VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ HỒNG HÀ A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE DISCOURSE OF AMERICAN AND VIETNAMESE MOVIE TRAILERS SO SÁNH ĐỐI CHIẾU ĐẶC ĐIỂM DIỄN NGÔN QUẢNG CÁO PHIM MỸ VÀ PHIM VIỆT M.A COMBINED PROGRAMME THESIS FIELD: LINGUISTICS CODE: 60 22 15 HANOI – 2011 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ HỒNG HÀ A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE DISCOURSE OF AMERICAN AND VIETNAMESE MOVIE TRAILERS SO SÁNH ĐỐI CHIẾU ĐẶC ĐIỂM DIỄN NGÔN QUẢNG CÁO PHIM MỸ VÀ PHIM VIỆT M.A COMBINED PROGRAMME THESIS FIELD: LINGUISTICS CODE: 60 22 15 SUPERVISOR: NGUYỄN HÒA HANOI – 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Certificate of originality ……………………………………………………………… Abstract Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………… Table of contents ……………………………………………………………………… PART A: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………… Rationale ……………………………………………………………………… The aims and scope of the study ……………………………………………… The research questions ………………………………………………………… Methodology…………………………………………………………………… Significance of the study ……………………………………………………… Design of the study …………………………………………………………… PART B: DEVELOPMENT …………………………………………………………… Chapter I: Theoretical background …………………………………………………… Theories of discourse ………………………………………………………… 1.1 The concept of discourse …………………………………………………… 1.2 Discourse analysis ………………………………………………………… 1.3 The functions of language …………………………………………………… 1.4 Register and genre in discourse analysis …………………………………… 1.4.1 Register …………………………………………………………………… 1.4.2 Genre ……………………………………………………………………… 1.4.3 Register and genre in discourse analysis ………………………………… 1.4.4 Advertisements as “style”, “register” and “genre” ………………………… 1.5 The language of advertising ………………………………………………… 1.5.1 Definition of advertising ………………………………………………… 1.5.2 Functions of advertising …………………………………………………… 1.5.3 A model of advertising process …………………………………………… 1.5.4 General features of advertising language ………………………………… 1.6 Movie trailer ………………………………………………………………… 1.6.1 What is a movie trailer? …………………………………………………… 1.6.2 History of movie trailers ………………………………………………… 1.6.3 Media used to advertise movie trailers …………………………………… Chapter II: Features of American movie trailers …………………………………… 2.1 Structure of American movie trailers………………………………………… 2.1.1 Defining discourse mode of movie trailers ……………………………… 2.1.2 Structure of American movie trailers …………………………………… 2.2 Features of language used in American movie trailers……………………… 2.2.1 Grammatical features ……………………………………………………… 2.2.2 Lexical features …………………………………………………………… 2.2.3 Rhetorical features ………………………………………………………… 2.3 Explanation of the relationship between discourse processes and socio-psychological processes in movie trailers …………………………… 2.4 Concluding remarks ………………………………………………………… i ii iii iv 1 2 7 8 8 11 11 12 12 13 15 15 17 18 19 20 20 22 23 25 25 25 26 33 33 38 42 42 50 Chapter 3: Features of Vietnamese movie trailers and a comparison between American and Vietnamese movie trailers …………………………………………… 3.1 Structure of Vietnamese movie trailers and a comparison between American and Vietnamese movie trailers‟ structure ……………………………………… 3.2 Linguistic features of Vietnamese movie trailers and a comparison between American and Vietnamese movie trailers‟ linguistic features …………………… 3.2.1 Grammatical features ……………………………………………………… 3.2.2 Lexical features …………………………………………………………… 3.2.3 Rhetorical features ………………………………………………………… 3.3 Concluding remarks ………………………………………………………… PART C: CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………… Summary of the study ………………………………………………………… Summary of the main findings ………………………………………………… 2.1 Similarities ………………………………………………………………… 2.2 Differences ………………………………………………………………… Conclusion …………………………………………………………………… Implications for English language teaching and learning …………………… Suggestions for further study …………………………………………… REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………… APPENDIX …………………………………………………………………………… 51 51 53 53 57 60 65 67 67 67 67 68 69 69 70 71 I PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale The primary goal of any industry is sales – producers spare no efforts to sell as many of their products as possible The same trend can be seen in movie industry in which the product is of a very special kind: it is “an experience of an entire show that eventually would feature one special film that would run only for a certain period of time and be replaced by a similar – but different – movie” (Cinema Journal, Vol 29, No 3, Spring 1990) Adapting the notion that merely supplying the movie is insufficient in new age of film development, film producers, distributors and exhibitors accept the prevailing idea that demand for a movie can be stimulated, directed and controlled by industrially produced representations To achieve the stimulation, direction and control over the demand, a very effective advertising tool – movie trailers - is used to persuade audiences to “buy” the experience of a show In movie trailers, language is used as an effective means of conveying advertising messages It is obvious that language used in movie trailers is different from that used in other fields such as tourism, technology or law; it has its own characteristics and serves its own functions; and the task of linguists and interested people is to discover and understand these characteristics and functions for broadening human knowledge and exploiting them to the full in human life A number of studies have been done on advertising such as commercials or technology advertisements; however, research on movie trailers is still a new area Hence, I realize that filling this gap of knowledge is absolutely a necessity The study of movie trailers can be approached in different directions, each of which provides different aspects of knowledge on the subject As a Vietnamese student studying English, I am determined to make a comparative analysis of Vietnamese and American movie trailers which is hoped to provide some helpful knowledge for such people who are concerned as advertisers, EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teachers and students In short, it is clear that studying this issue is beneficial for English teaching and learning Therefore, I decided to carry out the study: “A comparative analysis on the discourse of American and Vietnamese movie trailers.” The aims and scope of the study 2.1 The aims The principal purpose of this study is to contribute a richer and more systematic conceptual understanding of advertising language used in movie trailers Specifically, this study focuses on finding out the structure and linguistic features of advertising language of American and Vietnamese movie trailers It identifies, studies, and compares the similarities and differences in terms of structure and linguistic features between English and Vietnamese movies trailers Besides, it helps teachers, learners, advertisers and translators to have better understanding and interpretation of movie trailers 2.2 The scope This study focuses on describing and presenting only the structural and linguistic features in movie trailers and analyzing those characteristics of the two languages in American and Vietnamese movie trailers Within a limited time and knowledge, it is not my ambition to mention all issues of movie trailers such as music, sound, ect; but only discourse structure and linguistic features of movie trailers The research questions This study seeks the answers to three research questions: What structure characterizes American and Vietnamese movie trailers? What are the most effective linguistic features characterizing American and Vietnamese movie trailers? What are the similarities and differences between American and Vietnamese movie trailers in terms of structure and linguistic features? Methodology 4.1 Methods The descriptive method and comparative analysis have been applied to this study + The descriptive method The study follows the descriptive approach as it “involves a collection of techniques used to specify, delineate or describe naturally occurring phenomena without experimental manipulation” (Seliger & Shohamy, 1989:124) Therefore, the collection of data will be conducted via non-intrusive and non-manipulative processes The descriptive approach provides an investigation into the frequency of the occurrence of some linguistic features in American and Vietnamese movie trailers The aim of this type of study is to find out more about the phenomena and capture it with detailed information + A comparative analysis: According to Carl (1980:18), a comparative analysis is viewed as an interlinguistic, bidirectional phenomenon which is concerned with both the form and function of language As such, comparative analysis must view language psycho-linguistically and socio-linguistically as a system to be both described and acquired The comparative analysis is suitable for the study because it is concerned with the comparison of two subjects: Vietnamese and American movie trailers Furthermore, both the form of the language and its functions in real life are considered The analysis of movie trailers is in close relation with psychological and social basis because the language of movie trailers is only meaningful when not being separated from these bases 4.2 Data collection and processing 50 movie trailers are collected randomly, 25 American and 25 Vietnamese trailers mainly on the internet or some established television channels Data analysis After collection, each movie trailer is analyzed in terms of discourse structure and linguistic features Descriptive method is applied in this stage Then American and Vietnamese movie trailers‟ features are compared and contrasted in terms of discourse structure and linguistic features The method of comparative analysis is exploited in this stage 4.3 Analytical framework 4.3.1 In terms of discourse structure: The analysis of discourse structure follows Labov‟s model of narrative structure According to Labov (1972), at a high level of structural analysis, a fullform narrative includes five main parts It begins with an orientation, proceeds to the complicating action, is suspended at the focus of evaluation before the resolution, concludes with the resolution and returns the listener to the present time with the coda (see the table below) Abstract Orientation Complicating Evaluation action Climax Resolution Coda Table 1: Labov‟s model of narrative structure 4.3.2 In terms of linguistic features Linguistic features including grammatical, lexical and rhetorical features have been taken into consideration 4.3.2.1 Grammatical features It is obvious that English and Vietnamese have different grammatical systems because Vietnamese is an analytic language while English is a morphologic-analytic one However, the writer has made an effort to find a shared coding system between language used in American movie trailers and that in Vietnamese ones and the analysis of grammatical features is based on English traditional grammar Time reference - In English: According to Bernard Comrie (1976:6), the semantic concept of time reference is grammaticalised in English , i.e it may have a grammatical category that expresses time reference, in which case we say that English has tenses As FabriciusHansen (2006) states in "Tense", in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, tense is usually indicated by a verb or modal verb In English, there are basically two tenses: present and past tense What is commonly called the future tense in English is not a true tense, but a modal construction that does not always appear (it is optional in subordinate constructions such as I hope you (will) go tomorrow, and is prohibited with other modals as in I can go tomorrow) - In Vietnamese: Bernard Comrie (1976) also states that many languages (including Vietnamese) lack tense, i.e not have grammatical time reference However, Vietnamese can lexicalise time reference, i.e have temporal adverbials that locate situations in time Present time reference: is expressed by “đang”, “bây giơ”, “hôm nay”, “hiên thơi”… ̀ ̣ ̀ Past time reference: “đa”, “vưa mơi”, “xong”, “rôi”… ̃ ̀ ́ ̀ Future time reference: “se”, “săp”… ̃ ́ Voice reference - In English, there are two voices: active and passive The passive voice, which provides information about the roles of different participants in an event, is formed with the auxiliary "be" and the "-ed" participle form of the lexical verb - In Vietnamese, like tense voice is not a recognized grammatical category and Vietnamese can lexicalize voice reference Passive reference is expressed by “bị” or “đươc” ̣ However, not all sentences including “bị ” or “đươc” are passive one Another criterion ̣ must be based on meaning: if the recipient of the action is the subject of the sentence, it expresses passive Mood reference - In English, a verb phrase can also express mood, which refers to the "factual or nonfactual status of events.” There are three moods: indicative, subjunctive and imperative Indicative mood: expresses an assertion, denial, or question Imperative mood: expresses command, prohibition, entreaty, or advice Subjunctive mood: expresses doubt or something contrary to fact - In Vietnamese, mood is not a grammatical category, too Mood reference is expressed by lexical elements Indicative reference: expresses in statements, questions… Subjunctive reference: expresses non-factual statements through “giá nêu, giả sử… , ́ ” Imperative reference: expresses command, advice…through “hãy, cư, đưng…” ́ ̀ Lexical and rhetorical phenomena are not culture-oriented, which means that these phenomena appear in any language whether it is an analytic or morphologic one 4.3.2.2 Lexical features: First, the use of word layers including: academic words, slangs or dialects, colloquial words is investigated Then there is an analysis of the use of particular kinds of words (descriptive adjectives and adverbs, first and second person addressee and negatives) 4.3.2.3 Rhetorical features: The following rhetorical devices are taken into consideration: hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, parallelism, contradiction 65 Among tropes, metaphor is generally thought as the fundamental figure of speech Metaphor is sometimes used in Vietnamese movie trailers to explain an abstract concept, conveying the concept and its features to the audience The use of metaphor increases the familiarity of the concept to the audience and motivates the audience to explore the concept and then the content of the trailer Tình u sự xa hoa mà mẹ khơng có (Sài Gòn nhật thực) Mày trúng số hả? (Cỏ đuôi gà) Here two pairs of concepts are implicitly compared: tình yêu – xa hoa (love – luxury) and trúng số - vui mừng (winning lotteries – being happy) Here metaphor is an imaginative way of describing two concepts “love” and “happy” by referring to something else “luxury” and “lottery winning”, which have the qualities the advertiser is trying to express Metaphors cause the audience to see thing in a new light, but that to see something in a new light is the work of imagination In other words, metaphor motivates the audience to form a new and fresh image in their mind Similarly, metaphor is also used in American movie trailers to achieve the benefits discussed above Use of metonymy In Vietnamese movie trailers, metonymy is not very widely used However, when it is used, it can brought about some effect on imagination e.g Chín tơi phải ngáy khị khị (Tết chạy ôsin) In the sentence above, we can see the relationship between two concepts “sleep” and “snore” Snoring is often one part of a sleeping process; in this case, “snore” is used to indicate “sleep” Rhetorical Number of Percenta Number of Percenta features American ge Vietnamese ge movie movie trailers 66 trailers Use of 32% 28% 13 52% 20% 24% 16% 12% 8% 8% 4% parallelism Use of hyperbole Use of contradictio n Use of metonymy Use of metaphor Table 14: Rhetorical features of American and Vietnamese movie trailers As is shown in the table, like in American movie trailers significant rhetorical features used in Vietnamese movie trailers are parallelism, hyperbole and contradiction; metonymy and metaphor can also be found in both of them but they are less popular than the others And it can be seen that rhetorical features are used more frequently in American movie trailers than in Vietnamese ones For example, the use of hyperbole and parallelism in American movie trailers accounts for 52% and 32% while in Vietnamese movie trailers 20% and 28% respectively The same pattern can be seen in the use of metaphor, contradiction and metonymy The rhetoric devices found in both American and Vietnamese movie trailers seem to show that the reliance on rhetoric to inspire imagination in movie trailers is not exclusive to any particular culture The more frequency of rhetorical devices in American movie trailers seems to suggest the professional use of language And when persuasion is the overriding goal, the rhetorical perspective suggests that the manner in which a statement is expressed may be more important than its propositional content Moreover, rhetoric promises a system for identifying the most effective form of expression in the case of advertising a movie trailer 67 3.3 Concluding remarks Like American movie trailers, Vietnamese trailers are also advertising devices designed to arouse audiences' attention to a movie and induce them to spend money enjoying the movies advertised As a special practical style, Vietnamese trailers have some outstanding features in the use of discourse structure, the use of grammatical phenomena, the use of words, and rhetorical features In terms of discourse structure, there are some differences between American and Vietnamese movie trailers American movie trailers are well-organized concise films which briefly show the thread of story told in the movie advertised American movie trailers follow the mode of narrative closely: there are often two fundamental parts: orientation and complication accompanied by climax The resolution part is left unrevealed It is promised to appear in the movie to satisfy the audience‟s curiosity and the need to find out the “truth” lying in the ending part of the movie advertised On the contrary, very few Vietnamese movie trailers are organized into mode of narratives Due to insufficient linguistic elements, parts of narrative are not clearly distinguished Most Vietnamese trailers are just combinations of “hot” scenes in the movie advertised Hereby, the function of information is not fulfilled and, as a result, the function of persuasion can not be maximized In terms of grammatical features, timelessness, indicative sentences and active sentences are widely used In terms of lexical features, everyday and informal words, gradable adjectives and adverbs, first and second person addressee are frequently used In terms of rhetorical features, parallelism, hyperbole, contradiction are greatly exploited By those linguistic features found above, the advertisers succeed in making Vietnamese movie trailers succinct, accurate and vivid and to provide rich imagination and plentiful associations for readers so as to stimulate their desire Differences in discourse structure may suggest the newly-born and unprofessional state of Vietnamese movie trailers in comparison with well-established and professional American ones This can be easily understandable because American possesses the biggest movie centre in the world and has a long history as well as has made a great progress in movie industry On the other hand, Vietnam does not have a long film history; the first movie in 68 Vietnam was just introduced in 1923 This leads to the fact that Vietnamese movie trailers are not as well-designed and professional as American ones More similarities and few significant differences in linguistic features between Vietnamese and American movie trailers seem to suggest that in every culture, advertising strategies (including particular choice of grammatical and lexical phenomena and some rhetorical features) would be similar It is certain that there have to be some cultural differences in this kind of advertisements; however, those differences possibly not lie in advertising strategies but in images they create in the audiences‟ mind 69 PART C: CONCLUSION Summary of the study To seek the answers to three research questions previously stated, the study identifies structure and effective linguistic features of American and Vietnamese movie trailers Then it compares American and Vietnamese movie trailers to find out similarities and differences in terms of structure and linguistic features The study follows the framework of Labov‟s narrative structure and English traditional grammar for the analysis It manages to go beyond the mere description by providing explanation on the main findings To obtain the purpose of the study, the descriptive and comparative method has been used in the study, yielding some main findings Summary of the main findings 2.1 Similarities 2.1.1 In terms of linguistic features 2.1.1.1 Grammatical features In terms of time reference, present tense in American movie trailers and timelessness in Vietnamese ones both express the sense of universality, freshness, temporary and immediacy In terms of mood reference, indicative mood reference is found in most sentences (the sentence in which indicative mood is expressed is declarative sentence) Declarative sentences are the commonest category and the staple of movie trailers where information is paramount In terms of voice reference, active sentences outnumber passive ones This makes the trailers more informal, more interesting, focusing and concise to the audience 2.1.1.2 Lexical choice Popular words are preferred in both American and Vietnamese movie trailers, which enhances the comprehension of the audience 70 Particular kinds of words are used: first and second person addressee are used to involve the audience in the communication; gradable adjectives and adverbs are used because they are the most descriptive words which can both provide the description of trailers advertised and strong feelings among the audience 2.1.1.3 Rhetorical features All the following rhetorical features are found in both Vietnamese and American movie trailers: parallelism, hyperbole, contradiction, metaphor, metonymy Fernandez (1991) has stated that the reliance on rhetoric is not exclusive to American or European culture All those rhetorical features contribute to the process of forming a desired image in the audience‟s mind 2.2 Differences 2.2.1 Structure In terms of fundamental components, a majority of American movie trailers are short stories told without revealing the end In other words, they often include two main parts: orientation and complication accompanied by climax In contrast, few Vietnamese movie trailers consist of both orientation and complication It can be seen clearly from the above finding that American trailers follow mode of narrative more closely than Vietnamese movie trailers It can be explained by the fact that linearity is one outstanding feature in American culture while Vietnamese culture fosters circularity and professional American movie advertising system in comparison with unprofessional characteristics of a newly born movie advertising system in Vietnam 2.2.1 Grammatical features With regard to the use of tense, simple present is used widely in American movie trailers while few time expressions are found in Vietnamese movie trailers 2.2.2 Rhetorical features All the rhetorical features in American movie trailers are also found in Vietnamese movie trailers but in different frequency (Rhetorical devices are used more frequently in American movie trailers) 71 Overall conclusion The descriptive method is used to investigate outstanding features including structure and effective linguistic features of both American and Vietnamese movie trailers All these features are to achieve the ultimate goals of advertising which are to raise the audience‟s interest, to provide information about the movie advertised and to persuade them to spend money for the movie Special structure of movie trailers raise the audience‟s interest and curiosity; the narrative mode the trailers follow is used to provide information and main events of the movie advertised; the linguistic features are powerful strategies used to create positive images of the movie which give rise to point-of-view formation and development of intentions for future action The comparative method is used to find out similarities and differences between American and Vietnamese movie trailers More similarities and few significant differences seem to suggest that in every culture, advertising strategies (including particular choice of grammatical and lexical phenomena and some rhetorical features) would be similar It is certain that there have to be some cultural differences in this kind of advertisements; however, those differences possibly not lie in advertising strategies but they might lie in images advertising strategies create in the audiences‟ mind Implications for English language teaching and learning There has been a longstanding interest among linguists in research on advertising language; however, research projects involved with movie trailers so far have been scanty and thus it is obfuscating for a researcher to find the related materials as the background for a new one By understanding how it works in reality, advertisers as well as language teachers may be better able to enhance their effectiveness in advertising situation and in the classroom In theoretical terms, it is hoped that the study will be of necessity for those who are interested in the discourse analysis method as well those who intend to further research in to the discourse of movie trailers in particular and narrative discourse in general As a teacher of English, I would focus on the implications of the investigation for English language teaching and learning Pedagogically, in order to attain a good command of a foreign language, learners should either be exposed to it in genuine circumstances and with 72 natural frequency, or painstakingly study lexis and syntax by trying to create contact with natural input Movie trailers are a huge source of that natural input, which is always available and very easy to obtain Understanding its discourse properties definitely facilitates the process of English learning and teaching TEFL teachers may use the result of this research in their classes in the following suggested ways With the comprehension of trailers‟ discourse, teachers will be more confident in choosing the genre as materials for their teaching (speaking, listening and writing) For example, in speaking classes, in each scene of a trailer there is a particular situation and students have to invent conversation (dialogue or monologue) After that, the dialogue or monologue in the movie is shown The conversations in the trailers certainly surprise students because they are the most outstanding and attractive ones extracted from the real movie Another instance may be the use of movie trailers in listening classes Their advantage is obvious because the pictures may support comprehension of conversation between characters Movie trailers can also be used effectively in writing classes in which students are asked to write the whole story for the trailers including the invention of resolution part Suggestions for further study Though ambitious, I can comprehend that the exclusion of some worthwhile aspects concerning this realm is inevitable within a research paper of fewer than 100 pages Therefore, I only focus on two elements of movie trailers: discourse structure and some linguistic features The selection of these two elements for investigation purpose is based on the availability of our research tools, time and source of data It is certain that there are other elements that deserve close examination For example, intertextuality can be study thoroughly and probably promise fruitful results As previously stated, the different cultural patterns in American and Vietnamese movie trailers is a significant topic of research This study can be used as the base for the topic recommended All in all, I hope that the efforts I put into this study are well-spent and that its results are of some significance for theorists and practitioners Mistakes are inevitable; 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from http://www1.dnet.gr.jp/~ys-4416/sannomiya/sannomiya2004w.pdf Thompson, C (2003), Acquiring word-meaning mappings for natural language interfaces, Journal of Artificial Research, 18, 1-44) Wallace, C & Forte, G (1987), The professional personal chef: the business of doing business as a personal chef, New Jersey: John Willey and Sons, Inc I APPENDIX Sources of 50 movie trailers analysed in the study, retrieved in September 2010 American movie trailers Trailer 1: 2012 http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x9nsgp_2012-official-movietrailer_shortfilms Trailer 2: From Paris with love http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xbton2_from-paris-with-love-bandeannonce_shortfilms Trailer 3: Killers http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xc6wno_killers-bande-annonce-trailer-1hd_shortfilms4 Trailer 4: An inconvenient truth http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xfsjp4_an-inconvenient-truth_news Trailer 5: Post Grad http://www.metacafe.com/watch/3134314/post_grad_official_trailer_hq/ Trailer 6: Robin Hood http://www.imdb.com/video/imdb/vi73860121/7 Trailer 7: Dance with wolves http://www.cinemagia.ro/trailer/dances-with-wolves-cel-care-danseaza-culupii-1043/ Trailer 8: Mr Woodcook http://www.imdb.com/video/imdb/vi3685810457/ Trailer 9: Rise of the Silver Surfer http://www.imdb.com/video/screenplay/vi2814837529/ 10 Trailer 10: Strong forever http://www.imdb.com/video/imdb/vi422314009/ 11 Trailer 11: V for Vendetta http://www.imdb.com/video/screenplay/vi4225761561/ 12 Trailer 12: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qApXdc1WPY uploaded by VISOtrailers 13 Trailer 13: Avatar http://www.imdb.com/video/imdb/vi2159674393/ 14: Trailer 14: Planet 51 http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xautie_planet-51-official-movietrailercom_people 15 Trailer 15: Precious http://www.imdb.com/video/screenplay/vi233309721/ 16 Trailer 16: Zombieland http://www.imdb.com/video/screenplay/vi233309721/ II 17: Trailer 17: 300 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7877563571007552036# 18: Trailer 18: Salt http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXZryPC7Gd0 uploaded by VISOtrailers 19: Trailer 19: Into the wild http://vimeo.com/10979672 20 Trailer 20: The ugly truth http://www.trailerspy.com/trailer/1422/The-Ugly-Truth-Trailer 21 Trailer 21: The hurt locker http://www.trailerspy.com/trailer/1422/The-Ugly-Truth-Trailer 22 Trailer 22: The last song http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x9fxeu_the-hurt-locker-trailer_shortfilms 23 Trailer 23: 500 days of summer http://www.imdb.com/video/screenplay/vi433390105/ 24 Trailer 24: Letter to Juliet http://letterstojuliet-movie.com/ 25 Trailer 25: Juno http://video.zing.vn/video/clip/Juno Trailer-Official.10427.html Vietnamese movie trailers Trailer 1: Giải cứu thần chết http://video.baamboo.com/watch/5/video/619046 Trailer 2: Giao lộ định mệnh http://vntrailer.net/phimvietnam/giao-lo-dinh-menh-trailer.html Trailer 3: Những nụ hôn rực rỡ http://video.zing.vn/video/clip/Nhung-Nu-Hon-Ruc-Ro-tung-teaser-trailerhoanh-trang Hau truong.158837.html Trailer 4: Sài Gòn nhật thực http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7330868665423029271# Trailer 5: Đep cm http://vnexpress.net/gl/van-hoa/2009/01/3ba0a126/page_2.asp Trailer 6: Chuyện tình xa xứ http://video.zing.vn/video/clip/Passport-To-Love Chuyen-Tinh-XaXu.76826.html Trailer 7: Bẫy rồng http://video.baamboo.com/watch/5/video/1079580 Trailer 8: Chuyện Pao http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oj_HY4I9hjM uploaded by Vndigital Trailer 9: Để mai tính http://vnexpress.net/gl/van-hoa/2010/03/3ba1a33c/page_3.asp 10 Trailer 10: Đừng đốt http://kine.cyworld.vn/detail/12000481815/2471 11 Trailer 11: Khi yêu đừng quay đầu lại III http://video.zing.vn/video/clip/Trailer-Phim-Khi-Yeu-Dung-Quay-Dau-Lai-Phim-Tet-2010.193628.html 12 Trailer 12: Long Thành cầm giả ca http://clip.vn/watch/Trailer-Long-thanh-cam-gia-ca,Dg3g 13 Trailer 13: Vũ điệu tình yêu http://video.baamboo.com/watch/5/video/442905 14 Trailer 14: Công chúa teen ngũ hổ tướng http://video.zing.vn/video/clip/Trailer-HD-Cong-Chua-Teen-va-Ngu-HoTuong HOT.180575.html 15 Trailer 15: Khát vọng Thăng Long http://vnexpress.net/gl/van-hoa/2010/10/3ba215a8/page_3.asp 16 Trailer 16: Cocktail cho tình yêu http://phim.baamboo.com/watch/3/video/174748/1 17 Trailer 17: Nhật kí Bạch Tuyết http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSrW4OwnuRI uploaded by Galaxymovies 18 Trailer 18: Áo lụa Hà Đông http://phim.baamboo.com/watch/3/video/159078/1/phim-video-clip-Ao-LuaHa-Dong-The-White-Silk-Dress-2007.html 19 Trailer 19: Tuổi trẻ anh hùng http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BQg0DKxHJA 20 Trailer 20: Thiên sứ 99 http://video.zing.vn/video/clip/Trailer-Thien-su-99.284269.html 21 Trailer 21: Cô dâu đại chiến http://vntrailer.net/trailermoi/co-dau-d%E1%BA%A1i-chi%E1%BA%BFnphim-t%E1%BA%BFt-2011.html 22 Trailer 22: Saigon Yo! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLtJTAMBtJo uploaded by Saigonelectric 23 Trailer 23: Tết chạy ôsin http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQMLliIzh50 uploaded by Naphuonghic 24 Trailer 24: Cỏ đuôi gà http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dzFt5oqSBI uploaded by Salafilm 25 Trailer 25: Bóng ma học đường http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQbL29iRFnY uploaded by Mixtara ... fundamental parts which appear in the majority of all the trailers analysed are orientation and complication Other parts such as abstract, coda and evaluation are optional parts The typical position... Chapter 3: Features of Vietnamese movie trailers and a comparison between American and Vietnamese movie trailers …………………………………………… 3.1 Structure of Vietnamese movie trailers and a comparison... rhetorical devices are taken into consideration: hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, parallelism, contradiction 7 Significance of the study ? ?A comparative analysis on the discourse of American and Vietnamese