao tiep, tuyen truyen ma no 52 TAP CHi LICH SLf OANG - S6 2/2012 DIEN OAN TRAO 001 cdn trd thinh mdt nhan td quan trpng cho cupc dau tranh khing dinh nen dpc lap cua nhan dan ta. Tren bio Ddn sd 7 (19-8-1938) ding bai "Dieu le cua Hdi truyen bi chii Qudc ngii d Trung Ky", ghi rd "Truyin bi chii Qudc ngii, day cho ngudi An Nam biet dpc, biit vilt ehii me de, dang dl thiu thii nhurng phd thdng thudng thiic cin thiet cho ddi sdng mdi me" Tranh thii nhiing dieu kien thuan Igi cua thdi ky nay, chiing ta khdng chi neu len nhiing khau hieu van ddng chung chung ma da di din viec thanh lap cic hdi, cac td chiic, cic nhdm cu the tai mdi dja phuong, (Bai viet "Chinh phu md trudng day ngudi Idn tudi" ding tren bio Ddn sd 11 (.9-9-1938) phan anh rd net cude van ddng), de Phip md nhirng Idp hgc khdng thu hpc phi de tao dieu kien rdng rai nhat cho ngudi dan tiep can vdi chii Qudc ngii. Bio chi khdng chi dong vai trd cd ddng, tuyen truyen cho viec hpc chii Qudc ngii mi chinh bio chi duoc trinh bay bing chii Qudc ngii vdi hinh thiic trinh bay hip dan ngdn ngii dl hieu da giiip cho bao chi 1936-1939 cd dugc nhiing anh hudng to Idn ddi vdi quin chiing nhan dan. Vdi viec phit trien va de cao tieng ndi cua dan tdc, bao chi da gdp phin the hien mdt y chi dpc lap manh me cua dan toe ta trudc chinh sich thudc dia ciia chii nghTa thyc dan. Tir nhiing nim 1930, cic tic pham van hpc da dugc ding tai tren cic td bio, tap chi. Din giai doan 1936-1939, vdi muc tieu diu tranh dan ehii, minh dat cho viec phit trien cac tie phim van hpc ca nggi ty do, din chii, ca nggi quyen sdng ciia con ngudi cang trd nen rdng md. Tren bao ehi, rat nhieu the loai tie pham vin hpc khic nhau (tha, truyen ngan, truyen dai ky, tieu thuyet ), nhilu khuynh hudng sing tic (lang man, hien thye ) da din dugc vdi ban dpc. Khdng chi cd khuynh hudng vin hpc hien thye di sau cd dpng cupc dau tranh ciia dan tdc ta, tren khuynh hudng lang man ehiing ta ciing tim thay dugc tieng ndi eiia Idng yeu nude, sy ca nggi ty do mdt cich kin dio. Nhu nhin dinh cua Tdng Bi thu Trudng - Chinh: "Tu sdn ddn tdc vd tieu tu sdn tri thice Viet Nam tim thay trong chii nghia lang mqn mdt tiing thd ddi chdng chi dp thudc dia "^ Trong mdt khoang thdi gian khdng dii, nhung vin hpc nude nha da thu dugc nhiing thanh tyu rye rd. Van hpc hien dai Viet Nam ghi dau in mdt phong trio tho ca lang man vdi cic ten tudi nhu Xuin Dieu, Huy Can, Han Mac TOr, Luu Trpng Lu ; mdt ddng van xudi lang man cua Nguyen Tuan, Thach Lam Tren ddng van hpc hien thyc ciing xuat hien khdng it cic tic phim xuat sic ve ca gii tri nghe thuat va gia tri hien thye nhu: Va di (Vu Trpng Phung), Budc dudng eiing (Nguyen Cdng Hoan), Tdt den (Ngd Tit To) Cic tic phim vin hpc khdng chi dugc dang tren nhiing tip san chuyen khao nhu: Tiiu thuyet thif bay, Tiiu thuyit thic ndm ma tren nhiing ddng bao chinh luan nhu: Mdi, Thi gidi, Lao ddng. Tin tire nhiing tic TAP CHi UCH SLfOANG - S6 2/2012 53 DIEN OAN TRAO OOl phim vin hgc van dugc ding tii mdt each thudng xuyen. Khing dinh mdt cich manh me sy trudng tdn cua nen vin hda Viet Nam qua nhimg tic phim van hpc trudc im muu phi hoai cua ke thii thdng tri, do li mdt nhin td tieu bilu dl khing dinh tinh than dpc lip ciia dan tdc. Cupc diu tranh eho mue tieu dan chu - muc tieu chinh ma Ding Cdng san Viet Nam da <ih ra trong giai doan niy da dugc bio chi thi hien mdt cich sdi ndi vdi nhilu ndi dung khac nhau. Tren ITnh vyc chinh tri, cupc dau tranh cua bio chi tap trung vao mdt sd ndi dung diu tranh chii ylu nhu: van ddng thinh lap Mat tran Dan chu Ddng Duong; van ddng cho cic dai bieu cua nhan dan dugc tning cir trong cupc biu cir vao Vien dan bieu va Hpi ddng quin hat; dau tranh kien quyet chdng lai cic the lue phin dpng, phi hoai cich mang; van ddng cdng cupc phdng thii Dong Duong Tren ITnh vyc kinh te, bao chi tiep tuc dau tranh cho nhirng quyen Igi thiet yeu cua nhan din lao ddng nhu vin de thue, quyen Igi lao ddng Tren ITnh vyc van hda xa hdi ndi dung dau tranh cung khi da dang: ddi quyin ty do ngdn luan. ty do bio chi; van ddng chong that hpc, cd ddng phong trao truyin bi chii Qudc ngii; diu tranh ddi binh dang gidi; ddi tha tii .chinh tri Bao chi giai doan 1936-1939 thi bien^y thim nhuan mdt each sau sic vai trd cua minh trong chii truong diu tranh chung ciia each mang dan tdc. Bing nhiing ndi dung dau tranh phong phii, thiet thyc, kheo leo vi hieu qua, bao chi giai doan nay khong chi tap hgp dugc ddng dao quin chiing trong nude tao dugc siic manh doan kit dan tdc, ma cdn tranh thu dugc sy iing ho to Idn cua nhirng lyc lugng tiln bp ben ngoai. Ndi dung dau tranh chu yeu ciia giai doan nay li van de din chii, nhung cupc dau tranh nay khdng tich khoi muc tieu chinh yeu ciia dit nude dpc lap dan tdc, ty do cho nhan dan. Bio chi Viet Nam ndi chung, ddng bao chi cich mang ndi rieng giai doan 1936-1939, mac dii phai ddi phd vdi sy kiem soit git gao cua thyc dan Phap va tay sai, nhung cic td bio van deu dan den vdi ban doc khdng he bi giin doan. Cac td bio khong chi diy manh phit trien ve ndi dung, tang tinh phd cap, tinh thdi sy ma cdn sii dung nhieu hinh thiic ra bao khac nhau de co the duy tri tieng ndi yeu nude, each mang nhu: ty xuit bin, thue bio, mua lai giay phep xuat ban Nhirng die diem dd cing cho thay sy phit trien tir ty phit len ty giac trong tinh chat diu tranh cua bio chi Vi?t Nam giai doan 1936-1939. 1. Trin Van Giau: Giai cdp cong nhdn Vi(t Nam - Su hinh thanh vd phdt trien cita nd lit giai cdp "tu minh" den giai cdp "cho minh", Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, H, 2003, tr. 1172 2. Nguyin Thanh: Bdo chi cdch mang Viet Nam 1925-1945, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, H, 1984, tr. 5 3. Trudng - Chinh: Cdch mang ddn toe. dan chit, nhdn ddn Viet Nam, T. 2, ST, H, tr. 151-152. 54 TAP CHi LICH SLf OANG - S6 2/2012 . cua bio chi Vi?t Nam giai doan 1936-1939. 1. Trin Van Giau: Giai cdp cong nhdn Vi(t Nam - Su hinh thanh vd phdt trien cita nd lit giai cdp "tu minh" den giai cdp "cho. DllN DAN TRAO Ddi *' MOT SO DAC DIEM CUA BAO Cffl VIET NAM GIAI DOAN 1936-1939 Th.S TRI ONG THUY DUNG* GIAI PHONG [vifrriAflDfcLAp NUOC DUC DA DALJ HANG VO £ieUKl6N ^ . trpng dinh dau sy xuit hien ciia ddng bio chi cich mang Viet Nam. Din nam 1930, vdi sy ra ddi ciia Ding Cpng sin Viet Nam vi dugc sy chi dao trye tilp eua Ding, ddng bio chi cich mang