1 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ THÚY HẰNG A STUDY ON EXPANSION EXPRRESSED IN PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA’S INAUGURATION SPEECH NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ BÀNH TRƯỚNG ĐƯỢC THỂ HIỆN TRONG DIỄN VĂN NHẬM CHỨC CỦA TỔNG THỐNG BARACK OBAMA MA MINOR THESIS FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS CODE: 60 22 15 Hanoi -2010 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ THÚY HẰNG A STUDY ON EXPANSION EXPRRESSED IN PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA’S INAUGURATION SPEECH NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ BÀNH TRƯỚNG ĐƯỢC THỂ HIỆN TRONG DIỄN VĂN NHẬM CHỨC CỦA TỔNG THỐNG BARACK OBAMA MA MINOR THESIS FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS CODE: 60 22 15 SUPERVISOR: PROF DR HOÀNG VĂN VÂN Hanoi -2010 NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS  Boundary Markers ||| : clause complex boundary || : clause boundary  Types of dependency 1, 2, 3, … : Parataxis α, β, γ, … : Hypotaxis  Logico-semantic relations Expansion: = : Elaboration + : Extension × : Enhancement Projection: " : Locution ' : Idea  Others 1st, 2nd, 3rd, ….: number of clause complex in the text (1), (2), (3), …: number of clause in the text TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration i Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Notational conventions iv Part A: INTRODUCTION Rationale Aims of the study Scope of the study Data collection Methods of the study Design of the study Part B: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: Theoretical background 1.1 An overview of systemic functional grammar 1.2 Functions 1.2.1 Micro-function 1.2.2 Macro-function 1.2.3 Metafunction Three metafunctions of the language 1.3.1 Ideational metafunction 1.3.2 Interpersonal metafunction 1.3.3 Textual metafunction Clause and clause complex 1.4.1 Clause simplex and clause complex in systemic functional 1.3 1.4 grammar 1.4.2 Relationship between clauses in clause complex 10 1.4.2.1 Taxis 10 1.4.2.2 Logico-semantic relation 12 1.5 Summary Chapter 2: 14 Expansion and its relations between clauses in clause complexes in English 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Expansion 15 2.3 Types of expansion 15 2.3.1 Elaboration 15 2.3.1.1 Paratactic elaboration 15 2.3.1.2 Hypotactic elaboration 16 2.3.2 Extention 18 2.3.2.1 Paratactic extention 19 2.3.2.2 Hypotactic extension 20 2.3.3 Enhancement 21 2.3.3.1 Paratactic enhancement 2.3.3.2 Hypotactic enhancement 2.4 21 22 Summary Chapter 3: 25 Expansion relations between clauses in President Barack Obama’s inauguration speech 3.1 Introduction 26 3.2 The chosen text 26 3.3 Field, Tenor, Mode 27 3.31 Field 27 3.3.2 Tenor 28 3.3.3 Mode Expansion relation in the speech 29 3.4.1 Data 29 3.4.2 Discussion 37 3.4.3 Summary 3.4 29 40 Part C: CONCLUSION Recapitulation 41 Implications 41 Suggestions for further study 42 REFERENCES 43 APPENDIX The inauguration speech of president Barack Obama I APPENDIX VI Classification of expansion relation between clauses in the clause complexes in the speech 10 Part A INTRODUCTION Rationale In confirming the importance of grammar in language study, the British linguist, David Crystal (2004) states: “Grammar is the structural foundation of our ability to express ourselves The more we are aware of how it works, the more we can monitor the meaning and the effectiveness of the way we and others use language It can help foster precision, detect ambiguity, and exploit the richness of expression available in English And it can help everyone not only teachers of English, but teachers of anything, for all teaching is ultimately a matter of getting to grips with meaning.” These above sentences show us how important and valuable grammar is It is one of the most effective ways to help human understand the nature of language Therefore, it comes as no surprise to know that grammar has attracted great attention of many linguistics As a result, there are many approaches to grammar and all of them have both advantages and drawbacks Among the many trends of grammar, systemic functional grammar, which is developed by M.A.K Halliday, and other linguists such as R Hassan, D Morley, Th Bloor, …., is considered to be the most effective one This kind of grammar is concerned with both spoken and written language and focuses on functions of language In comparison with traditional grammar, which focuses on written language and is concerned with rules of correct usage, systemic functional grammar is indeed the most useful tool of analysis In Vietnam, systemic functional grammar has been studied by many grammarians such as Cao Xuân Hạo (1991) with Tiếng Việt: Sơ thảo ngữ pháp chức năng, Hoàng Văn Vân (2005) with Ngữ pháp kinh nghiệm cú tiếng Việt: Mô tả theo quan điểm chức hệ thống We, students at Department of postgraduate studies, Vietnam national university Hanoi college of foreign language, has also had a chance to learn systemic functional grammar and discover the interesting features of this new trend of grammar Systemic functional grammar, in fact, has given me much impression and inspired me to study about one 11 phenomenon in language in terms of functional grammar – that is expansion in clause complex There are two main reasons for my choice of the topic of the thesis – Firstly, expansion is a kind of logico-semantic relation between clause complexes in English Therefore, the study of expansion will undoubtedly help us to understand the features behind a text more deeply and comprehensively This understanding, actually, is of great use to the teaching and learning of English Secondly, Barack Obama is the first African-American president in USA who has gained much popularity in the world I would like to choose the inauguration speech of Barack Obama to analyze from the perspective of functional grammar in order to better my knowledge of expansion and also to see how the logico-semantic relations in the speech reflect the speaker‟s intention Aims of the study Within the framework of an MA thesis, the study attempts to: - examine some basic notions in functional grammar and clarify types of expansion relations in a clause complex - study how expansion relations are expressed in President Barack Obama‟s inauguration speech - offer some implications for teaching and suggestions for further study Scope of the study This study does not cover all aspects of the relation above the clause due to its complexity Only one of the two subtypes of the logico-semantic relations between clauses – expansion- is taken into consideration Data collection Data will be collected from clauses in President Barack Obama‟s inauguration speech The examples used in the study are taken from grammar books by famous grammarians like Halliday (1994), Morley (2000) Thompson (1996)… 12 Methods of the study The aims of the study are to investigate the nature of expansion relation in English and analyze a chosen text from functional grammar perspective Therefore, the descriptive and analytical methods will be employed as the principal mothods in the thesis The descriptive method is resorted to when mentioning some basic notions The analytical method is applied to analyze the chosen text Design of the study The study is divided into parts: Part A – introduction - presents the rationale for choosing the topic, the aims of the study, the scope and data collecion of the study as well as the design of the study Part B- development – is the main part of the thesis, consisting chapters: Chapter 1, Theoretical Background, provides some fundamental and theoretical concepts which are relevant to the purposes of the study Chapter is aimed at examining the expansion relation in English In this chapter, expansion relation is investigated in detail, with a view to formulting a framework for the analysis of the chosen text Chapter deals with the representation of expansion relation in the chosen text – the inauguration speech of President Barack Obama The aim of this chapter is to find out how different types of expansion are used in the text and to see whether they express the intention of the speaker clearly and accurately Part C – conclusion – summarizes the results of the study, provides some implications for teaching and learning English, and makes some suggestions for further study 13 Part B DEVELOPMENT Chapter THEORETICAL BACKGROUND This chapter re-examines some basic concepts of systemic functional grammar and of the relations in clause complex in order to establish a theoretical framework for the study The chapter is divided into parts: (1) an overview of systemic functional grammar, (2) the concepts of function, micro-function, macro-function and metafunction,(3) three metafunctions of language and (4) clause and clause complex in English 1.1 An overview of systemic functional grammar Systemic functional grammar (SFG) is a model of grammar developed by Michael Halliday in the 1960s It is part of a broad social semiotic approach to language called systemic linguistics It is systemic in the sense that it sees grammar as a non-arbitrarily motivated network (system) of potential choices Halliday (1994:15) states „language is a network of systems, or intrrelated sets of options for making meaning' It is functional in the sense that it attempts to explicate the communicative implications (function) of a selection within one of these systems In comparison with formal or generative approaches to grammar, functional approaches to grammar treat language in different way Systemic functional grammar pays attention to the communicative aspect of language, meanwhile formal or generative grammar focuses on lnguage cognition The roots of Systemic Functional Grammar lie in sociology and anthropology rather than psychology and computer science Systemic functional grammar has two components: Systemic grammar and functional grammar They are two inseparable parts for an integral framework of linguistic theory “ Systemic grammar aims to explain the interal relations in language as a system network, or meaningful potential And this network consists of subsystems from which language users make choices Functional grammar aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction, based on the position that language system and the forms that make it up are inescapably determined by the uses of functions which they serve” (Hu Zhuanglin, 1988:307) 53 APPENDIX The inauguration speech of President Barack Obama ( From http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/obama_inauguration/7840646.stm) My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and co-operation he has shown throughout this transition Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because we, the people, have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbears, and true to our founding documents So it has been So it must be with this generation of Americans Serious challenges That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood Our nation is at war, against a farreaching network of violence and hatred Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered Our healthcare is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our We have chosen hope over adversaries and threaten our planet These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and fear, unity of purpose over and discord statistics Less measurable but no less profound is a conflict sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, that the next generation must lower its sights Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real They are serious and they are many They will not be met easily or in a short span of time But know this, America - they will be met On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn-out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics 54 Nation of 'risk-takers' We remain a young nation, but in the words of scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given It must be earned Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less It has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labour, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and travelled across oceans in search of a new life For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and ploughed the hard earth For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn 'Remaking America' Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of The state of the economy calls birth or wealth or faction This is the journey we continue today We remain the for action, bold and swift most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year Our capacity remains undiminished But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions - that time has surely passed Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America For everywhere we look, there is work to be done The state of our economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act - not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise healthcare's quality and lower its cost We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories And we will transform our 55 schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age All this we can All this we will Restoring trust Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions - who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans Their memories are short For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage We reject as false the choice What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them - that the stale political arguments between our safety and our ideals that have consumed us for so long no longer apply The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works - whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward Where the answer is no, programmes will end And those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account - to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and our business in the light of day - because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control - that a nation cannot prosper long when it favours only the prosperous The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our gross domestic product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on the ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart - not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good 'Ready to lead' As for our common defence, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals Our founding fathers, faced with perils that we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expedience's sake And so to all the other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman, and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and we are ready to lead once more 56 We will not apologise for our Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and way of life, nor will we waver communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with the its defence sturdy alliances and enduring convictions They in understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to as we please Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint We are the keepers of this legacy Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort - even greater co-operation and understanding between nations We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the spectre of a warming planet We will not apologise for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defence, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you 'Era of peace' For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus - and non-believers We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their society's ills on the West - know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history; but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to the suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the world's resources without regard to effect For the world has changed, and we must change with it 'Duties' 57 As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains They have something to tell us, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages We honour them not only because they are the guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service; a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves And yet, at this moment - a moment that will define a generation - it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all What is required of us now is For as much as government can and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American a new era of responsibility people upon which this nation relies It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate Our challenges may be new The instruments with which we meet them may be new But those values upon which our success depends - honesty and hard work, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism - these things are old These things are true They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history What is demanded then is a return to these truths What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility - a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world, duties that we not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task 'Gift of freedom' This is the price and the promise of citizenship This is the source of our confidence - the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed - why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than 60 years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have travelled In the year of America's birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river The capital was abandoned The enemy was advancing The snow was stained with blood At a moment when the outcome of our 58 revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people: "Let it be told to the future world that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it]." America In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come Let it be said by our children's children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God's grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations Thank you God bless you And God bless the United States of America APPENDIX Classification of expansion relation between clauses in the clause complexes in the speech ELABORATION: clauses 5th ||| (12) Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land || (13) a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next =2 generation must lower its sights ||| 8th ||| (18) On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn-out dogmas, ||(19) that for far too long have α =β 59 strangled our politics ||| 11th ||| (26) It has not been the path for the fainthearted ||(27) for those who prefer =2 leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame ||| 12th ||| (28) Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things some celebrated, but more often men and women obscure in their labor || (29)who have α =β 26th||| (66) Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions ||(67) who α =β suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans ||| 28th||| (71) What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them ||(72) that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply ||| =2 41st ||| (98) To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, || (99) based on mutual interest α =β and mutual respect ||| 47th ||| (114) It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parents‟ willingness to nurture a child, || (115) that finally decides our fate ||| α =β 60 48th ||| (116) This is the source of our confidence || (117) the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny ||| =2 EXTENSION: 16 paratactic clauses  Positive addition 3rd ||| (6) Homes have been lost; || (7) jobs shed; ||(8) businesses shuttered.||| +2 +3 4th ||| (9) Our health care is too costly; || (10) our schools fail too many; ||(11) and each +2 +3 6th ||| (14) They are serious ||(15) and they are many ||| +2 13th ||| (30) For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions ||(31) and traveled +2 across oceans in search of a new life ||| 14th ||| (32) For us, they toiled in sweatshops ||(33) and settled the West; ||(34) endured the lash of the whip ||(35) and plowed the hard earth +2 +3 +4 15th ||| (36) For us, they fought ||(37) and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; +2 Normandy and Khe Sahn ||| 18th ||| (43) Our minds are no less inventive, ||(44) our goods and services no less 61 +2 needed than they were last week or last month or last year ||| 24th||| (62) We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars || (63) and +2 run our factories ||| 36th ||| (88) Those ideals still light the world, || (89) and we will not give them up for expedience's sake ||| +2 38th ||| (92) We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, ||(93) and forge a hard1 +2 earned peace in Afghanistan ||| 39th ||| (94) With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, || (95) and roll back the specter of a warming planet ||| +2 43rd ||| (105) For the world has changed, || (106) and we must change with it.||| +2 51st ||| (123) With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, || (124) and endure what storms may come |||  Adversative addition +2 62 9th ||| (20) We remain a young nation, || (21) but in the words of Scripture, the time has +2 come to set aside childish things.||| 33rd ||| (82) Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, ||(83) but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous|||  +2 Negative addition 40th ||| (96) We will not apologize for our way of life,||(97)nor will we waver in its +2 defense ||| ENHANCEMENT: 13 hypotactic clauses  Causal - conditional 7th ||| (16) On this day, we gather ||(17) because we have chosen hope over fear, unity α ×β of purpose over conflict and discord ||| 25th||| (64) And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities ||(65) to α meet the demands of a new age ||| ×β 63 32nd ||| (80) And those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and our business in the light of day - - || (81)because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their Government ||| α ×β 37th ||| (90) Guided by these principles once more, || (91) we can meet those new threats ×β α that demand even greater effort even greater cooperation and understanding between nations.||| 46th ||| (112) For as much as government can and must do, || (113) it is ultimately the ×β α faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies |||  Manner 1st ||| (1) I stand here today || (2) humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you α ×β have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors ||| 44th ||| (107) They have something to tell us today, || (108) just as the fallen heroes who lie α ×β in Arlington whisper through the ages |||  Temporal 16th ||| (38) Time and again, these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked ||(39) till their hands were raw ||(40) so that we might live a better life ||| 64 α ×β ×γ 39th ||| (94) With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, || (95) and roll back the specter of a warming planet ||| +2 50th ||| (121) At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, || (122) ×β α the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people: ||| 17th ||| (41) Our workers are no less productive than || (42) when this crisis began ||| α  ×β Spatial 20 th ||| (49) For everywhere we look, ||(50) there is work to be done ||| ×β α 30th ||| (76) Where the answer is yes, || (77) we intend to move forward ||| ×β α 31st ||| (78) Where the answer is no, || (79) programs will end ||| ×β α NESTING 2nd ||| (3) At these moments, America has carried on || (4) not simply because of the skill 65 or vision of those in high office, || (5) but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebearers, and true to our founding documents ||| (causal - addition) α ×β1 + β2 10th||| (22) The time has come || (23) to reaffirm our enduring spirit; || (24) to choose our better history; ||(25) to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness ||| (causal - addition) α ×β1 + β2 + β3 21st ||| (51) The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, ||(52) and we will act ||(53) not only to create new jobs, ||(54) but to lay a new foundation for growth||| (addition - causal) +2 α ×2β1 +2β2 23rd ||| (58) We will restore science to its rightful place, ||(59) and wield technology's wonders ||(60) to raise health care's quality ||(61) and lower its cost.||| (addition - causal) +2 α ×2β1 +2β2 42nd ||| (100) To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you || (101) to make your farms flourish || (102) and let clean waters flow;|| (103) to nourish starved bodies|| (104) and feed hungry minds ||| (causal - addition) α ×β1 +β2 ×γ1 +γ2 45th ||| (109) We honor them || (110) not only because they are guardians of our liberty, || (111) but because they embody the spirit of service; a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves ||| (causal - addition) α ×β1 +β2 66 35th ||| (86) Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, ||drafted a Charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, || (87) a charter expanded by the blood of generations.||| ( Causal - elaboration ) ×β α1 = α2 19th ||| (45) Starting today, ||(46) we must pick ourselves up, ||(47) dust ourselves off, ||(48) and begin again the work of remaking America.||| ( temporal - addition) ×β α1 +α2 +α3 27th|||(68) For they have forgotten what this country has already done; ||(69) what free men and women can achieve ||(70) when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage ||| (Elaboration - temporal) =2 α ×2β 49th ||| (118) This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed || (119) why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, || (120) and why a man whose father less than 60 years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath ||| ( elaboration addition) =21 +22 22nd ||| (55) We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines ||(56) that feed our commerce || (57) and bind us together ||| (elaboration - addition) α = β1 +β2 29th ||| (73) The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, || (74) but whether it works || (75) whether it helps families find jobs at a decent 67 wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified ||| (addition - elaboration) +21 =22 ... and clarify types of expansion relations in a clause complex - study how expansion relations are expressed in President Barack Obama? ??s inauguration speech - offer some implications for teaching... first AfricanAmerican President in American history On January 20th 2009, the new American President Barack Obama gave his inaugural address before the Capital Rotunda in Washington According to... extension, hypotactic extension, paratactic enhancement and hypotactic enhancement In chapter 3, I analyze the inauguration speech of US President Barack Obama by looking into the expansion relations