khu hệ giun đất ở đồng bằng sông cửu long, việt nam bản tóm tắt tiếng anh

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khu hệ giun đất ở đồng bằng sông cửu long, việt nam bản tóm tắt  tiếng anh

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INTRODUCTION 1. THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBLEM Earthworms are soil invertebrates appeared on the Earth 600 million years ago. Most members of the Earthworms are terrestrial and least semi-aquatic. They belong to class Oligochaeta of phylum Annelida (Edwards & Bohlen, 1996). Earthworms play the important roles in soil physical, chemical, and biological characters. The earthworms have high protein, so they are suitable as feed for fish, poultry and cattle. In the folk medicine of our country and many countries around the world, earthworms are used to treat certain diseases such as malaria, smallpox, asthma, arthritis, epilepsy, jaundice, stones in the bladder, They are also indicators of change, the origin of a regional soil and soil characteristics. Earthworms also hold an important position in the evolution of animals from water to land, that can help us visualize the formation of species, subspecies and evolution of the system of animal organs. In addition, some earthworms are intermediate hosts of some parasitic nematodes such as Metastrongylus, Stephanurus dentatus. (Thai Tran Bai, 1983, 1989; Edwards, 2004; Georgescu et al., 2011). In Vietnam, earthworms are one of the groups of animals were studied very early (Perrier, 1872, 1875). So far, the research earthworm fauna in North and Central have nearly completed but only a few studies in The Mekong Delta. Therefore, we will study “The Earthworm fauna of The Mekong Delta, Viet Nam”. 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1. To study the species richness, establish catalogue, analyze fauna characteristics, build keys and determined the relationship of some species earthworms in The Mekong Delta. 1 2. To study on distribution characteristics of earthworms in different topography types, biotypes, seasons and stratums (depths) in the study area. 3. To survey on use of the earthworms in The Mekong Delta and to suggest the direction for the exploitation and use them in the future. 3. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS This study was conducted at The Mekong Delta, not including the islands in the sea. The data in this PhD. thesis are summarized on the basis of the research from 2009 to 2011 and inherited from the master thesis myself (from 2007 to 2008). This study has used a classification system of Kinberg (1867) for Pheretima genus, to wait for a new classification system more satisfactory. 4. PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH This study will provide fully and accurately about species composition and distribution characteristics of earthworms of The Mekong Delta that contributes to complete the earthworm fauna of Vietnam. It will provide data about fauna characteristics, and key to the species of earthworms in The Mekong Delta, that serves well for teaching and scientific research in the future. This study will provide an overview of the use and actual needs. On the basis, that will be the exact orientation for the exploitation and use of earthworms in the Mekong Delta. This research will provide data about copulatory pouches and molecular biology (DNA barcode) of some earthworms of genus Pheretima that is a useful source of information to rebuild the classification system for this species group in the future. 2 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1. RESEARCH SITUATION OF EARTHWORM FAUNA IN THE WORLD Studies on earthworm fauna have been performed widely in many countries and territories worldwide. According to Blakemore (2002), the earthworm fauna of Europe and North America have been researched the most complete, followed by the Australian of earthworm fauna, the Asia of earthworms fauna have also been researched by many authors, especially Southeast Asia, but the fanua earthworms of Africa are still little known. Particularly in Southeast Asia, there are also many researches on the earthworm fauna but not uniform in all countries. Diversity of species and the authors studied earthworms in some neighboring countries of Vietnam are summarized in table 2.1. Table 2.1: Diversity of species and the authors studied earthworms of some neighboring countries of Vietnam. No. Countries Diversity of species The authors studied earthworms Family Genus Species 1. China 8 22 248 Stephenson (1912), Michaelsen (1931), Chen (1933, 1935, 1938, 1946), Gates (1935a, 1935b), Huang & et al. (2007),… 2. Myanmar 10 54 195 Gates (1972), Blakemore (2006),… 3. Thailand 5 7 49 Gates (1939, 1972), Skawsang (2003), Kosavititkul (2005), Chantaravisoot (2007), Somniyam (2008), Bantaowong & et al. (2011),… 4. Laos - - 73 Thai Tran Bai & Samphon (1988, 1989, 1990a, 1990b, 1991a, 1991b), Hong (2008), Inkavilay et al. (2009) và Chanabun et al. (2011),… 5. Cambodia - - 15 Thai Tran Bai & Do Van Nhuong (1989, 1993) 3 1.1. RESEARCH SITUATION OF EARTHWORM FAUNA IN VIETNAM The earthworm fauna of Vietnam was started to research in the late 19 th century by Perrier (1872, 1875). Until the early 20 th century, there were more some works of foreign authors. Stephenson (1931) published two new science species which were collected in the Langbiang Plateau. Michaelsen (1934) presented sixteen species which were found in Da Lat, Quy Nhon, Da Nang, Phu Quoc Island, Phu Tho, and then is the research of Omodeo (1956). Overall, these works are scattered, where researchers are often the cities and tourist destinations in the Southern Vietnam. From 1965 to 1975, the study of earthworms was interrupted by war, and was only conducted limited in some areas. The collected data was morphology and ecology of several widely distributed species to service for teaching (Thai Tran Bai, 1983). Since 1979, the earthworm fauna of Vietnam has been studied widely and systematically. The first was the PhD. Thesis of Thai Tran Bai (1983) “Earthworm of Vietnam (Systematic, Fauna, Distribution and Zoogeographic)”. The results of this study show that there are 109 species and subspecies, belonging to 6 families and 17 genera for the earthworm fauna of Vietnam. Among of them there are 39 species and subspecies new for science. Then, he guided several PhD. thesis on the earthworm fauna in Vietnam (table 2.2). Table 2.2: The author, location, research results of 6 Ph. D theses on the fauna earthworms of Vietnam. Year Authors Location Results New species* Species* Genus Family 1985 Tran Thuy Mui The Red Delta 32 12 7 0 1994 Do Van Nhuong Northwest 95 7 6 15 1994 Nguyen Van Thuan Binh Tri Thien 54 9 6 5 1995 Pham Thi Hong Ha Quang Nam Da Nang 48 8 4 6 4 1995 Le Van Trien Northeastern 72 11 5 5 1996 Huynh Thi Kim Hoi South Central 75 14 6 8 * species and subspecies According to Thai Tran Bai (2000b) and updated, so far the earthworm fauna of Vietnam has been found 204 species and subspecies, 18 genara, of 7 families. Among them, Family Megascolecidae has most various species with 181 species and subspecies, followed by Ocnerodrilidae (7 species), Octochaetidae (6 species), Moniligastridae (5 species), Lumbricidae (2 species) and 2 remaining families (Glossoscolecidae, Microchaetidae) with 1 species of each. There are 25 species of earthworms and many taxa not identified the scientific name in the South of Vietnam. In particular, the Mekong Delta mainland only recorded 14 species of earthworms, belonging to 8 genera, 5 families and a few taxon of the genus Pheretima and Drawida not be identified to species. Most the earthworm sampling points in Vietnam is shown in Figure 1.1, through which to see the sampling points are concentrated in the North and Central of Vietnam, The earthworm fauna of Southern has been little studied. In addition, the sample concentrated mainly in the plain, less than in the hills and very few in the islands. 5 Figure 1.1: The sampling earthworms in Vietnam (According to Stephenson (1931), Michaelsen (1934b), Omodeo (1956), Thai Tran Bai (1983), Tran Thuy Mui (1985), Do Van Nhuong (1994), Nguyen Van Thuan (1994), Le Van Trien (1995), Pham Thi Hong Ha (1995), Huynh Thi Kim Hoi (2005), Nguyen Thanh Tung (2008), Nguyen Van Thuan and Nguyen Thi My Hang (2010), ) CHAPTER 2. LOCATION, TIME, MATERIALS AND METHODS RESEARCH 2.1. LOCATION AND TIME RESEARCH 6 Based on the differences in the impact of hydrology and soil properties (mechanical composition, pH and salinity), the earthworm sampling points in the Mekong Delta are arranged in 4 topographies: mountainous, river alluvial plains, down warping far from the river basin and coastal mixed. According to Thai Tran Bai (1983), the Mekong Delta is divided into biotypes: natural forest, planted forest, mango gardens at the foot of the mountains, wilderness, the edge of the river or pond, perennial garden, short-day crops garden and livestock. A total of 187 sampling points were collected of 13 provinces and cities in the Mekong Delta. The sampling points concentrated in the Tien and Hau River basin, less than down warping far from the river of Dong Thap Muoi, Long Xuyen Quadrangle and Ca Mau Peninsula for flooded during the year (Figure 2.4). Earthworm samples were collected quantitatively and qualitatively from 2007 to 2011. Each year collected in two different seasons: the dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December, but focus on October and November is the time of many earthworms has more mature individual (especially in the mountains). 2.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS RESEARCH 2.2.1. Materials This study was based on analysis of 2,868 individuals earthworms, of which 15,447 individuals collected in 1,109 quantitative pit. The sample is hold at the Laboratory Animals, Can Tho University and Soil Organism Research Center, Hanoi National University of Education. Tools and equipment include canvas bags, paper label, measure, GPS (Garmin, Japan), electronic balance (accuracy 0.01 g), microscope and surgical kits, and more instruments and apparatus for DNA extracted and sequenced. 7 Figure 2.4: The sampling earthworms in the Mekong Delta Chemical fixed earthworms of 2% formaldehyde, formaldehyde 4%, alcohol 96%. In experiments extracted and sequenced using a variety of different chemicals and primers LCO1490, HCO2198, COI-E to PCR the DNA barcode. 2.2.2. Methods Research Quantitative samples were collected as soil organism of Ghiliarov (1976). Qualitative sampling were collected in parallel with quantitative sampling in the same place or can be obtained at any location with a wider range. The samples were washed in water, killed with 2% formaldehyde solution, to align in the box with 4% formaldehyde solution about 24 hours for morphological analysis. Samples used for DNA extraction were fixed with 96% alcohol solution. Earthworms of the Mekong Delta are identified base on keys and descriptions by Thai Tran Bai (1986), Gates (1972), Blakemore (2002), Sims and Easton (1972), Easton (1979),… In addition, many taxa were questionable about the position classification which were assessed by Prof. Doctor Thai Tran Bai. Morphological - ecological groups of earthworm were divided by Thai Tran Bai (1983). The origin and dispersal of the major terrestrial earthworm families was determined by Hendrix et al. (2008). Oriental divided into two regions and the provinces on the basis of Thai Tran Bai (1983). The close species composition between the faunas and Radulescu (1961). The close species composition between the earthworm fauna in the Mekong Delta with other fauna calculated as of Stugren and Radulescu (1961). Diversity index was calculated according to Shannon and Weiner (1963) and "Eveness index" according to Pielou (1966). Taxonomic relationships of earthworm species in the Mekong Delta was determined by morphological characteristics using numerical phenetics and Cladistics methods based on DNA barcode sequences. 8 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. THE EARTHWORM FAUNA OF THE MEKONG DELTA 3.1.1. Checklist earthworm of the Mekong Delta Table 3.1: List and frequency of earthworms in the different topography of the Mekong Delta No. Taxon Frequency (C) VN ĐBPXVS BTXS HHVB Total GLOSSOSCOLECIDAE (Michaelsen, 1900) Pontoscolex Schmarda, 1861 1. Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1856) 0.75 0.66 0.85 0.62 0.69 MEGASCOLECIDAE (part Rosa, 1891) Lampito Kinberg, 1866 2. Lampito mauritii Kinberg, 1866 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.44 0.14 Perionyx Perrier, 1872 3. Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872 0.12 0.07 0.09 0.10 Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 Coecata 4. Pheretima anomala Michaelsen, 1907 0,63 0,08 5. Pheretima bahli Gates, 1945 0.50 0.13 0.36 0.21 6. Pheretima californica Kinberg, 1867 *** 0.13 0.07 0.03 7. Pheretima houlleti (Perrier, 1872) 0.08 0.59 0.25 0.47 0.45 8. Pheretima juliani (Perrier, 1875) 0.10 0.05 9 9. Pheretima peguana Rosa. 1889 0.38 0.09 0.16 0.13 10. Pheretima polychaetifera Thai, 1984 0.27 0.35 0.07 0.21 11. Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) 0.13 0.58 0.19 0.56 0.47 12. Pheretima mangophila Nguyen, 2011 * 0.54 0.04 0.09 13. Pheretima thaii Nguyen, 2011 * 0.02 0.01 14. Pheretima sp. 4 0.17 0.02 15. Pheretima sp. 5 0.07 0.02 16. Pheretima sp. 6 0.02 0.01 17. Pheretima sp. 7 0.02 0.01 18. Pheretima sp. 8 (1) 0.54 0.28 0.04 0.18 0.26 19. Pheretima sp. 9 0.13 0.02 20. Pheretima sp. 11 0.63 0.08 21. Pheretima sp. 12 0.25 0.03 22. Pheretima sp. 13 0.13 0.02 23. Pheretima sp. 14 0.04 0.01 24. Pheretima sp. 15 0.13 0.02 Acoecata 25. Pheretima elongata (Perrier, 1872) 0.59 0.35 0.38 0.38 26. Pheretima taprobanae Beddard, 1892 *** 0.01 0.01 27. Pheretima sp. 16 0.21 0.03 Pontodrilus Perrier, 1874 28. Pontodrilus litoralis (Grube, 1855) 0.02 0.01 ALMIDAE Duboscq, 1902 Glyphidrilus Horst, 1889 (2) 29. Glyphidrilus papillatus (Rosa, 1890) 0.08 0.01 0.04 0.03 MONILIGASTRIDAE Claus, 1880 Drawida Michaelsen, 1900 30. Drawida barwelli (Beddard, 1886) ** 0.25 0.19 0.12 0.14 31. Drawida sp. 1 0.13 0.22 0.12 0.14 32. Drawida sp. 2 0.17 0.02 OCNERODRILIDAE Beddard, 1891 Gordiodrilus Beddard, 1892 10 [...]... protein resource, soil improvement, providing pharmaceuticals, and use in teaching 2 RECOMMENDATIONS - To complete the basic research of earthworm fauna of Vietnam, there should be more studies in the South-Eastern provinces of Vietnam and Vietnam’s islands - Continue to promote the intensive research in the field of molecular biology and histological structure of male bud which will be the solid base... lower than the North West (93.6%) and Quang Nam - Da Nang (89.6%) but higher than the other fauna were studied in our country such as: Binh Tri Thien (86.9%), Northeast (79.18 percent), South Central (82.7%) and the Red River Delta (76%) In general, the Zoogeographical factors of earthworms in the Mekong Delta follow the general rule of the earthworm fauna in Vietnam, Oriental factor was predominant (Thai,... common in India - Malaysia but the distribution of them including Vietnam The remaining genera (Pontoscolex, Lampito, Perionyx, Pontodrilus, Glyphidrilus, Gordiodrilus and Dichogaster) each have one species, accounting for 2.94% In Pheretima genus, three species of the acoecata group, accounting for 8.82%, this rate is lower than the Quang Nam - Da Nang and South Central but higher superior to the other... species only found in South Asia or Southeast Asia (Glyphidrilus papillatus, Ph bahli and Ph peguana), 2 species only found in Indochina (Ph juliani and Ph sp 8), the remaining 17 species found in Vietnam or only o in the study area The earthworm fauna of the different Mekong Delta have a relationship from to very different with neighboring faunas (R from 0.41 to 0.89) However, this values only was... earthworm fauna in the Mekong Delta has 15 species (41.12%) similar with the southern central fauna, 11 species (32.35%) with Binh Tri Thien and Northwest, 10 species (29.41%) with Thailand and Quang Nam - Da Nang, 8 species (23.53%) with the fauna of Laos, Northeast 14 and Phnom Penh But the same is plain but the earthworm fauna in the Mekong Delta only 7 species (20.59%) simalar with the Red River... Ph taprobanae was predicted in the tropics of Papua Guinea 15 So far, there are no documents to identify the original distribution of Glyphidrilus papilatus, this species was found very common in Vietnam (Thai, 200b), India, Myanmar, Hainan Island of China but have not found in Africa From the data on this can predict the original distribution of Glyphidrilus papilatus was somewhere in the province... far, there have been recorded 34 species of earthworms, belonging to 9 genus, 6 families in the Mekong Delta In particular, two new species for science (Ph thaii and Ph mangophila), 1 new species for Vietnam (Drawida barwelli), 3 new species were found the first in the study area (Ph anomala, Ph californica and Ph taprobanae) and 14 taxa are new species waiting publication Genus Pheretima has 24 species... mountain of To - An Giang, maybe this is endemic of the Mekong Delta From that show, the original distribution of the acoecata group (Polypheretima) at our country can be expanded further to the South, Vietnam 3.1.4 Taxonomic relationships between earthworm species in the Mekong Delta 3.1.4.1 Taxonomic relationships based on morphology 16 The dendrogram constructed from the similarity matrix of 34 taxa showed... Pheretima (subgroup II 2) with an average coefficient of similarity between them is about 53% I Họ GLOSSOSCOLECIDAE Họ ALMIDAE Họ MONILIGASTRIDAE Họ OCNERODRILIDAE Họ OCTOCHAETIDAE II.1 Nhóm không có manh tràng Pheretima polychaetifera Nhóm houlleti II.2 Nhóm posthuma II Họ MEGASCOLECIDAE Nhóm peguana Nhóm houlleti Figure 3.37: A dendrogram generated using UPGMA method with arithmetic average analysis... experiments have been successful on 19 species of earthworms in the Mekong Delta and 1 species of Laos (Ph pacseana), Only Ph taprobanae has been sequenced in previous studies (in the gene bank database) (Minamiya et al., 2009) The maximum parsimony tree based on DNA barcodes data are drawn as in figure 3.39 with CI (Consistency Index) = 0.3363, RI (Retention Index) = 0.3215, this index shows the results . neighboring countries of Vietnam are summarized in table 2.1. Table 2.1: Diversity of species and the authors studied earthworms of some neighboring countries of Vietnam. No. Countries Diversity. & Do Van Nhuong (1989, 1993) 3 1.1. RESEARCH SITUATION OF EARTHWORM FAUNA IN VIETNAM The earthworm fauna of Vietnam was started to research in the late 19 th century by Perrier (1872, 1875) Bai, 1983). Since 1979, the earthworm fauna of Vietnam has been studied widely and systematically. The first was the PhD. Thesis of Thai Tran Bai (1983) “Earthworm of Vietnam (Systematic, Fauna, Distribution

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