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Tài liệu này được biên soạn nhằm khắc phục những lỗi cơ bản trong cách dùng từ trong tiếng anh. Trong cuốn sách, tác giả sẽ giúp cho các học viên nhận biết các cấu trúc và cụm từ tiếng anh hay bị dùng sai, cung cấp các ví dụ cụ thể để sử dụng từ sao cho đúng.
Right Word Wrong Word Words and structures confused and misused by learners of English L. G. Alexander LONGMAN Addison Wesley Longman Limited Edinburgh Gate, Harlow Essex CM20 2JE, England and Associated Companies throughout the world. © Longman Group UK Limited 1994 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishers. First published 1994 Fifth impression 1997 Illustrated by Chris Ryley British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Alexander, L. G. Right Word Wrong Word: Words and Structures Confused and Misused by Learners of English. - (Longman English Grammar Series) I. Title II. Ryley, Chris III. Series 428.24 ISBN 0-582-21860-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Alexander, L.G. Right word wrong word: words and structures confused and misused by learners of English/L.G. Alexander. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-582- 21860-8 1. English language-Usage. 2. English language-Errors of usage. I. Title. PE1460.A48 1993 428.2'4-dc20 93-11963 CIP We have been unable to trace the copyright holder of the text for Exercise 52 Everybody, Somebody, Anybody, Nobody and would appreciate any information that would enable us to do so. Set in Times New Roman, TrueType Produced through Longman Malaysia, ETS ISBN 0 582 21860 8 Acknowledgements I would express my sincere thanks to the following people who supplied extremely useful data while this work was being developed: Julia Alexander Mohamed Eid, Cairo, Egypt Professor Jacek Fisiak, O.B.E., Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland Cristina Germanis, Verona, Italy Jurgen Kienzler, Ludwigsburg, Germany Roy Kingsbury Professor Hanna Komorowska, University of Warsaw, Poland Gottfried Kumpf, Vaihingen, Germany Chris Lynch, Tokyo, Japan Penelope Parfitt Professor T. Takenaka, Kagawa University, Japan Longman English Grammar Series by L. G. Alexander Longman English Grammar: a reference grammar for English as a foreign language Step by Step 1-3: graded grammar exercises (beginners' to pre-intermediate level) Longman English Grammar Practice: reference and practice (intermediate level) Longman Advanced Grammar: reference and practice (advanced level) The Essential English Grammar: a handy reference grammar (all levels) Contents Introduction viii Reference Section 1-201 Test Yourself 203 Up to Intermediate Level 1 Social exchanges 204 2 Cars and driving 205 3 Adjectives: opposites 206 4 Adjectives and noun modifiers 206 5 Asking, requesting, commanding 207 6 Telephoning 207 7 Appearance, etc., of people and things 208 8 Descriptions, etc. 208 9 Containers 209 10 Countable and uncountable nouns 210 11 Time and frequency 211 12 Health 212 13 Holidays 212 14 'Be','get','go','make', etc. 213 15 Work and jobs 214 16 Buildings and parts of buildings 214 17 Verbs/verb phrases with and without prepositions 215 18 Occupations, etc. 216 19 Words easily confused, misspelt, etc. 217 20 Prepositional phrases 218 21 Only one negative 218 22 -ed/-ing 218 23 Addressing people 219 24 Names of places 219 25 Doing things for people 220 26 Movement to and from 220 27 The human body 221 28 Furniture 221 29 Money 222 30 Adverbs 223 31 Comparatives and superlatives 223 32 Four topics: 224 1 The weather 2 The news 3 Luck and misfortune 4 Keeping clean 33 Questions and exclamations 225 34 Quantities and amounts 226 35 Travelling by train 227 36 Outside 228 37 'Do', 'make' and 'have' 229 v 38 Dressing and clothes 230 39 Food and drink 231 40 Countable and uncountable nouns 232 41 Education 233 Upper Intermediate to Advanced Level 42 Greetings, conventional social utterances and exchanges 234 43 Comparing and contrasting 235 44 Socializing, entertainment, etc. 236 45 What goes with what? 236 46 Phrasal verbs 237 47 Adjective + preposition 237 48 Verb +'to'or verb +'-ing'? 238 49 Approval and disapproval 239 50 Red tape 240 51 Character and reputation 241 52 Everybody, Somebody, Anybody, Nobody 242 53 Regular and irregular verbs which are easily confused 242 54 Animals, birds and plants 243 55 Shopping 244 56 Counting and measuring 245 57 Verbs with and without prepositions 246 58 Household equipment, power, etc. 247 59 Expressing feelings of approval 248 60 Writing, literature, language 249 61 Items of clothing, etc. 250 62 Nouns ending in's' 251 63 Food 252 64 Health 253 65 Behaviour 254 66 Two topics 255 a) War and peace b) Geography, natural phenomena 67 Adjectives and -ly adverbs 256 68 Communicating 257 69 Reflexive pronouns after verbs 258 70 Food and drink 259 71 Two topics 260 1 Entertainment, leisure 2 Games, sports, outdoor activities 72 What comes after the verb? 261 73 Newspapers, broadcasting, publishing 262 74 'Do', 'make', 'have' and 'take' 263 75 Education 264 76 Buildings, parts of buildings, surroundings 265 77 Countable and uncountable nouns 266 78 Fear, worry, embarrassment, etc. 267 79 Crime and punishment 268 80 Clothes, materials, etc. 269 81 Are you a hypochondriac? 270 vi 82 Housework, gardening, maintenance 271 83 Degree and intensifying 272 84 -ic/-ical 272 85 Inversion after negative adverbs 273 86 Adjective + preposition 273 87 Words easily confused, misspelt, etc. 274 88 Experiences, perception, thought 275 89 What sort of person are you? 276 90 Politics and government 277 91 Stative and dynamic uses of certain verbs 278 92 Travelling 279 93 Prepositional phrases 280 94 Cars, driving, maintenance, traffic 281 95 Referring to facts, the truth 282 96 A campaign against litter 283 Answer Key 284 Technical Terms 289 Index 291 VII Introduction About Right Word Wrong Word Little green men In 1877 the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli (1835-1910) observed some markings on the planet Mars which he referred to as canali. This was mistranslated into English as canals, suggesting man-made structures and the existence of intelligent life on Mars, instead of channels, which occur naturally. The idea of canals appealed to the imaginations of scientists and novelists alike. The astronomer Percival Lowell used it as the basis for his 'scientific observations', recorded in such works as Mars and its Canals (1908). The novelist H.G. Wells was inspired to write his powerful story about the invasion of the earth by Martians, The War of the Worlds (1898). In 1938, a simulated newscast of this novel was broadcast, describing the Martian invasion of New Jersey, which reduced millions of listeners to a state of near panic. The idea of Martians was not exploded till 1965 when the US spacecraft Mariner 4 sent back close-up pictures of Mars, which proved conclusively that there were no canals and no little green men! The story shows how powerfully mother tongue interference can affect our understanding of a foreign language, with unpredictable consequences. It also shows how we have to suppress our own language if we want to acquire a foreign language. What is Right Word Wrong Word? Right Word Wrong Word is a Reference and Practice Book based on common errors in English. It covers items like the following: • Words often confused, where the student's native language interferes with English (false friends): for example, benzine/petrol. • Word-confusions that exist within English itself: for example, rob/steal/burgle. • Structures in the student's language that interfere with English structures: for example, it has compared with there is/it is. • Confusions of structures within English itself: for example, must/had to. • Particular words and structures which are a well-known source of error: for example, get and enjoy. Right Word Wrong Word is therefore a comprehensive usage book that provides answers to students' questions that are not easily available from any other source. Who is the book for? The book is suitable for students of English as a foreign or second language at intermediate level and above, whether they are preparing for examinations or not. It is also suitable for teachers. It extends the knowledge of non-native teachers by clarifying the meanings and uses of related items; it sensitizes native-speaking teachers by making them aware of mistakes that students really make. For both kinds of teachers, it is a handy reference for dealing with awkward questions on the spot. The basis of the selection I have been collecting 'right word wrong word' items since the early 1960s and my collection has grown into a large database. This database was checked against the Longman Learners' Corpus (drawn from 70 countries) and then filtered through a VIII representative spread of languages, including Arabic, European (Germanic, Romance, Greek, Slavonic) and Asiatic (Japanese). The words in this collection are the survivors of the original database that followed this investigation and number more than 5,000 items. A description of the material The material consists of the following sections: • A reference section (pages 1-201) • Test Yourself (pages 203-283) • Answer Key (pages 284-288) • Technical Terms (pages 289-290) • Index (pages 291-308) How to use Right Word Wrong Word Index If you are in doubt about the use of a word, look in the index to find it, then go to the reference section. You may have to do this more than once to locate the meaning you are looking for. When you find the word you want, check whether the mistake listed is one you are likely to make yourself and which you must train yourself to suppress. The reference section The 'wrong word' is generally listed first, followed by the 'right word'. For example: block * pad - I've brought this nice new pad to take notes during the meeting. (Not *block*) (pad/writing pad = sheets of paper held together, used for writing or drawing) - How did the ancient Egyptians cut and move such huge stone blocks ? (= stone, wood, etc., cut with straight sides) Some words appear in different places. For example, mark has its own entry, but is also listed under grade/mark/degree, note down/mark and speck/spot/mark. The reference section focuses sharply on particular problems of contrast or use. It is not a dictionary and so does not deal with every possible meaning of a particular word. Technical terms The terms used in the reference section are briefly explained on pages 289-290. Test Yourself Exercises 1-41 are suitable for students of all levels, but especially for intermediate; exercises 42-96 are upper intermediate and advanced. The exercises deal with topics (e.g. health), functions (e.g. doing things for people) or grammar (e.g. phrasal verbs). You may work through the exercises in the order they occur, or pick and choose, according to level. 1. Attempt an exercise, then check your answers in the answer key. 2. Look up any item or items you aren't sure of in the index, which will refer you to the reference section. Practise using the items you have learned in your own speech and writing. ix a* an - Kirsty's got an MA. in history. (Not *a MA. in history*) - She's got a Master's degree. (Not *an Master's degree*) (a + consonant sound; an + vowel sound) a/an * one - I need a screwdriver to do this job properly. (Not *one screwdriver*) - It was one coffee I ordered, not two. (Not *a coffee*) (a/an = 'any one', 'it doesn't matter which'; one, two, etc., when we are counting) a/an • some - Please bring me a glass/an envelope. - I want some glasses/some envelopes. - I want some water. (Not *a water*) - I'd like a coffee please. (some = an unspecified number or amount is the plural of a/an where the reference is to quantity; we normally use a/an only with countable nouns. We also use a/an for all drinks seen as a complete measure: a coffee, a beer, but use some for fluids of which there is more in the tap, bottle, etc.: some water, some wine) a/an • (-) - Lucy wants to be a doctor. (Not *wants to be doctor*) - Kevin wants to be an electrician. (Not *wants to be electrician*) (a/an + singular countable noun) ability to - I wasn't happy at school until I found I had the ability to make people laugh. (Not *ability of/on making*) (from able to) able • possible - It will be possible to see you on Friday. (Not *It will be able*) - I'll be able to see you on Friday. (Not*I`ll be possible*) (It + possible; human subject + able) about•around - Few people can afford to go on a cruise (a)round the world. (Not *about*) ((a)round for circular movement) - They've built a motorway (a)round London. (= surrounding, encircling) - The fax was received at around/about 8 pm. (= approximately; but approximately in place of around and about is very formal) - The journey took about/around an hour. (Not *an hour about* *an hour around*) (preposition + object) about • on • over - Have you read this article on the Antarctic? - There's an article about tourism in today's paper. (preferable to on) (on for serious and specific information; about for general interest) - Let's agree to differ. Let's not have an argument over/about it. (Not *on*) (over after argument, concern, dispute) abroad - John has gone/is abroad on business. (Not *has gone to abroad/is at abroad*) (abroad is an adverb, not a noun; be/live/go abroad are fixed phrases, otherwise we have to say come/return from abroad, where abroad is used as a noun) absent oneself * absent - Where's Jane today? - She's absent. I think she's ill. (Not *She has absented herself*) - The soldier absented himself without leave for three weeks and was arrested. (be absent from = 'not present'; absent oneself implies deliberate rule-breaking) absent • away - I'm going on holiday and I'll be away for a fortnight. (preferable to absent) - How many students were absent from your class today? (Not *away*) (away = elsewhere; absent = not present) abstracted • absent-minded • distracted - Professor Boffin is generally very absent- minded. (Not *abstracted* *distracted*) (= not paying attention to present reality) - Sorry, I didn't hear what you said. I was abstracted for a moment. (= thinking about something else) - Sorry, I didn 't hear what you said. I was distracted by the telephone. (i.e. something claimed my attention) abuse • insult • swear at • curse - The sergeant major abused the soldiers unmercifully. (= shouted at them and called them names) - Mrs Tomkins insulted the bride's family by refusing to attend her son's wedding. (= behaved in a way that caused offence) 1 [...]... (= case) bright • brightly - The sun shone bright/brightly all day (bright occurs in fixed phrases: shine/glow bright, look bright = be bright) - She answered all my questions brightly (Not *bright*) (adverb = in a cheerful manner) bright • shining • shiny - He looked very smart in a new suit and shiny black shoes (Not *shining/bright*) (= reflecting light) - It's a long time since we had a bright day... - / tried to get her on the phone, but she 'd already left (Not *all ready* *allready*) (i.e before that time) - We 're all ready (Not * already*) (= all of us are ready) all right - I feel all right (preferable to alright) (alright is a common alternative spelling, sometimes considered to be less correct) all that • what • all - / didn't catch what you said (Not *all what* *all which* *that which*)... spotted the floating raft (Not *afloat*) (we cannot use afloat in front of a noun, only after a noun + be, seem to be, etc.) afraid (of) • frightened (of/by) - The children were afraid of/frightened of/frightened by the wicked witch - We did all we could to comfort the frightened children (Not *afraid*) 6 (we cannot use afraid in front of a noun, only after a noun + be, seem to be, etc.) after • afterwards... astonished/astonishing, bored/boring, confused/confusing, depressed/depressing, distressed/distressing, embarrassed/ 10 embarrassing, enchanted/enchanting, excited/exciting, exhausted/exhausting, frightened/frightening, horrified/horrifying, interested/interesting, moved/moving, pleased/pleasing, relaxed/relaxing, satisfied/satisfying, shocked/shocking, surprised/surprising, terrified/terrifying, tired/tiring;... invite them again (= on another occasion; compare phone someone again) age • epoch • era • period • century - The whole period was marked by important changes in the earth's surface {period is the best word to refer to geotime) - Satellite TV brought in an epoch of worldwide communication (an epoch is a period of time beginning with an important event) - We live in an age/era where fast food is the norm... I've discussed the idea with her and she agrees/she's in agreement/agreeable (in agreement is preferable to agreeable) ahead (of) • in front (of) - In most cars, the engine's in front (Not *ahead*) - Right up to the end of the race College Boy was just ahead of/in front of Red Fur - College Boy was ahead/in front (in front (of)/behind/at the back for absolute position; compare ahead (of)/behind for... rarely use all to mean 'all the people', preferring everyone/everybody) - All/Everything 1 have belongs to you (it's possible, but unusual, to use all to mean 'all the things'; everything is the normal word; all things to mean everything occurs only in poetic language) - We all agree/All of us agree (Not *All we* *All us*) - The company entertained us all/all of us (Not *all us*) - Everyone/Every person... control inflation (agree with an opinion) accept • allow • admit - They won't admit anyone to the theatre/ allow anyone into the theatre after the performance has started (Not *accept*) (= give someone the right to go in) - If the performance has started, they just won't allow you in/admit you (Not * admit you in* *allow you* * accept you*) (= let you go in) - I applied to join the club, but they won't accept... proud of (episode - one part of a continuing story) accidentally • unfortunately - I knocked on your door, but unfortunately you were out (Not *accidentally*) (= unluckily) - I've accidentally dialled the wrong number (= by chance, by mistake) accommodation - While touring Britain, we found (some) excellent accommodation in old inns (note the spelling, not *accomodation* *acommodation*; uncountable: not... appear • seem - You appear to/seem to think that nothing matters so long as you get what you want - It appears/seems odd that he hasn't written (Not *appears oddly*) (= it is odd, strange) - This seems wrong (Not *is seeming*) (stative use only) - He appeared from nowhere (Not *seemed*) (= arrived within view) applause * a round of applause - When she finished speaking the audience responded with a round . language if we want to acquire a foreign language. What is Right Word Wrong Word? Right Word Wrong Word is a Reference and Practice Book based on common errors. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Alexander, L. G. Right Word Wrong Word: Words and Structures Confused and Misused by Learners of English.