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SƠ LƯỢC LỊCH SỬ NGHIÊN CỨU VẤN ĐỀ 1.1.1 Vài nét về lịch sử bệnh tù kỷ  %3@iA4LMSQ2,)6(+,(k/,/X%†[2  !,>(AAj+,',.>(* ,E_5K  7cJf2)1))=*I B2)=*]2)=*)=*2"‡ !  )6)61**+,',55KGi& !$  %,)/X]2)k,  2#6  !o[hALZ)ˆ5c)=*8),(l+, 91&0)("LV)I>'*)+,&.(J5K 326FP&J9i(J8)'(^:j$  `4L‰MM2ˆ\R,(",i-o/=lXv[ 7 o/=9:=1,,,,i- h$Ši ,\A3(k‹$%$rs,$b+,, .=:(: !$0)("(F(21nhi) (: !$_ks,ikF\&,.)4 i(J=< !,=h("$gv/2&(kI A@!2i6j>s,$v/F\ &,.0&3,=h;,$g,)= (*i 7*2))=*= !,:= F\i1'Gf+,&.(J5K$  `4LMLM2D&A,)))=*ˆ;("hG,l2 /Œ/2&%†2i1&(AŠ2&, (",V)I‰2>'Gf+,&,55K$g,)1 Š 7 ,& !3(*+,Œ/!@=e Z B!,2,("i1(@h 7@A )=A+,1$  %i,)=2])AVO25)agk•)/_/)/>  ,,*5K@,EA,,))XG):Gh',) k,9[ 7)8)#(*26) - 7 +,ˆ(*l&)912(::&(E$Ž@ h=6#*)I(0:+,(*]*-  !>$  `4LMSQ2K,/R_k],XC‹bR %†[ !])Ei6#&1',.3(*=$g,)1 4LMSS1@7•(k,b,o//C ?6#'*) D,)&o//$ #,6K,/o//6(A9E)+,,) @3E]9=o)h'b=ˆo)l ˆPl6$  5h18),+,>,=,4$Ci1 ))=A#B4)=E+,_5K+, '.(J4(*=> 78),6#0A$  /K,/6#ALL,5K])E>&"3   m60 78),*> !2(8),2!D2 016fH!1,A2@>& DD#233$K,/6#',.=nhˆ(J :#4(•*A08),*#G;>  !l$  %3@1,)', !72'd1," )1k,•m ‘5B6&2$ ‘g@9')=E,B#$ W  K,/G):)0'ˆ5>cl:G): **)i1h)Ic$  g,)12-%†)’)?i*E).1() * DXo//2LMSS…Š//2LMZL…\,K///2LMZV[$  5E5Kdc(J,i$`1A !,“]d> *_/)/@)0'=6#(*]*- ! >$5h1dAE,),=A  ]*./2,>2& )Ic)•/8),E+,#(#:4 )=E+,_5K$  `4LMZW2p(*+,>(* K,/•/(/i#*)+=A)PcV*) m ‘5@60-&3$ ‘K)= >)(#j)=E$  C3B(: !29J6' 7G/ 8),*> !9A6#*)B=A)$ 5)I- 7-&AV4])!$ 5)=E2&# ,,'E))•$g, ”,/XLMWO[i*)(#j)=E,<E))• +,$/,XLMWL[fHM•:# -./2(,j#_5K+,K,/2&•)=: ˆ&]*-./l$  `4LMWN2ƒ)/ ,,S3 +=A)+,5Km 1. 5A)8),8),*Gi&$ 2. ƒ6'mh&61!1A!1 0J$ 3. b20&J !mhDA2^2 A)6d),B;•$ ‰ 4. K-> >QO)I$  `'"3 =**-])A55K$1&" 3*) ;(6j)$  5h'4‰OUNO+,A––,i  7* 7K,/E)E&'*  7)5K$`,2&I?i(^,= E)&E;:=i1',=I> 8),*)5KF (*$1A*8)A E(*:=A1E8),XsŠ[I A>6(I,=•EXŠg%[+,& ]%†$  `']G):(#])E+,*sŠ61>*  75K2(#]NXLMW‰[?P* 75K-./ &]*(#]MXLM‰‰[i3* 7 5KH./$5(#] !+,*sŠ XLMMV[]Q2S+,I,=Šg%i/8),*2F 95K)&&6 #$ 1.1.2. Các nghiên cứu về trị liệu cho trẻ tự kỷ b*,=-\*`,iG):*),Œ/(E _5KcnhE)(*J*)55K$1   A    ,  Œ/( nh ,  ,/)=/,$$,)  U  , (/)=$$$  Kh 7*,A,=92)=E ? ',Jdc=),i$b*,=1: )(*J*)55K,B(0 ,—1(J5K@4',,$1A 9+,(— )ˆg@,*./l N +,,//%,)/…)ˆ%D#!1l+,‹/=%,=$ \:)69E)5Kc (*J*) i   7           ˆ  v D    5  0  &  +, _/,lU`/b),2`)=“\45J…)˜5./ Uv 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>])9)& 3-.UK)0*5 +,`)=“b Dr,25]5b#25]5J5)bXVOOV[RC K,Gi&4…A055K@,E&j +,_kv`5,2(**`CjL…%&& J*)55K,52(**`CjV$$$  `9)E)E+=A)6# D i 7E)“- > o_o25/,2 )#2v•g‡#E))6# D ? *)8)#+, D1/J*)55K$ 5)=E#?:*4',55KP, A(&-&&16<›6< j)-k+,55K$\-e69E )+,99#)A*1@ (*1 ,)])A55K$  5)ˆ5./l2#`)=“\45E),V  D5/,ABA$g6PE) >dJ*) 55K(F'A+,V D1/0J *E)55K+,6$ŽAmˆ5)6I  D9=26P9(=& !"+, D 5/,26:BG=2B>)]) +,.lœQO…N‰•$b,=)ˆ`)6(Jl21# A)=?i›JFˆ5  !"#!2*,=1)61),= ',J !,(9 !A0lœVZ…L•,=ˆ‡E• 0>(: D91F',.lœVZ…MO•$ LO [...]... chng cho thy rng chỳng ó to nờn mt s khỏc bit tht s- Mi a tr l mt cỏ th khỏc nhau vỡ vy khụng cú cỏch iu tr no l tt nht cho mi tr ễng a ra 11 mt s bin phỏp thng c dựng nht hin nay cho TTK nh ABA, Teacch trong ú ụng phõn tớch v kt lun rng cỏc bin phỏp u khụng cha khi bnh t k, khụng th dựng riờng l mt bin phỏp bt k cho dự nú cú hiu qu n õu m phi dựng kt hp cỏc bin phỏp tr liu khỏc nhau cho mi a tr Trong. .. bệnh nhiễm virut Những khó khăn khi thai nghén sinh nở Các nguyên nhân khác Hưtổnưnão ư Lộ trình cuối cùng Hội chứng tự kỷ Khuyết tật tâm thần 34 S 1: Cỏc nguyờn nhõn ca BTK 1.2.2 Tr liu bnh tự k 1.2.2.1 Khỏi nim tr liu tõm lý Thut ng liu phỏp tõm lý c dch t Psychotherapy (Psycho l tõm lý; Therapy l iu tr) Thut ng ny c s dng ln u tiờn vo nm 1872 trong cun sỏch nh hng ca tõm lý lờn c th ca D.Tuke T... nng hot ng, trong ú cú hot ng ngụn ng v xut hin cỏc triu chng lon tõm V sau Margeret tha nhn l cú th cú s kt hp v cú cỏc dng trung gian gia hai loi cu trỳc t k v lon tõm cng sinh Tỏc gi ny nhn mnh nh hng ca cỏc o giỏc õm tớnh trong cu trỳc t k v ca s nớu gi mi quan h cụng sinh vi m trong mi quan h cng sinh g: Quan nim ca Bruno Bettelheim 1969: Trong tỏc phm phỏo i trng rng, Bruno Bettelheim cho rng chng... mt tỡnh trng khim khuyt phc tp v cỏc kh nng phỏt trin ca nóo b, tin trin trong ba nm u i ca a tr, thng xy ra cho tr trai nhiu hn tr gỏi, tỡnh trng ny cú th xy ra cho bt kỡ mt a tr no, khụng l thuc vo dõn tộc, xó hi hay trỡnh phỏt trin ca cha m Chng t k lm cho a tr mt kh nng giao tip, nht l v phng din ngụn ng v cú th gõy tn thng cho chớnh a tr vỡ cỏc hnh ng t gõy hi, khụng bit n s nguy him ca mụi trng... hỏt, kộo di mt s õm hoc t no ú trong cõu Cõu núi thng c kt thỳc kiu cõu hỏi ( lờn ging cui cõu) - Cu trỳc ng phỏp bt thng, khụng thnh thc, thng gp trong li núi t nhiờn ca tr - Tr t k cú th t tờn riờng cho vt theo cỏch ca mỡnh, hoc dựng nhng t riờng m ngi khỏc khụng th hiu c - Khụng bit s dng hoc s dng khụng ỳng cỏc gii t, liờn t v i t - Tr cú khuynh hng khụng s dng li núi trong giao tip Thng núi rp... cỏc chc nng ớt nht mt trong cỏc lnh vc sau,vi mc khi u trc tui lờn ba:(1) tng tỏc xó hi, (2) s dng ngụn ng trong giao tip xó hi, (3)chi/hot ng mang tớnh biu tng hoc tng tng *Hi chng khụng phi do ri lon Rett hay ri lon bt ho nhp thi k th u Núi túm li, chn oỏn chớnh xỏc chng t k thỡ phi cn c vo rt nhiu yu t trong ú cn chỳ ý k n s xut hin tỡnh trng c bit bt thng hoc khuyt tt trong ngụn ng, hnh vi, phi... chng ny, v mi ngy ngi ta li cú nhng khỏm phỏ ln gi thuyt mi lm cho chng bnh ny ngy cng phc tp, trong s ú l gi thuyt v nóo cú cu to bt thng, nhim trựng, thiu thng bng v kớch thớch t, d ng, mng rut b cht c lt qua, nng cao ca thu ngõn trong mỏu vỡ thuc tiờm phũng v.v Tuy nhiờn cú mt iu m cỏc nh nghiờn cu v chng t k ng lũng bỏc b, l quan nim cho rng chng ny cú nguyờn do tõm lý nh bnh tõm thn hay vic nuụi... cỏc con bỡnh thng trong vic sinh thờm mt con khỏc b t k Ti liu khỏc thỡ ghi l trong gia ỡnh cú tr b t k, cỏc con khỏc b ri ro nhiu hn v chng n n, bnh ic, hay khim khuyt nng v trớ tu Cú th cú ti 15% anh ch em ca tr t k gp khú khn trong vic hc i vi tr song sinh ng dng cú cựng b di truyn, t l c hai tr gp khú khn v ngụn ng hay khim khuyt trớ tu tng lờn n 90% c tớnh di truyn ca chng t k cho ra nhiu thc mc,... cho mi a tr Trong cỏc bin phỏp tr liu cho TTK hin nay thỡ bin phỏp ABA c coi l bin phỏp hu hiu nht Mt trong nhng lý do lm nờn thnh cụng ú cú l l vỡ ngun gc ca ABA l ch thuyt hnh vi [30; 100] - im xut phỏt ca thuyt hnh vi l thớ nghim quan trng ca Ivan Pavlov v Phn ng iu kin hoỏ - Phng phỏp ABA l mt hỡnh thc ng dng ca thuyt hnh vi, trong lnh vc giỏo dc v dy d - Một trong nhng ca Pavlov l B.F Skinner... th hai ó b loi b trong DSM III R Ngoi ra, cng khú cú th phõn bit c gia PDD khụng c hiu v t k di chng Vỡ th, trong DSM III R ( 1987) ch phõn PDD thnh 2 nhúm 1 Ri lon t k ( gn ging t k nhũ nhi) 2 PDD khụng chuyờn bit ( PDD NOS) Gn õy, DSM IV ( 1994) tip tc dựng thut ng chn oỏn PDD bao gm: 1 Ri lon t k 2 Ri lon Rett 3 Ri lon gii th tr em 4 Ri lon Asperger 5 PDD NOS b Lorna Wing (1981) cho rng t k sm nhũ . ,1&69E)E)E*A7 )(*J*)"55K*)8)#&A 7(*w=$    1.2. 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