Unit 1, 3, 9 1 To do or complete something. To carry out <v> 2 The system of taxing people. Taxation <n> 3 The amount of money you have available to spend. Budget <n> 4 Firmly fixed or not likely to move or change. Stable <adj> 5 Government or all ordinary people. Public <adj or n> 6 The systematic distribution of a limited quantity resources over various time periods Allocation <n> 7 To provide the money needed for something to happen. To finance <v> 8 To carry out, to put a plan or system into operation. To implement <v> 9 Limiting the freedom of someone or preventing something from growing. Restrictive <adj> 10 A useful or valuable quality, skill or person. Asset <n> 11 To persuade someone to do something. To induce <v> 12 Property in the form of land or buildings. Real – estate <n> 13 Too much Excessive <adj> 14 In the end Eventually <adv> 15 Someone who takes part in an activity Participant (n) 16 Cause to occur rapidly Rush (v) 17 Act in such a way as to have an effect on each other Interact (v) 18 A person or organization that uses goods or service. Consumer (n) 19 Advantage; additional benefits that consumers receive when purchasing Well-being (n) 20 Materials, resourcefulness; available things in nature can use it when we need Resources (n) 21 To suppose; give opinions for people to consider. Assume (v) 22 Capable of being exchanged for another or for something else that is equivalent Substitutable (adj) 23 Change from one form into another to transform (v) 24 An organization created for business ventures Business firm (n) 25 The temporary provision of money (usually at interest) loan (n) 26 A method or a system for achieving something mechanism (n) 27 A person who is taking part in an activity or event participant (n) 28 To bring back a situation or feeling that existed before restore (v) 29 a group of three related people or things triad (n) 30 to restrict the consumption Ration out (v) 31 To make various different things work effectively as a whole Coordinate(v) 32 A group of people, often a family who live together Household(n) 33 The usefulness of something Utility(n) 34 To make various different things work effectively as a whole Coordinate(v) 35 Occurring at a convenient or suitable time Favorable (adj) 36 To move hurriedly Scramble (adj) 37 Estimated by comparison, not absolute or complete Relative (adj) 38 Balance, equality of distribution Equilibrium (n) UNIT 10: GDP/GNP Abundance (n) When there is more than enough of something/ A large quantity that is more than enough There was an abundance of wine at the wedding. Concentrate (v) To direct your attention or your efforts towards a particular activity, subject or problem I can't concentrate on my work with all that noise. Foodstuff (n) Any substance that is used as food or to make food They lack basic foodstuffs, such as bread and milk. Insurance (n) An agreement in which you pay company money and they pay your costs if you have an accident, injury, etc. life/health/car/travel insurance The insurance doesn't cover you for (= include) household items Net (adj) Left when there is nothing else to be subtracted I earn £15 000 gross, but my net income (= income that is left after tax has been paid) is about £12 000 Resident (n) A person who lives or has their home in a place The hotel bar was only open to residents Express (v) To show a feeling, opinion or fact I would like to express my thanks for your kindness. Survive (v) To continue to live or exist Of six people injured in the crash, only two survived. Raw material (n) A base material that is used to make the product These trees provide the raw material for high-quality paper. Coal (n) A hard black mineral that is found bellow the ground and burned to produce heat I put more coal on the fire. Steel (n) A strong, hard metal that is made of a mixture of iron and carbon The bridge is reinforced with huge steel girders. Measure (v) To find the size, quantity, etc. of something in standard units A ship’s speed is measured in knots. Timber (n) Wood. People use timber to produce goods such as: tables, chairs, doors,… Automobile (n) Car. An automobile is very expensive. Course (n) A period,a part of time. I only go to school a course of day. UNIT 13/ 14: DEMAND/ SUPPLY Willingness (n) Cheerful compliance he expressed his willingness to help State(v) The existing condition or position of a person or thing express I state to you that the accused is guilty Statement (n) The act or an instance of stating or being stated expression in words it was a strong statement that his hypothesis was true Imply (v) Strongly suggest or insinuate without directly stating The manager imply that his speech is not very good. Intend (v) Have as one’s purpose We intend to visit my parents nextweekend. Fairly (adv) Moderately or quietly He works fairly well. Back up To reinforce All people in a town back up him to become a president. Afford (v) Can or able to do sth If the apartment discount fifty pecent, i afford to buy it. Doubt (n or v) Uncertainly, undecided state of mind He doubt at I am not telling the truth. Desire (n or v) Expression a wish I desire to speak english well. Intend (v) Have as one’s purpose We intend to go camping. Make sense (v) Be intelligible or practicable Her explain makes sense so she were chosen. Supply (v) To provide something that is wanted or needed, often in large quantities and over a long period of time Electrical power is supplied by underground cables Existence (n) When something or someone exists Many people question the existence of God Percentage (n) An amount of something, often expressed as a What percentage of women return number out of 100 to work after having a baby? Extract (v) A substance taken from a plant, flower, etc. and used especially in food or medicine They used to extract iron ore from this site. Parallel (v) To happen at the same time as something else, or be similar or equal to something else The events of the last ten days in some ways parallel those before the 1978 election. Reflect (v) To show, express or be a sign of something The statistics reflect a change in people's spending habits Equal (adj) The same in amount, number or size, or the same in importance and deserving the same treatment All people are equal, deserving the same rights as each other. Ordinary (adj) Not different or special or unexpected in any way; usual Her last concert appearance in Britain was no ordinary performance. Speech (n) The ability to talk, the activity of talking, or a piece of spoken language Children usually develop speech in the second year of life. Thus (adv) With this result They planned to reduce staff and thus to cut costs. Offer (v) Ask someone if they would like to have something or if they would like you to do something "Would you sell me that painting?" "What are you offering for it?" Concept (n) A principle or idea The very concept of free speech is unknown to them. Behavior (n) Someone's behavior is how they behave He was notorious for his violent and threatening behaviour. UNIT 17: TRADE SURPLUSES & DEFICITS Keep track of (v) Keep (or fail to keep) fully aware of or informed about She had keep all track of time and had fallen asleep Inflow (n) The movement of a large number of people or things or a large amount of money into a place -Enormous inflows of foreign investment - the inflow of migrant workers Outflow (n) A large amount of money, liquid, or people that moves or its transferred out of a place -an outflow of foreign currency -capital outflow took place on a very large scale Bottom line (n) The final total of an account or balance sheet The rise in turnover failed to add to the company’ bottom line Merchandise (n) Goods to be bought and sold Shops which offered an astonishing range of merchandise Load (v) Fill (a vehicle, ship, container, etc.) with a large amount of something They go to Calais to load up their vans with cheap beer Cross (v) Go or extend across or to the other side of (an area, stretch of water, etc) She has crossed the Atlantic twice Unprofitable (adj) (Of a business or activity) not yielding profit or financial gain The mines became increasingly unprofitable Capital (n) Money used to start a business, buy a house, etc The failed project has left us without working capital Visible (adj) Able to be seen Ex. Building is a type of visible fixed assets. Tangible (adj) Perceptible by touch Ex. Housing is a type of tangible fixed assets. Invisible (adj) Not visible to the eye Ex. Invisible ties Transfer (v) Make over the possession of something to Ex. Shareholders of a company person may transfer to another. Current account (n) Instantly accessible bank account Ex. The most business have current account. Make up (v) Composition of a thing Ex. Trade deficits and surpluses are balanced by payments that make up the difference. Add up (v) Find the total Ex. Add up revenue of a company is 2000USD. Bottom line (n) Interest or loss Ex. The importance of doing business is bottom line. UNIT 18: EXCHANGE RATES Commodity(N) Articles of commerce, similar to goods or trade goods Like other commodities, currencies have a certain value Update (V) -Bring up to date; supply with recent information She always updates new trends in fashion field in over the world Decline (V) Go down in value Currently, the price of rice is declining gradually Expect (V) Look forward somebody or something They are expecting another child in January Investor (N) Someone who commits capital in order to gain financial returns Investors always want to earn much money as much as possible Event (N) Something that happens at a given place and time She takes part in many important event in the music field Chaos (N) -A state of extreme confusion and disorder During periods of economic chaos, traders and investors try to buy hard currencies which is expected to keeps it value in time of trouble Constantly (adv) Always, unfailingly, at any time, all the time Our leaders constantly bear in mind the welfare of our nation Spread (n or v) Not equal The spread of the gap between rich and poor is huge Decline (V) Become smaller , weaker or less important. The rate of inflation rise so that the value of currency declines. Unit 22 Eg Force / fɔs / to make somebody do something that they do not want to do Eg: Competition is a force for change in industry Bắt buộc Raise / reɪz / to lift or move sth to a higher level Threatening to raise prices Tăng lên Energy / enədʒi / The ability to put effort and enthusiasm into an activity, work,… He never seems to lack energy Năng lượng crisis / kraɪsɪs / A time of great danger, difficulty The Third World debt crisis Khủng hoảng booming / buming / a sudden increase in trade and economic activity a booming in house prices Bùng nổ Compete to try to be more successful or Several companies are Cạnh tranh với with / kəmpit wɪð better than sb else Competing for the contract Bid up / bɪd ʌp/ To offer to pay a particular price for sth She bid up $10 000 for the painting. Tăng giá Lead to / lid / To go with or in front of a person to show the way Let me lead the way. Dẫn đến runaway / rʌnəweɪ / Not under the control of its owner and not able to be controlled. runaway inflation Vượt xa Move up / mu:v ʌp / To change position or make sb/sth change position Move your chairs a little closer Chuyển ra Predictable / prɪdɪktəbl / You know in advance that it will happen The results were utterly predictable. Có thể dự đoán Another Answer to the Inflation Question. double-digit (adj) /ˌdʌb.l̩ˈdɪdʒɪt/ Used to describe a number that is not less than 10 and not more than 99 Double-digit inflation continues to affect the country Hai con số Response (n) /rɪˈspɒns/ an answer or reaction Responses to our advertisement have been disappointing. câu trả lời, phản ứng Austerity (n) /ɔːˈster.ɪ.ti/ a situation when people do not have much money to spend because there are bad economic conditions ex: austerity measures and economic reforms thắt lưng buộc bụng Surge / sɜdʒ / ( of prices, profits, etc. ) to suddenly increase in value Share prices surged. Tăng mạnh Circulation / sɜkjəleɪʃn / the movement of blood around the body circulation of commodities(hh) Sự lưu thông Regarding (prep) /rɪˈɡɑːrdɪŋ/ concerning somebody/something; about somebody/something liên quan đến về Temporary (adj) /ˈtem.pər.ər.i/ be used only for a short time; not permanent I'm looking for some temporary work tạm thời Sharply (adj) /ˈʃɑːrpli/ quickly and suddenly Inflation has risen/fallen sharply nhanh chóng Absorb (v) /əbˈzɔːb/ to take something in, especially gradually Our countryside is increasingly being absorbed by/into the large cities. Thu hút Influx (n) /ˈɪnflʌks/ Afterwards The fact of a lot of people, money or things arriving somewhere Sự chảy đến, xô đến Desirable (adj) /dɪˈzaɪərəbl/ Worth having or doing The house has many desirable featur Thèm muốn, khao khát Extent (n) /ɪkˈstent/ how large, important, serious It is difficult to assess the full extent of the damage. khoảng rộng, khu vực Austerity / ɒsterəti / a situation when people do not have much money to spend because there are bad economic conditions Austerity policy Chính sách cắt giảm Chặt chẽ Proportionately / prəpɔʃənə t / increasing or decreasing in size, amount or degree according to changes in sth else Increasing costs resulted in proportionate increases in prices. Tương ứng Stabilize / steɪbəlaɪz / steady and unlikely to change; to make sth stable government measures to stabilize prices ổn định Expert / ekspɜt / a person with special knowledge, skill or training in sth a computer/medical expert Nhà chuyên môn, chuyên gia Maintain / meɪnteɪn / sth to make sth continue at the same level, standard, etc. The two countries have always maintained close relations. Duy trì Outstanding / aʊtstændɪŋ / not yet paid, done, solved, etc We decided to leave the debt outstanding. Chưa được chi trả Accomplish / əkʌmplɪʃ / to succeed in doing or completing sth I don't feel I've accomplished very much today. Hoàn thành Agricultural / æɡrɪkʌltʃə(r) / farming Thuộc nông nghiệp Disease / dɪziz / something that is very wrong with people's attitudes, way of life or with society Greed is a disease of modern society. (tham lam) Bệnh medium-sized of average size Medium-sized company(cty cỡ vừa bặc trung) Trung bình Skywards / skaɪwədz / towards the sky; up into the sky Hướng lên bầu trời Bureaucratic / bjʊərəkrætɪk / t/c quan liêu . person with special knowledge, skill or training in sth a computer/medical expert Nhà chuyên môn, chuyên gia Maintain / meɪnteɪn / sth to make sth continue at the same level, standard,. work tạm thời Sharply (adj) /ˈʃɑːrpli/ quickly and suddenly Inflation has risen/fallen sharply nhanh chóng Absorb (v) /əbˈzɔːb/ to take something in, especially gradually Our countryside is increasingly. in house prices Bùng nổ Compete to try to be more successful or Several companies are Cạnh tranh với with / kəmpit wɪð better than sb else Competing for the contract Bid up / bɪd ʌp/ To