1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION ====================== NGUYEN THI BICH NGOC RESEARCH ON SOME BIOLOGICAL CRITERIA AND INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY OF THE 11 - 17 YEAR - OLD MOUNTAINOUS PUPILS IN VINH PHUC AND PHU THO PROVINCES Major : Physiology of humans and animals Code : 62.42.30.01 SUMMARY OF PH.D DISSERTATION HA NOI, 2013 This study is completed at Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education 2 Supervisor: Prof., Dr., Ta Thuy Lan Prof., Dr., Le Dinh Trung Examiner 1: Prof., Dr., Do Cong Huynh Vietnam Military Medical University Examiner 2: Prof., Dr., Nguyen Van Tuong Hanoi Medical University Examiner 3: Prof., Dr., Nguyen Huu Nhan VNU University of Science The thesis will be defended in front of the National Doctoral Examination Board at Hanoi National University of Education at…. The thesis is also available at: 1. National Library of Vietnam 2. The library of Hanoi National University of Education 3 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 1. Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc (2008), Some physical strengths of San Diu pupils aged from 11 to 17 in Vinh Phuc and Phu Tho provinces, Journal of Science, Hanoi National University of Education, Vol.53 No 7, p.118-123. 2. Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc & Ta Thuy Lan (2010), The sensation-motor flexex time of the Kinh and Sandiu pupils from 11 tob17 years old in Vinh Phuc province, Journal of Physiology Vietnam, The Physiology Vietnam, The Vietnam Medical Association, Vol.14 No 4.p.56-60. 3. Ta Thuy Lan & Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc (2011), The ability of attention and short-term memory of the Kinh and Sandiu pupils from 11 to15 years old in Vinh Phuc province, Journal of Physiology Vietnam, The Physiology Vietnam, The Vietnam Medical Association Vol.15 No 2, p. 30-35. 4. Ta Thuy Lan, Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc (2012), Research on the feeling reflective time - movement of Muong ethnic minority pupils aged 11 to 17 in Phu Tho province, Reports on Research and Teaching in Vietnam Biology, National Scientific Conference First, Ministry of Education and Training, Hanoi National University of Education, The Agricultural Publisher, p.191-196. 5. Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc, Ta Thuy Lan (2012), Research on the intellectual capacity of Kinh and San Diu pupils from 11 to 17 years old in Vinh Phuc and Phu Tho provinces, Report on Research and Teaching Biology in Vietnam, Proceedings of the 1 ST National Scientific Conference on Biological Research and Teaching in Vietnam, Ministry of Education and Training, Hanoi National University of Education, The Agricultural Publisher, p.134-139. 4 INTRODUCTION 1. REASONS FOR CHOOSING TOPICS Research on human biology is a fundamental and large area, requiring the participation of many scientists from different fields such as medicine, biology, cybernetics, chemistry and mathematics. During the innovative process of our country, many studies on biological indicators and wisdom of Vietnamese children have been carried out, which have contributed a lot to the identification of biological indicators and wisdom of Vietnamese people as well as the educational planning and advanced human resources strategies of the country. However, the number of research projects on biological indexes and intellectual capacities of children are not spread over different regions in the country. Children in mountainous areas are in limited and difficult conditions to develop physical health and intelligence, especially with ethinic minority pupils. With the intention to contribute to the development of biological criteria and intellectual capacity of ethinic minority pupils in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces, we propose a topic: “Research on some biological criteria and intellectual capacity of the 11 - 17 year - old mountainous pupils in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces”. 2. RESEARCH PURPOSES 2.1. Determine puperty period and some morphological - physical characteristics, physiological functions of pupils from the age of 11 to 17 in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces. 2.2. Evaluate intellectual capacity of pupils from the age of 11 to 17 in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces. 2.3. Determine the relationship among research indicators: between morphological - physical index with respiration, between IQ and reflective time of feeling - movement, between IQ and attention and concentration with short-term memory of pupils from the age of 11 to 17 in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces. 3. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS The scientific significance of the thesis is to assess the development of the morphological - physical index, circulatory functional index, respiration index, nervous system, puberty and intellectual capacity of Kinh, Muong and San Diu pupils in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces. Results from this thesis can be used as a reference in research and teaching topic about 5 children characteristic development of school age children in order to improve quality of care, protection and education for these children. 4. STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS In addition to the introduction, conclusion and recommendations, the main content of this thesis consists of 4 chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of the research; Chapter 2: Subjects and Research Methods; Chapter 3: Findings; Chapter 4: Discussion. Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH 1.1. OVERVIEW OF CHILDREN'S DEVELOPMENT STAGE The process of physical growth and development of a child has uneven periods; there are periods of rapid growth interspersing with slow growth periods, in which each stage has different morphological anatomy and physiology characteristics. 1.2. RESEARCH ON BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY IN THE WORLD The researches such as PhD theses of Christian Friedrich Jampert, Philibert Guerneau de Montbeilard, D 'Arcy Thomson, Martin R, Cotes J.E. (1966), Camphell E.J.M (1968), Ivan Sechenov, Pavlov I.P, Terman L, Wechsler D, Ukhtomski A.A, Vygotski L.X Under the impact of living conditions and genetic characteristics, the development in terms of a child’ body in terms morphology, function and intelligence completes with ages. 1.3. RESEARCH ON BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY IN VIETNAM Studies prior to 1975 are collected in "Biological constant of Vietnamese people”, which summarized adequately in terms of biological indicators of Vietnamese people. After the unification (1975), many authors have studied this topic such as Ta Thuy Lan, Tran Thi Loan, Do Cong Huynh, Tham Thi Hoang Diep, Dao Huy Khue, Doan Yen and colleagues, Mai Van Hung, Tran Trong Thuy, Do Hong Cuong Especially, there was a project, named "Biological value of ordinary Vietnamese in the 90s - the twentieth century", by Hanoi Medical University and Ministry of Health. In general, research on biological indicators and intellectual capacity of Vietnamese children provides a great variety of directions. Although research results are somewhat differences but they have determined changes of biological indicators by age and by gender. Exercising has a positive 6 impact on a number of morphology - physical and functional index. Social factors have affected development of the body, especially in puberty period. Therefore, there are many studies on biological indicators and intellectual capacity of pupils. However, in the recent time with rapit eco- sio development and improved material and spiritual level, no research has been done on pupils living in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces. This thesis aims to fill this gap in the literature. Chapter 2 SUBJECTS AND RESEARCH METHODS 2.1. RESEARCH SUBJECTS We conducted research on 3691 Kinh, Muong and San Diu pupils from 11 to 17 years old in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces. 2.2. RESEARCH METHODS - Sample research design: the cross - sectional study method is used. - Morphological - physical indexes are assessed by research method of anthropometry of Nguyen Quang Quyen. - Research method of circulatory function index is measurement methods used in medicine and biology. - Research method of respiratory index is used the ST95 respiratory function meter (Spiro meter) of FUKADA firm. - Research method of reflective time of feeling - movement is used the methods of Do Cong Huynh and colleges. - Research method of puberty is used the retrospective interview methods. - Research method of wisdom is used the Raven's test method. - Memory is determined by Nechaiev's method. - Ability to pay attention is determined by Ochan Bourdon's method. - The survey data were processed using SPSS 16.0 software and Excel on computer with statistical methods used in biology. Chapter 3 FINDINGS 3.1. PUBERTY PERIOD 3.1.1. Puperty of female pupils 3.1.1.1. Percentage of pubertal female pupils Results show that, at the age of 11 years old, there are some female pupils being pubertal. Most female pupils in three ethnic groups become 7 pubertal at the age of 12 to 14. All female pupils are pubertal at the age of 15. Puberty period of Kinh female pupils is earlier than those of Muong and San Diu female pupils. 3.1.1.2. Puberty age of female pupils Results show that, puberty age of Kinh female pupils is 12 years and 10 months ± 1 year and 3 months, these of Muong female pupils is 13 years 2 months ± 1 year 3 months and that of San Diu female pupils in 13 years 4 months ± 1 year 8 months. The age having the first menstrual flux of Kinh pupils is earlier than that of Muong and San Diu pupils with p<0.05, while there are no differences in age having the first menstrual flux among Muong and San Diu pupils. 3.1.2. Puperty of male pupils 3.1.2.1. Percentage of pubertal male pupils Research results show that in the period from 11 to 12 years old, there is no sign of puberty of male pupils in the three ethnic groups. Male pupils have signs of puberty at the age 13 and there are 100% of male pupils have signs of puberty at the age of 17 years old. 3.1.2.2. Puberty age of male pupils The age that Muong male pupils have signs of puberty (14 years 2 months ± 1 year 1 month) is sooner than that of Kinh male pupils (14 years 5 months ± 1 year 2 months) and San Diu male pupils (14 years 7 months ± 1 year 4 months) with p <0.05, Kinh male pupils has signs of puberty earlier than San Diu male pupils do with p<0.05. 3.2. SOME OF MORPHOLOGICAL - PHYSICAL INDEXES OF PUPILS FROM 11 TO 17 YEARS OLD 3.2.1. Height Table 3.5 shows the results, for a groud of pupils from the age of 11 to 17, the height of male pupils increases from a range of 133.97-134.85 cm to a range of 159.33-164.45 cm, an average increase of 4.23 to 4.93 cm/year. The height of female pupils increased from a range of 135.03-136.68 cm at 11 years old to a range of 154.49-156.25 cm at 17 years old, an average increase of 3.24 to 3.42 cm/year. The height of male pupils in the three ethnic groups grows fastest in the period of 13 to15 years old (increasing 3.78 to 8.25 cm/year) and the height of female pupils in the period of 12 to 14 years old (increasing 4.72 to 7.71cm/year). In the period of 11 to 14 years old, the height of female pupils larger than male pupils, In the period of 15 to 17 years old, the height of male pupils larger than female pupils (p<0.05). 8 Table 3.5. The height of the pupils by age, ethnic group and gender Ethnic group Age Height (cm) 21 - XX p(1-2) Male (1) Female (2) n X ± SD Increase n X ± SD Increase Kinh 11 120 134.85  5.09 - 121 136.68 4.41 - -1.83 <0.05 12 120 136.94 4.34 2.09 121 138.25 3.25 1.57 -1.31 <0.05 13 121 142.28 5.27 5.34 120 145.96 4.34 7.71 -3.68 <0.05 14 122 150.53 4.35 8.25 120 150.93 3.52 4.97 -0.40 >0.05 15 121 156.89 4.08 6.36 119 153.08 4.61 2.15 3.81 <0.05 16 117 161.67 3.29 4.78 120 155.89 4.33 2.81 5.78 <0.05 17 118 164.45 3.98 2.78 120 156.25 3.55 0.36 8.20 <0.05 Average increase/ year 4.93 3.26 Muong 11 84 134.18 4.37 - 81 135.47 3.31 - -1.29 <0.05 12 83 136.95 3.25 2.77 84 138.23 4.36 2.76 -1.28 <0.05 13 82 141.84 5.31 4.89 86 145.03 5.43 6.80 -3.19 <0.05 14 84 148.56 3.55 6.72 84 149.96 3.52 4.93 -1.40 <0.05 15 81 155.25 4.46 6.69 85 152.25 4.38 2.29 3.00 <0.05 16 83 159.23 4.71 3.98 86 155.19 5.37 2.94 4.04 <0.05 17 85 162.85 5.24 3.62 83 155.96 3.42 0.77 6.89 <0.05 Average increase/ year 4.78 3.42 San Diu 11 60 133.97 4.85 - 61 135.03 4.76 - -1.06 >0.05 12 62 136.31 5.33 2.34 58 137.95 5.25 2.92 -1.64 <0.05 13 59 141.07 5.62 4.76 60 144.57 5.73 6.62 -3.50 <0.05 14 61 144.85 4.94 3.78 57 149.29 5.54 4.72 -4.44 <0.05 15 62 151.67 4.25 6.82 60 151.86 4.97 2.57 0.19 >0.05 16 60 155.96 4.88 4.29 59 153.85 4.92 1.99 2.11 <0.05 17 60 159.33 4.29 3.37 61 154.49 4.43 0.64 4.84 <0.05 Average increase/ year 4.23 3.24 The height of Kinh pupils is larger than Muong pupils and San Diu pupils. The height of Muong pupils is large than San Diu pupils in most age groups (p<0.05). 3.2.2. Weight Results in Table 3.6 show that the weight of male pupils increased from a range of 29.63-30.17 kg at 11 years old to a range of 46.97-48.86 kg at 17 years old, the fastest rise time is 14 to 16 years old (increasing 3.76 to 5.21 kg/year), an average increase of 2.89 to 3.12 kg/year. Similar to the height, the weight of female pupils increased from a range of 28.85-30.15 kg at 11 years old to a range of 44.33-46.17 kg at 17 years old, the fastest rise time is 13 to 15 years old (increasing 2.86 to 5.03 kg/year), an average increase of 2.58 to 2.67 kg/year. In the same age, height and weight of male and female pupils are not the same. In the period of 11 to 13 years old, weight of male and female pupils is similar. Weight of female pupils larger than male pupils at the time of 14 to 15 years old, weight of male pupils is greater than that of female pupils in the period of 16 to 17 years old (p<0.05). Particularly, Muong pupils at the age of 14 to 15, the weight difference between male and female pupils is negligible. This leads to a cross-section of weight growth in Table 9 3.2 at 15 to 16 years old for pupils in all three ethnic Kinh, Muong and San Diu. Comparing the weight of pupils in three ethnic groups showed that the weight of Kinh pupils is larger than Muong and San Diu pupils with p<0.05. Table 3.6. Weight of the pupils by age, ethnic group and gender Ethnic group Age Weight (kg) 21 - XX p(1-2) Male (1) Female (2) n X ± SD Increase n X ± SD Increase Kinh 11 120 30.17  4.83 - 121 30.15  3.63 - 0.02 >0.05 12 120 31.97  4.41 1.80 121 32.47  4.15 2.32 -0.50 >0.05 13 121 34.58  4.53 2.61 120 35.54  4.37 3.07 -0.96 >0.05 14 122 38.81  4.96 4.23 120 40.46  4.95 4.92 -1.65 <0.05 15 121 42.57  4.58 3.76 119 44.49  4.64 4.03 -1.92 <0.05 16 117 46.85  4.37 4.28 120 45.76  4.34 1.27 1.09 >0.05 17 118 48.86  3.65 2.01 120 46.17  3.45 0.41 2.69 <0.05 Average increase/ year 3.12 2.67 Muong 11 84 30.02  4.25 - 81 29.36  4.13 - 0.66 >0.05 12 83 31.95  4.18 1.93 84 31.06  3.86 1.70 0.89 >0.05 13 82 34.45  3.09 2.50 86 33.87  3.35 2.81 0.58 >0.05 14 84 37.96  4.34 3.51 84 37.81  3.07 3.94 0.15 >0.05 15 81 42.15  3.27 4.19 85 42.25  4.53 4.44 -0.10 >0.05 16 83 46.36  4.38 4.21 86 44.01  3.14 1.76 2.35 <0.05 17 85 47.65  4.42 1.29 83 45.16  3.23 1.15 2.49 <0.05 Average increase/ year 2.94 2.63 San Diu 11 60 29.63  3.54 - 61 28.85  4.07 - 0.78 >0.05 12 62 32.01  3.49 2.38 58 31.24  3.58 2.39 0.77 >0.05 13 59 34.66  4.47 2.65 60 34.09  3.29 2.85 0.57 >0.05 14 61 36.95  4.75 2.29 57 39.12  3.96 5.03 -2.17 <0.05 15 62 40.87  4.64 3.92 60 41.98  3.77 2.86 -1.11 >0.05 16 60 46.08  4.55 5.21 59 43.45  3.22 1.47 2.63 <0.05 17 60 46.97  4.63 0.89 61 44.33  3.04 0.88 2.64 <0.05 Average increase/ year 2.89 2.58 3.2.3. Average bust size Research results in Table 3.7 show that average bust size of male pupils increased from a range of 62.88-63.96 cm to a range of 77.32-77.48 cm, an average increase of 2.23 to 2.43cm/year. Similar to the weight development, average bust size of female pupils increased from a range of 60.02-63.02 cm at 11 years old to a range of 74.57-74.95 cm at 17 years old, an average increase of 1.97 to 2.43 cm/year. The speed of increasing average bust size by age is unequal. The fast period of increasing average bust size of pupils takes place at the same time with period of increasing weight and later than period of increasing height. Overall, average bust size of Kinh pupils is larger than Muong and San Diu pupils in most of the age groups with the significant level of 5 percent. 10 3.2.4. BMI The data in Table 3.8 show that BMI of male pupils and female pupils increases with age, increasing by an annual average of about 0.22 to 0.33 kg/m 2 for male and 0.43 to 0.46 kg/m 2 for female. Results in Table 3.9 show that pupils who have ordinary situation account for the majority (84.55% male and 84.83% female), the number of pupils who have malnourished situation account for a relatively high percentage (14.80% male and 14.95% female). Overweight pupils account for a very low proportion (0.65% male and 0.22% female) and no pupils are obese. However, the high percentage of malnourished pupils proves that nutrition of pupils in the study group is low and the diet is not enough to provide for a balanced development of the body. Comparing the state of pupils in three ethnic groups showed that physical health of Kinh pupils is better than Muong and San Diu pupils. 3.2.5. Pignet index Results in Table 3.10 show that, pignet index of pupil increases from the age of 11 to 14, then decreases gradually. The rapidly decreased period of pignet index of male pupils in all three ethnic groups occurs at the age 15 to 16 and that of female pupils is at the age of 14 to 15. In terms of gender, pignet index of female pupils are generally better than that of male pupils. 3.3. FUNCTIONAL INDEX OF SOME ORGAN SYSTEM OF PUPILS FROM 11 TO 17 YEARS OLD 3.3.1. Circulatory function index 3.3.1.1. Heart rate Results in Table 3.11 show that, the heart rate of pupil decreases with age. At the age of 11, the pupil’s heart rate is quite high with an average value of 79.72-80.55 beats/minute for male and an average value of 81.25- 81.81 beats/minute for female. At the age of 17, the rate decreases to a range of 71.15-71.93 beats/minute for male and a range of 73.03-73.23 beats/minute for female. The heart rate of pupil decreases rapidly in the period from the age of 11 to 15 after that period, the speed slows down. In general, the heart rate of female pupils is higher than that of male pupils in the same age (p<0.05). 3.3.1.2. Systolic blood pressure Results in Table 3.12 show that, from the age of 11 to 17, systolic blood pressure of male and female pupil increases from a range of 97.83- [...]... Age n 11 120 12 120 13 121 14 122 15 121 16 117 17 118 Average 11 84 12 83 13 82 14 84 15 81 16 83 17 85 Average 11 60 12 62 13 59 14 61 15 62 16 60 17 60 Average Male (1) X ± SD 95.23  14.94 97.19  14.14 100.31  15.01 102.41  14.99 104.85  15.01 106.79  15.94 108.69  15.06 102.18  15.89 91.91  14.91 93.87  15.09 95.16  15.00 97.97  15.09 101 .11  14.82 102.28  14.91 104.76  15.09 98 .17. .. 121 117 118 84 83 82 84 81 83 85 60 62 59 61 62 60 60 Male (1) X ± SD 2.02  0 .17 2 .17  0.22 2.47  0.22 2.94  0 .17 3.26  0.24 3.47  0.30 3.52  0.16 1.91  0.18 2 .11  0.12 2.35  0.15 2.77  0.20 3.21  0.22 3.37  0.19 3.49  0.22 1.87  0.21 1.98  0.24 2.15  0.27 2.56  0.25 3.01  0.18 3.23  0.24 3.35  0.25 Increase n 0.15 0.30 0.47 0.32 0.21 0.05 0.20 0.24 0.42 0.44 0.16 0.12 0 .11 0 .17. .. decreases from 11 to 14 years old and stabilized at the age of 15 to 17 For male pupils, reflection time of visual - movement ranges from 357 .11 to 369 .17 ms at age of 11 At 14 years old, it decreases from 315.12 to 365.57 ms From 15 to 17 years old, it ranges from 316.47 to 342.65 ms For female pupils, reflection time of visual - movement ranges from 368.49 to 383.25 ms at the age 11 At 14 years old,... years 11 old for male pupils and 12 to 14 years old for female pupils In general, VC of male pupils is larger than that of female pupils, VC of Kinh pupils is usually higher than that of Muong and San Diu pupils (p . age of 11 to 17, systolic blood pressure of male and female pupil increases from a range of 97.83- 11 98.75 mmHg and 99.81-101.01 mmHg to the ranges of 109.14-109.35 mmHg and 111 .14 -111 .74. 0 .17 0.47 120 2.85  0.15 0.37 0.09 <0.05 15 121 3.26  0.24 0.32 119 2.89  0.24 0.04 0.37 <0.05 16 117 3.47  0.30 0.21 120 3 .11  0.23 0.22 0.36 <0.05 17 118 . 42.57  4.58 3.76 119 44.49  4.64 4.03 -1.92 <0.05 16 117 46.85  4.37 4.28 120 45.76  4.34 1.27 1.09 >0.05 17 118 48.86  3.65 2.01 120 46 .17  3.45 0.41 2.69