INTRODUCTION The necessity of the subject Landscape research and landscape assessment are scientific basis and important research direction for using resources reasonably, layouting territorial space reasonably, protecting environment which aim to the sustainable development This research direction has significant advantages, solving many problems that are existing in the use of resources for socio-economic development of Quangngai province today Quang Ngai has great potential to develop a comprehensive economy However, the current status of economic development is not commensurate with the available potential Although exploitation of natural resources has planned, they have not been evaluated in details and have not been focused on resources renewability, they have been left many consequences: infertile soil, degradation, desertification, pollution, filled - estuaries compensation, coastal erosion, ect How to exploit, to use resources reasonably for production? How to increase productivity and efficiency of economic sectors? And how to assess the landscape units which are most appropriate to continue the expansion of the area of rubber trees, the ability to expand its area? ect From reality above, the subject of "Landscape research and assessment for the purpose of reasonable use of natural resources and environmental protection in Quang Ngai" is aiming to contribute to solve the inadequaced problems in the exploitation and the reasonable use of natural resources and environmental protection of Quangngai province and a number of developmental orientations for rubber trees All of them serving the longterm goal is sustainable development in Quang Ngai Objectives and tasks 2.1 Objectives: Researching and assessing Quangngai’s landscapes, clarifying natural potentials and exploiting situations of natural resources of Quangngai are aiming to establish the scientific basis for exploiting and using resources reasonably, protecting environment towards the sustainable development 2.2 Tasks Task 1: Reviewing of the documents which are relating to the research, assessing landscapes which are serving for the reasonable use of resources, environmental protection and other documents relating to the research territory to form the theorial base for the subject Task 2: Analyzing factors established landscape, forming the Quangngai’s landscape map at scale of 1: 100,000 , Binhson’s landscape map at scale of; 1: 50,000; Analyzing structure of landscapes in order to clarify the natural classification rules in research territories Task 3: Assessing landscapes and classification appropriate level of each landscape kind for economic development of the province; rubber trees (in Binh Son) and proposing directions of reasonable use of resources , environmental protection in Quang Ngai Scope of research 3.1 Scope of territory: The research territory is limited in the Quangngai province, focusing on landward, not at sea and not at the islands of the province 3.2 Scope of science: The thesis focuses on researching Quangngai’s landscapes (map at scale of 1: 100,000) and assessing Quangngai’s landscapes with the level of kind for the development of three sectors: agriculture, forestry and tourism; assessing Binhson landscapes with the level of form for development of rubber trees (map at scale of 1: 50,000) Thesis also focuses on the consideration of climate resources, land, water and forest resources The measures for reasonable use of landscape units and environmental protection have been proposed on results of landscape assessment and the unreasonable of exploitation, using situation of natural resources of the province Protected arguments Argument 1: General geographic approach and landscape approach in reseaching Quangngai’s territory will clarify the diversified differentiation, but it is under the natural rules and it is expressed through the differentiating features: one landscape system, one landscape sub-system, one landscape type, three landscape classes, seven landscape subclasses, sixteen landscape categories and one hundred and thirty nine landscape kinds as well as the ability and practical applying value for the development of the province Argument 2: Landscape analysis and assessment of research territory are the scientific and practical basis in order to determine the preferred spatial organizing orientations for developing agriculture, forestry and tourism in Quangngai province (landscape map at scale of 1:100.000) and spatial distribution, ability to expand the area of rubber tree in Binh Son district (landscape map at scale of 1:50.000) New findings of the PhD thesis Forming landscape map at scale of 1:100.000 for Quangngai province and at scale of 1:50.000 for Binhson district Determining the favorable level and the order of priority of landscape kinds for agriculture, forestry and tourism in Quangngai, as well as ability to expand the area and spatial distribution of rubber trees in Binh Son Proposing some orientations for using resources reasonably and protecting environment, developing manufacturing sectors towards sustainability in Quangngai Scientific and practical significance of the subject 6.1 Scientific significance: Research results will contribute to improve the methodology and research methods, assessment of natural potentiality towards synthetic natural geography for a specific territory 6.2 Practical significance: Research results will contribute to orient reasonable use of natural resources, to layout reasonable producting space by the landscape units; support planning workers to build the strategy for the socio – economic sustainable development in Quangngai The basis of the thesis document The thesis is implemented with the volume of rich materials, including scientific works, the subject at all levels, the programs, the projects in which contain contents on landscape research and assessment in nationwide, in the South Central Coast and in Quang Ngai; works, Doctoral candidate's articles during the studying time for four years, the materials obtained from the field Thesis structure The thesis is presented in 148 pages, including 24 figures, 29 tables In addition to the introduction, conclusion, references and appendices, the thesis consists of three chapters: Chapter 1: Theoretical background of landscape research and assessment for the purpose of practical applications Chapter 2: Landscape characteristics of Quanngai province Chapter 3: Landscape assessment of Quangngai province and some using orientations Detailed contents are outlined in Figure and Table CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF LANDSCAPE RESEARCH AND ASSESSMENT FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS 1.1 Overview the related works 1.1.1 In the World: Landscape research was conducted very early, research contents have become more and more diverse and intensive Results of landscape assessments have served many different purposes 1.1.2 In Vietnam: Synthetic natural geographical research in Vietnam began soon, but the landscape study developed later Basically, Vietnam’s landscape study followed the schools of Russia (former Soviet Union) The Vietnamese landscape researcher creatively applied to the practical conditions of our country Each stage of development, works had different names In spite of, landscape research on different territorial ranges, works have directed to the goal of exploitation and reasonable use of resource, territorial space for socio-economic development and environmental protection 1.1.3 In Quang Ngai: Landscape researchs in the Central Coast including Quang Ngai have implemented pretty much, but landscape researchs for only Quangngai province have limited The works about Quang Ngai have focused in three main directions: Research the each component of nature; research the natural condition synthesis, natural resources, environment and disaster prevention; research the socio-economic activities, producting models and the influences of human activities on natural landscapes 1.1.4 General comments: The selected research direction of the thesis is necessary for Quangngai Want to exploit and use natural resource reasonably is essential to assess the Quangngai’s potentials and strengths - the synthetic research on landscape opinion 1.2 Issues related to research contents In addition to the main issues are the landscape concept, the landscape research, the landscape assessment, the thesis also refers to natural conditions, natural resources, reasonable use of natural resources and environmental protection in landscape research and landscape assessment 1.3 Methodology and research methods 1.3.1 Research opinions: During the process of thesis performence, Doctoral candidate has based on the opinions: The synthetic - systematic opinion; the territorial opinion; the historical opinion; sustainable development opinion In particular, the synthetic - systematic opinion is key Chapter To sum up, To analyze the system - The landscape research, assessment situation - The contents relating to the subject - Methodology of landscape research, assessment applied for research territory Contents Methods Results Chapter Chapter To conduct the fieldwords To sum up, To map, to analyze the space in GIS To analyze the system - To get experts’ opinions - To assess landscapes - To To map, to analyze the space in GISsynthesize and to analyze the system - To conduct the fieldworks ristics of the factors that forming Quangngai’s landscapes of theDecentralizating favorable landscape Map - To propose reasonable use of resources and priority space to trees in Binhso - The landscape assessment maps the economic forestry, tourism development in Quangngai; rubberdevelop produ Landscape diversity of-Quangngai components forming the levels of each kind of landscape forfor agriculture,development of Quangngai Province; - Quangngai’s landscape- map -To propose environmental protection Decentralizating favorable orientation maps for economic development in Binhson - The spatial levels of each form of landscape for rubber trees - Binhnon’s landscapes map - To proposal development, - The spatial orientation maps for the rubber tree development expansion of rubber trees in Binhson Figure 1: Diagram of the structures, detailed contents, methods of implementation and results of the thesis Table 1.Research contents and results of each chapter of the thesis Chaper The problems (to research) - Quangngai has not synthetic research, assessment for each landscape unit - Quangngai has not overall developing orientations on each landscape unit Research the individual components Research the synthesis in small territorial units - Advantages of natural conditions and natural resources have not been fully released Socio-economic activities have left negative impacts on environment Targets Questions need to be solved (hypothesis) To understand the landscape research and assessment theories and apply to study in Quangngai How to apply landscape research and assessment to research in Quangngai in order to come up with the synthetic using orientations by Quangngai’s landscape units? - To find the rules of natural differentiation that covering researched territorial nature - To understand the role of each factor that creating landscapes and differential characteristics of Quangngai with landscape map at scale of 1:100.000) and landscape map at scale of 1:50.000 in Binhson - To identify natural potentials for developing economic sectors - Landscape changing rules and oriented recommendations to use resources reasonably and protect environment at production territories - Which territorial natural landscapes differentiate by geographical rules? - Which factors form and effect the landscape differentiation of Quangngai? - How are Quangngai’s landscape characteristics showed? - How to maximize the advantages of the natural conditions for socioeconomic development in Quangngai? How much rubber tree area are expand and where distribution is more appropriate? Documents and research methods - The references of landscape research and assessment theories in the world and Vietnam - Synthesizing and analyzing system - Databases (digital maps), paper maps Synthesizing, analyzing system, fielding, mapping, GIS - Plannings, plans, targets for local socioeconomic development Synthesizing, analyzing the system, assessing the landscapes; GIS; getting experts’ opinion; conducting field surveys Results and discussions Conclusions - The development periods and trends, landscape research anh assessment situation in the world and Vietnam - Landscape research and assessment methods were determined to apply to the research territory Landscape research and assessment have solved the problems in Quangngai, which is the essential research direction for Quang Ngai - Each element has a certain role for the generation of Quangngai’s landscapes - Synthesis effects of the factors (nature, mining territory of the people) to create landscape differentiation - Quangngai’s landscapes belong to landscape system, landscape layers, landscape sub-layers, 16 landscape categories and 139 landscape kinds Binhson has 48 landscape kinds and 107 landscape forms Quangngai’s landscapes have diverse and complex distribution but they still shows the general rule and dominant forms of exploitation and use of nature - Landscape assessing maps for developing economic sectors of Quangngai province and landscape assessment maps for developing rubber tree in Binhson - Quangngai has strengths for developing agriculture, potentials for developing forestry, advantages for developing marine tourism and large abilities for developing and expanding the rubber tree Orientations given are in accordance with the practical situation in Quangngai 1.3.2 Research methods: Doctoral Candidate uses traditional and modern research methods of Geography, both method qualitative and semi-quantitative: synthetic and system analysis method; fieldwork; map method, spatial analysis using GIS tools; expert method and rural rapid assessment method; landscape assessment method 1.3.3 Steps of performance of thesis research: The process of performance of the thesis is shown in Figure It consists of three main stages: - Preparation (to define objectives, tasks and research methods; to process documents, data) – The performance of landscape research and assessment (to analyse factors formed landscapes, to construct classification criteria system, to form landscape maps; landscape assessment for developing the production and rubber tree) - Proposed orientations (to use resources and manufacturing space reasonably in the landscape units CQ, to protect environment and to expand the area of rubber trees in Binh Son district) 1.4 Landscape research methodology: The process of landscape research needs to be defined the purpose, the object, the applied principles; to be built the classification systems, to be formed the landscape maps and the research contents for the selected territories 1.4.1 Purposes and objects of landscape research - The landscape research’s purposes: To clarify the diversity in structure, function of landscapes; to find the landscape differentiating rules and some resources by landscape units - The landscape research’s objects: are landscape units Research objects with landscape map at scale of 1:100,000 are landscape kinds, with landscape map at scale of 1:50,000 are landscape forms 1.4.2 Landscape classification system and the landscape map The landscape classification system applied to the research territory consists of eight levels The order of levels and diagnostic criteria of each level are shown in Table With the map at scale of 1: 100,000, thesis selected the basis unit is landscape kinds, with the map at scale of 1: 50,000 is landscape forms Research results Landscape research and landscape assessment The preparation Objectives, tasks and research objects Methodology and research methods Database Figure 2: Schematic of implemented-steps process of the thesis (system approach process) Table 2: Landscape classification system applied to Quangngai province N o Classificatio n levels Landscape system Landscape subsystem Criteria Radiated background, solar radiation energy decide temperature - humidity mode depending on tropical, combined with continent-sized circulation system The interaction between terrain and the monsoon circulation, the redistribution of temperature - humidity mode of the territory Landscape type Landscape class Huge terrain morphology arising characteristics, showing the rule of non-tropical differentiation of nature Landscape subclass Divided within the class-level range, based on the terrain morphology characteristics, expressed by high-belt differentiation Landscape category Landscape kind Characterized by correlative relationships between present plant communities and a kind of soil Landscapes form Characterized by correlative relationships between present plant communities and a combination of soil Vegetation types followed the arisen origin The types of terrain that arising with modern dynamic characteristics The mapping process of landscape in the researched territory has been conducted as shown in Figure Terrain Soil Vegetation status Climate data Hydrological data khí hậu Slope Height Terrain types Water resources Soil kinds climate classification Plant overlays Mechanical components Soil thickness Landscape map at scale of 1:100.000 Landscape map at scale of 1: 50.000 Figure 3: Diagram of the mapping process of the researched territory landscapes 1.4.3 The landscape research contents: The landscape research is landscape formation and landscape analysis (analyzing the landscape structures, functions and dynamics) Applying the landscape research theory, the thesis demonstrated the diverse differentiation of Quangngai’s landscapes The differentiation follows the elevation terrain, seasonal rhythm are covered characteristics of the natural of the whole province 1.5 Landscape assessment methodology 1.5.1 Subjects of landscape assessment: are landscape units at different levels, depended upon the purpose of assessment Landscape assessment for the development of manufacturing sectors in the whole province (landscape map at scale of 1: 100,000), the objects are the landscape kinds Landscape assessment for rubber trees in Binh Son (landscape map at scale of 1: 50,000), objects are landscape forms 1.5.2 Purposes, tasks, principles of the landscape assessment Purposes: Determine the favorable level of each landscape kind in the whole province for developing agriculture, forestry, tourism and determine the favorable level of each landscape form in Binhson for developing and expanding the area of rubber trees Tasks: Assess the whole province’s landscapes and identify the most suitable manufacturing sector to each landscape kind In case, landscape assessment for rubber trees: need to find the distribution that is most suitable for it in Binhson in order to bring most effective Principles: The thesis applied the principle of synthesis, objectivity, relative adaptation 1.5.3 Nội dung bước tiến hành đánh giá cảnh quan * Contents of the landscape assessment According to Pham Hoang Hai, contents of the landscape assessment are summarized in Figure 4: Ecological characteristics of the works, industrial - technical characteristics of the manufacturing sectors Characteristics of the natural synthesis units Synthetic assessment To determine the appropriate level of overall natural components the for specific practical objectives To propose recommendations to the use of reasonable resources and environmental protection Figure 4: Diagram of Essential content of synthesis assessment process * The steps of the landscape assessment: Selecting, building the assessing criteria system; building the scale and weighting grade for the criteria; Selecting the assessing methods To score an assessment for the landscapes, the thesis used the average formula n Xa = 1/n ∑ kiXi In which: (I) i =1 10 Quangngai’s diurnal tide is irregular The salinity is about 32‰, it changes seasonally Big waves, especially storms, high waves from 1.5 to 2.0 meters, cause the landslides in the coast, estuaries seriously 2.1.2.5 Soils: Quangngai has soil groups, 17 soil kinds The major soil groups: sandy soil groups (C), Alluvial soil groups (P), saline soil groups (M), convergent sloping soil groups (D), eroded soil groups that bare stones (E), barren soil groups (feralit soil- F), barren soil groups on the mountains (H), gray soil groups (X) and black soil groups (R) The distribution of the soil kinds, contributed to the various landscapes of Quang Ngai At the same time, it dominated the mode of exploitation, the use of soil resources in The province 2.1.2.6 Creatures: “Quangngai has ever existed an evergreen tropical monsoon raining forest vegetation, accounts for about three quarters natural area” Natural vegetation consists of: less affected natural forests; secondary forests; mangrove forests; shrub grasslands; Vegetation impacted by humans including planted forests; crops Vegetation cover to protect the soil, to limit soil erosion, landslides on steep terrain Status of native vegetation has identified Quangngai that belongs to a landscape type of monsoon raining tropical evergreen closed forest 2.1.2.7 The natural processes and natural disasters Quangngai is often strongly influenced by natural disasters (storms, heavy rains, landslides, river erosions, floods, droughts …) The great floods caused the serious losses about people and possessions, environmental pollution after floods and natural landscape changes In contrast, in the dry season, desertification phenomenon increases Salt water intrusion into estuaries, coastal plains The losses of environment have not been rated yet The natural disaster are proofs of the tight relationship between the components of formings landscapes in Quangngai The elements forming landscapes dominated each other, decided the characteristics, structures, functions and the landscape changing dynamics according to the laws of nature, without the impact of human 2.1.3 The economic - social factors and the level of human impacts 2.1.3.1 Populations, labors and farming practices: Quangngai has large population: 1.219.286 peoples (2010), accounting for 1.41% of the national population The average density: 237 people / km ² (2010), focusing mainly in the plain, making great pressure on employment (40,000 agricultural workers unemployed in 2010) Meanwhile, mountainous regions lack labors severely In Quangngai, the majority of ethnic people is Kinh people (87,44%), Hre people: 8,97%, Cor people: 2,23%, Cadong people: 1,31%; Other ethnic peoples only account for 0.05% of the total population Each ethnic group lives on a terrain, their farming practices depend on natural 14 conditions Human activities strongly dominated the landscapes, especially the human landscapes 2.1.3.2 Current status of economic - social development and resources exploitation activities Quangngai’s economic growth in recent years has been always high, reached 10.3% (the period from 2005 to 2010) The economic structure has shifted strongly (Table 4) The pace of urbanization was slow (urban population accounted for 17.1% in 2010) When the urbans, economic zones have extended, the land using structure changed The area of agricultural land accounts for a small percentage but it converted to exclusively using land Environmental pressures increased The constructions (reservoirs, hydroelectric dams …) divided terrain, followed by a series of changes in downstream after hydroelectric dams Table 4: Structure of the economic sectors in Quangngai through a number of years Year Agriculture Industry Construction Services Total (%) 2000 40,2 - 23,0 200 34,8 29,9 200 29,9 36,0 200 29,3 38,1 200 25,1 43,0 201 18,6 59,3 36,8 100 35,3 100 34,1 100 32,6 100 31,9 100 22,1 100 2.2 Quangngai’s landscape characteristics 2.2.1 Analysis of horizontal structure of Quangngai’s landscapes With a particular central coastal provinces, Quangngai’s nature both are affected by the ocean - continent and affected by human activities The natural landscape of Quang Ngai has complex differentiation The whole province belongs to the monsoonal humid tropical landscape system, the monsoonal humid tropical landscape sub-system without winter and a landscape type of monsoon raining tropical evergreen closed forest, consists of landscape classes, landscape sub-classes, 16 landscape categories and 139 landscape kinds (Figure 6) a Landscape types: Located in the typical monsoonal tropical climate, Quangngai’s creatures strongly developed In medium mountain in the north of Trabong, in the west of Sonha and Sontay, less trees that represent for the hot, humid system, appeared many species of Fagaceae (De species), Lauraceae (Longnao), mitral pine (Pinus merkusiana)… grew relatively pure, stongly developed, with evergreen status Characteristics of bioclimates decided Quangngai’s landscape type was monsoon raining tropical evergreen closed forest 15 b Landscape classes: Quangngai has landcape classes: The monsoonal humid tropical landscape system The monsoonal humid tropical landscape sub-system without winter Monsoon raining tropical evergreen closed forest landscape type Mountain landscape classes Hill landscape classes Delta landscape classes Low High hill sub-classes hill sub-classes High delta sub-classes delta sub-classes Low Valleys and the Low mountain Medium mountain sub-classes sub-classes valleys between mountains 3C 5C 1C 1C 2C 2C 2C 26 K 49 K 15 K 15 K 15 K 14 K 5K Figure 6: Diagram of landscape classification system applied to the territorial research Mountain landscape classes: distributed in the west, with the height above 300m, focusing the province's highest peaks of mountain The strong dissected level, to dominante is integrated denudated mountain blocks and ranges, tectonic denudated mountain ranges The processes of mountainside dominated: landslides, collapse, moving, denudation - synthetic wash The humid tropical climate, the medium mountain areas have short cold period from to months, due to be affected by the height This is the upper part of the Trabong River, Trakhuc River, Ve River and Tracau River The further the East is, the wider valley expands, the ability of cavitation weakens, but the process of erosion, runoff are still going strongly Every change in here will affect the lower areas Mountain landscape classes are inhabited by the ethnic minorities Cadong (Sontay), Cor (Trabong, Taytra), Hre (Bato, Sontay, Trabong, Taytra, Sonha)… Each ethnic group has their cultivation methods and different using of slopes Hill landscape classes: with the height from 100 to 300m, the slope less than 20 º, is the transition from the mountain landscape classes to the delta landscape classes The climate of hill landscape classes is similar to the climate of delta landscape classes Feralit process is typical, forming typical zonal soils This is the landscape class which is exploited most strongly The vegetation of the human’s activities has developed Main activity is agriculture production Delta landscape classes: with the height less than 300m, is a narrow band in the eastern province This landscape class has high annual average 16 temperature (> 25ºC) The fall - winter mode is clear (2000 - 2500mm/year) The further south, the rainfall decreases, the length of dry season increases (Sahuynh: 1773,6mm, dry months) Although it is difficult for cultivation but it is favorable for salt production The plains with fertile alluvial soil but large floods often occur in here Periodic floods created rhythms for delta landscape classes Along with flood recovery, should limit erosion, salinity and constant movement of sand dunes c Landscape sub-clasess: Quangngai has landscape sub-classes The differentiation of the sub-classes within each class are shown in the table below Table 5: Differentiation of the height and the area between the landscape subclasses Landscape classes Medium mountain Low mountain Valleys and the between mountains landscape High hills Low hills landscape High deltas Low deltas Mountain landscape classes Hill classes Delta classes Landscape sub-classes valleys The absolute height The area (km2) The area ratio% (m) > 900 91.200,75 17,70 300 – 900 235.424,85 45,68 < 75 28.352,43 5,50 100 – 300 30 –100 10 – 30 < 10 26.162,47 27.500,72 55.990,98 9.589,96 5,07 5,33 10,86 1,86 d Landscape categories and landscape kinds: Whole Quangngai province is divided into different 16 landscape-categories and 139 landscape-kinds Belong to the mountain landscape class is landscape-categories and 90 landscape-kinds The hill landscape class has landscape-categories and 30 landscape-kinds The plain landscape class has landscape-categories and 19 landscapekinds Of the 139 landscape-kinds, the N o11 landscape-kind accounted for the largest area (26977.2 ha), the No39 landscape-kind has the most number of repetitions (39 plots) The feralit land (Fa) - landscape groups have the most complex differentiation In summary: Quangngai Province has landscape type, landscape classes, landscape sub-classes, 16 landscape-categories and 139 landscape-kinds with 798 different plots Quangngai’s landscapes had the varied and complex differentiation but they still expressed the general rule: divided the west - east direction (mountainlandscape classes in the west, hill- landscape classes in the middle Province, deltalandscape classes in the coastal areas in the east ) The seasonal differentiation is the rule which covering Quangngai’s natural besides the altitude-bell rule The whole province has the abundant heat – moisture background, a small section in the southeast (belong to Ducpho) with short - dry periods but very stiff 2.2.2 Functional analysis of natural landscape 17 According to landscape function concept is the benefits which human obtained from the properties and processes of landscapes, the units of Quangngai’s landscapes have been identified two functional groups: the natural functional groups: Flow regulation, climate regulation (landscapes N0 1, 3, 6, 10…); protection and environmental protection (watershed protection: landscapes N0 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11; protection of coastal protection (landscapes N0 121, 122, 124, 125); the functional groups of economic – society (forestry development and production agriculture – forestry combination: landscapes N0 27, 29, 34, 36, 42, 62…; hilly agricultural development: landscapes N016, 22, 32, 39, 81, 89…; agricultural productions and settlements: landscapes N0 129, 132, 135…; production and development of industry and services: landscapes N0 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 116, 119, , 115, 126…; salt production: landscapes N0 123)… 2.2.3 Analysis of landscape dynamics Located in the typical monsoon tropical climate, Quang Ngai received the volume of abundant heat – moisture, the energy source of the natural process The activities of the monsoon to create seasonal rhythm for Quangngai’s landscapes In addition to seasonal rhythms, that are day and night rhythms The impact of tidal and wave to form temporary wetland landscapes during the day in the estuaries – coastal The natural dynamics to promote landscapes to develop in the law of nature without human impact Activities such as forest restoration, afforestation to increase biomass for landscape, to limit the amount of soil being washed away in the Sontay Mountain, Trabong Mountain; preventing blown sand, moving strip of coastal sand dunes, creating a balance for landscapes, they are typical such as landscapes N 8, 12, 19, 121, 124… The overexploitation, no pay attention on protecting the landscapes with high sensitivity to make them deteriorated sharply (landscapes N0 60, 113 – grasslands, shrubs on eroded lands made bare stones, gray soils) The natural elements and the territorial exploitations of human are motivations to promote the development of the landscape, to create the rhythms and trends for Quangngai’s landscapes 2.3 Landscape features of Binhson district in Quangngai province Binh Son district is adjacent to the sea, located in northeastern of Quangngai province The west of Binhson is the continuation of Trabong Mountain Although Binhson is the plain district but its landscapes are quite diverse From the general landscape map of the province, the thesis identified in Binhson to have 48 landscape kinds To continue dividing landscape kinds into landscape forms (the senior unit levels are consistent with provincial landscape maps) Binhson has landscape classes, landscape subclasses, landscape categories and 48 landscape kinds (compared with 139 18 landscape kinds of whole province) and 107 different landscape forms - could be seen as the epitome of Quangngai province + The mountain landscape classes occupied a small area in the western part of the district They have sub-classes, landscape kinds and 15 landscape forms + The hill landscape classes had diverse and complicated classification They have sub-classes, landscape categories, 27 landscape kinds and 65 landscape forms + The delta landscape classes formed on fairly flat terrain, small slope, which are mined in annual crops Differentiation of landscape classes are not too complicated as the hills They have sub-classes, landscape categories, 17 landscape forms SHORT CONCLUSION OF THE CHAPTER Each element of landscaping in Quangngai has a certain role The natural factors determining the landscape formation by natural law, but the speed of change of this landscape and human landscape formation need to mention the role of the human activity Quangngai’s landscapes have diverse and complex differentiation, bearing the stamp of human Characteristics and distribution laws of the province's landscapes are expressed through landscape maps Quangngai belongs to monsoon humid tropical landscape system, monsoon humid tropical landscape sub-system without winter, covering the whole province is a landscape type of monsoon raining tropical evergreen closed forest, including landscape classes, landscape sub-classes, 16 landscapecategories and 139 landscape-kinds Binhson has 48 kinds and 107 landscape forms The diversity and complexity of the structure decided the function, changing dynamics of landscapes Functions of Quangngai’s landscapes include two main groups: the natural functions and economic development functions Abundant humid heat source, the mechanism of the monsoon and the human activities are motivations to promote the development of landscapes and to decide changing trend of Quangngai’s landscapes CHAPTER 3: LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT OF QUANGNGAI PROVINCE AND SOME USING ORIENTATIONS 3.1 Landscape assessment in Quangngai province for development of economic sectors 3.1.1 Landscape assessment for agricultural development 3.1.1.1 Indicator systems, scales and weighted grades Agriculture production is directly affected by nature For the purpose of determining the extent of advantages of each landscape for tropical agricultural 19 development, reasonable layout of production activities in units of landscapes, we built indicator system, weighted grades and scale of assessment for the agricultural sector Own evaluation results are shown in the following table: Table 6: The separate assessment of indicators of landscape kinds for agricultural production No Kinds of indicator High advantage (A1) ≤ 3º Pbc, Pc, Py, D, Rk, Fu ≥ 100cm The levels of advantage Advantage (A2) 3º - ≤ 8º Fa, Fs, Xa, Pg 50 – 100cm Slope Kinds of soil Soil thickness layer Mechanical average heavy components Annual average 2000 – 3000 1500 – 2000; ≥ 3000 rainfall Cold months 1-2 Dry months ≤2 3-4 The status of using Agricultural production Grasslands, shrubs on and (perennial crops, annual land of Fa, Xa, Py, Pc Vegetation crops) Less advantage (A3) 8º - 15º Xg, Ba, C, M, ≤ 50cm Light, rough ≤ 1500 ≥3 ≥5 Grasslands, shrubs on land of C, Cc, M 3.1.1.2 Assessment and classification of favorable levels of landscapes for agricultural development Thesis identified 46 landscape kinds which were not favorable for agricultural production (classified in the unfavorable level) and evaluation for 93 landscape kinds Applying the formula (I), (II) in Chapter (page 9), the result of assessment and classification of favorable levels of landscapes as follows: Table 7: Classification of favorable levels of landscapes for agricultural development Levels High advantage (A1) 56, 74, 75, 79, 80, 81, Landscape 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, kinds 88, 89, 90, 105, 116, 117, 118, 132, 135, 138 Average advantage (A2) 21, 31, 33, 38, 40, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51,52, 54, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 73, 78, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 111, 112, 119, 120, 134, 136, 139 Less advantage (A3) 5, 15, 17, 22, 30, 32, 39, 45, 59, 63, 76, 77, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115, 121, 122, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 137 Due to hills which occupied three quarters of the natural area The landscape area is not favorable for the agriculture development in Quangngai accounting large ratio 56,9% (270.041,9 ha) The very favorable level for agriculture with area of 49415.78 hectares (10.5%); the average favorable level with area of 56482.53 hectares (11.9%) The less favorable level with large area of 98.282 hectares (about 20,7%) Although the area of favorable landscape kinds and very favorable landscape kinds for agriculture are not large, Quangngai’s agriculture has many advantages for developing 3.1.2 Landscape assessment for forestry development 3.1.2.1 Indicator systems, scales and weighted grades 20 Similar to assessment for agriculture, after selecting criteria and determining weights, the thesis assessed criteria for forestry development, the results are shown in the table below Table 8: The separate assessment of indicators of landscape kinds for forestry production The levels of advantage Kinds of indicator No High advantage (F1) Advantage (F2) Evergreen closed forest, Forest type - the secondary closed forest, use currentness coastal forest Medium mountain, low Terrain forms mountain, coastal high plain Slope 15º - 25º Kinds of soil H, Fa, Fu, Fs, Rk Soil thickness ≥ 100cm layer Mechanical heavy components Annual average ≥ 3000 rainfall Dry months Less advantage (F3) Grasslands - secondary Planted forest, bamboo shrubs, cultivation, annual forest, perennial crops crops High hills, valleys and Stretching low hills valleys between mountains 25º - 35º ≤ 15º, ≥ 35º Xa, C, Cc, D,M Ba, Xg, E 50 – 100cm ≤ 50cm average Light, rough 2000 - 3000 ≤ 2000 1- 3- 3.1.2.2 The result of integrated assessment and classification of favorable level of landscapes for forest development After defining the landscapes which were not favorable for forestry development, the thesis assessed the remaining landscapes Due to forest production was not limited by the slope, the number of landscapes assessing for forestry (122 landscape kinds) were greater than agriculture Assessment and classification Results of favorable level as follows: Table 9: Classification of favorable level of landscapes for forestry development Levels Landscap e kinds High advantage (F1) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 36, 38, 41, 42, 44, 53, 55, 57, 58, 61, 68, 69, 70, 71, 10, 21, 31, 47, 62, 11, 23, 34, 48, 64, Average advantage (F2) 12, 24, 35, 50, 67, Less advantage (F3) 5, 9, 13, 16, 17, 22, 30, 32, 33, 37, 39, 40, 43, 45, 46, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 59, 60, 63, 65, 66, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96, 100, 103, 104, 111, 116, 117, 119, 120, 77, 78, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 137, Assessing results demonstrated Quangngai to have the potential for forestry development Landscape area are most suitable for forest production accounted for 47.8% (226,460.4 ha), average favorable level at 26.03%, is less favorable at 15.05% Only small part of the landscape area on the alluvial soil in the plain which prioritized for food production, with rates of 11.8% (52 474 ha) 3.1.3 Landscape assessment for tourism development 21 Quang Ngai is known for many tourist destinations, beautiful beaches (Sahuynh, Mykhe, Khehai…), many famous scenic spots (Thienan - National monuments in 1990) - the ancients called “Thienan niem ha”, Chausa Citadel, Truongluy Citadel, Coluy Monument…) Western mountains have many beautiful landscapes, abundant moisture rain mechanism, diverse tropical flora, cool climate Furthermore, the Ca Dong, Cor, Hre still have retained the traditional cultures with many nuances, attracting visitors to find out the culture, sightseeing, convalescence Quangngai’s natural conditions are favorable for the development of many kinds of tourism 3.1.3.1 Selecting criteria and evaluation of tourism resources in the landscape structure After analyzing each kind of natural tourism resources (climate, topography, water resources, beautiful scenery ) and human tourism resources (historical – cultural monuments, great economic works, festivals, traditional craft villages ) in the landscape structure, the thesis focused on assessing the role of natural elements for tourism, in order to determine the favorable level of each landscape for tourism activities here The results of the separate assessment of criteria are as follows (Table 10) Table 10: The separate assessment of indicators of landscape kinds for tourism development No Kinds of indicator The annual average temperature Sunny hours Annual average rainfall The length of rainy season Rainy days The influence of hot, dry westerly wind Terrain types Terrain forms Slope 10 Biological resources High advantage (T1) The levels of advantage Advantage (T2) Less advantage (T3) ≤ 20ºC 20- 25ºC ≥ 25ºC 2200 – 2600 ≤ 2000 ≤ months Less 1800 – 2200 2000 – 3000 – months average ≤ 1800 ≥ 3000 ≥ months Much No influence Little influence Strong influence Basalt dome on surface of wavy hills and hills in the transition zone Waterfalls, beautiful Beaches, golden sandy springs, rocks, mountain beach, sand dunes, low peaks, hill peaks with and flat hills beautiful sceneries ≤ 8º – 15º Evergreen closed forest Plantation forests, less affected, secondary perennial plants closed forest The plain terrain types Types of Mountainous terrain, mountains, block of mountains Slots, river valleys and basins between mountains, low-lying plains, lagoons ≥ 15º Bamboo forests, annual trees and shrub grasslands 3.1.3.2 The result of assessment and classification of favorable levels of landscapes for tourism development by landscape units Tourism resources are not distributed according to ways (in lines, points) From the results of separate assessment of resources above, the thesis identified the favorable 22 levels of landscapes for tourism activities Each unit of landscape has different favorable flevels or tourism development In general, landscape kinds belong to coastal and delta landscapes classes are most favorable Evaluation results are categorized as follows: Table 11: Classification of favorable levels of landscapes for tourism development Levels Point range Landscape kinds Advantage ( (T1) 3,2 – 3,8 106, 108, 111, 114, 116, 117, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139 Quite advantage(T2) 2,5 – 3,1 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 118, 120 Less advantage (T3) 1,8 – 2,4 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,51, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 3.1.4 Synthetic results of assessing the each landscape unit for the development of agriculture - forestry and tourism in Quang Ngai From the assessment results above, the thesis divided the favorable level of landscapes for each production (based on the points of landscape assessment) in details in the following summary: Table 12 Summary of the results of overall assessment of landscape kinds for each production Land scap e kind s 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 The results of overall assessment F1 F1 F1 F1 F2 F1 F1 F1 F2 F1 F1 F1 F2 F1 F1 F2 F2 F1 F1 F1 F1 A0 A0 A0 A0 A3 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A3 A0 A3 A0 A0 A0 A2 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 Lan dsca pe kind s 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 The results of overall assessment F1 F2 F1 F2 F2 F1 F1 F2 F1 F2 F2 F1 F1 F2 F1 F2 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 A0 A0 A2 A3 A2 A0 A0 A0 A2 A3 A2 A0 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A0 A2 A0 A1 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 Lan dsca pe kind s 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 23 The results of overall assessment F1 F1 F2 F2 F2 F2 F3 F3 F0 F0 F0 F0 F0 F0 F0 F0 F0 F2 F2 F2 F2 A0 A0 A2 A1 A1 A3 A3 A2 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 Land scape kinds 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 The results of overall assessment F3 F3 F3 F3 F3 F2 F3 F3 F3 F3 F2 F2 F3 F2 F2 F3 F3 F0 F3 F3 F3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A2 A2 A3 A3 A3 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A3 A3 A0 A0 A0 A3 T1 T2 T1 T2 T2 T1 T2 T2 T1 T2 T1 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 F2 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F2 F1 F2 F2 F1 F1 A3 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A3 A2 A3 A2 A0 A0 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 F1 F1 F2 F2 F1 F1 F2 F1 F2 F2 F1 F1 F1 F2 A0 A0 A3 A0 A0 A0 A3 A2 A2 A2 A0 A0 A2 A2 T3 3T T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 F2 F3 F2 F3 F2 F3 F3 F3 F2 F3 F3 F2 F2 F3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A1 D3 D3 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 F3 F3 F3 F3 F0 F0 F3 F0 F0 F0 F3 F0 F0 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A1 A3 A2 A1 A2 A3 A1 A2 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 3.2 Landscape assessment in Binhson for developing rubber trees 3.2.1 Ecological characteristics of rubber trees Rubber trees are typical tropical industrial plants, they are suitable for temperatures between 22-28 º C, rainfall of 1500 - 2000mm/year and rainy days: 100150 days / year Rubber trees are referred the calm winds (light winds - 2m / s) The most suitable height for rubber trees in the tropics is less than 600m; the best kind of soil is from basaltic red soil or yellow red soil on base magma to neutral soil, humus-rich soil, porous soil, well drained soil 3.2.2 Assessing the appropriate levels of landscape forms for developing rubber trees in Binhson Based on the ecological characteristics of rubber trees and natural differentiation characteristics of research territory, the thesis selected landscape assessement criteria for rubber trees, conducted decentralization of criteria and assessed separate criteria as follows (Table 13): Table 13 The separate assessment of criteria for rubber trees in Binhson The levels of adaptation No Criteria Absolute height (m) Slope High adaptation (R1) ≤400 ≤ 3º Rocks Not Less 25 - 27ºC 23 - 25ºC; ≥ 27ºC 20 – 23ºC 1500 – 2000 1200 – 1500 2000 – 2500 < 1200mm >2500 ≤2 3–5 3-4 Fu, Fa – 6; – Rk, Fs 6-7 Xa, D The annual average temperature AnnualaAverage rainfall (mm / year) Number of months with T