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1.1 Science and Technology 1 There is a fundamental di erence between science and and technology. Engineering or technology is the making of things that did not previously exist, whereas science is the discovering of things that have long existed. Technological results are forms that exist only because people want to make them, whereas scienti c results are informations of what exists independently of human intentions. Technology deals with the arti cial, science with the natural. (Billington 1985) 1.2 Structural Engineering 2 Structural engineers are responsible for the detailed analysis and design of: Architectural structures: Buildings, houses, factories. They must work in close cooperation with an architect who will ultimately be responsible for the design. Civil Infrastructures: Bridges, dams, pipelines, o shore structures. They work with transportation, hydraulic, nuclear and other engineers. For those structures they play the leading role. Aerospace, Mechanical, Naval structures: aeroplanes, spacecrafts, cars, ships, submarines to en sure the structural safety of those important structures. 1.3 Structures and their Surroundings 3 Structural design is a ected by various environmental constraints: 1. Major movements: For example, elevator shafts are usually shear walls good at resisting lateral load (wind, earthquake). 2. Sound and structure interact: A dome roof will concentrate the sound A dish roof will di use the sound