1 INTRODUCTION Rationale to the study 1.1 Vietnamese literature is composed of Kinh people’s literature and minority peoples’ literatures Some aspects of this component are still open for discussion and need to be studied further 1.2 Learning about the logic behind minority people’s works of art in relationship with these of Kinh people is of great importance to developing Vietnam economy as well as enriching Vietnamese cultural life 1.3 Thai literature has its own evolution process, at the same time is a product of the combination between endogenous and exogenous factors This literary component shares some similar aspects with Kinh literature but still has its own values 1.4 In Thai cultural system, narrative poems are considered as a rather unique genre 1.5 The common characteristics between Nôm narrative poems and Thai narrative poems are the core, which is the story and the form of expression, which is through a poem This is the main reason why we choose the topic "A study of narrative poems of the Thai people in Vietnam with the same subject of Kinh people’s Nom poems" The history 2.1 Narrative poems of minority peoples and that of Thai people 2.1.1 Narrative poems Narrative poems draw much attention from researchers In overall, the author can draw on important conclusions of researchers such as Dinh Gia Khanh, Vo Quang Nhon, Dang Nghiem Van, Phan Dang Nhat, Le Truong Phat, Nguyen Xuan Kinh, Cam Cuong, Nong Quoc Chan, Vu Anh Tuan, etc Vo Quang Nhon points out that narrative poems of minority people not come along separately In contrast, they are considered a phenomenon when they come out Phan Dang Nhat concludes that “if Kinh people have Nom narrative poems, minority peoples also have an equivalance, which is narrative poems” Nong Quoc Chan on his overview of Tay Nung’s narrative poems puts narrative poems under the category of Tay Nung’s classic literature Later on, Cam Cuong on his studies of Thai literature emphasizes that “Narrative poems […] are basically novels in the form of poems” 2 Lê Truong Phat who focuses on the organization of narrative poems, emphasizes that “besides the happy ending, narrative poems also have a different kind of ending, that is a kind of plot structured in a different motif” Vu Tien Quynh, on his way of tracing the social and cultural origin and the style of narrative poems, claims that “Narrative poems are the connection between oral literature and written literature.” On the same page with Vu Tien Quynh, Dang Nghiem Van also stresses that narrative poems are “a transition from folklore to professional literature” In this dissertation, we pay special attention to these two above opinions, as they give us sufficient information to elaborate on the content and arts of Thai’s narrative poems as well as to form a scientific basis on which the interaction between Nom narrative poems of Kinh people and narrative poems of Thai people can be explained Not only scholars study on the role, origin, structure and poetics of narrative poems, some scholars such as Ha Van Thu, Hoang Tien Tuu, Phan Dang Nhat also pay attention to the content and the arts of narrative poems Phan Dang Nhat support the idea by stating that “Regarding the content, the subject of love stories is the painful life of people whose love is damaged by the old social system” Hoang Tien Tuu comments that “Regarding the content as well as the form of art, narrative poems of minority people inherit and improve on the legacy of love poems, especially love folk songs of minority peoples” In conclusion, all of the mentioned opinions agree on the idea that there are two main topics in narrative poems, which are faithful love and the exposure of a stuffy and outdated society 2.1.2 Thai narrative poems Thai narrative poems come in forms in oral and written, expressed through rhythmic literature, have a plot, belong to Thai people in Vietnam, etc In comparison with ancient stories and folk songs, Thai narrative poems have a larger scale in terms of volume, social problems mentioned and the art of building literary figures There is a shortage of scholars specializing in Thai literature with a modest success The 1st literature book on Thai narrative poems is called “Studies on Thai narrative poems in Vietnam” written by Cam Cuong He points out that narrative poems and poems in genaral is the quintessence of Thai written literature In combination of the opinions of Vu Tien Quynh, Dang Nghiem Van and Cam Cuong, we need to reconsider whether categorizing narrative poems into folklore is correct or not Lê Trường Phát emphasizes that many of Thai works borrow the plots from these of other minority peoples Based on those Thai stories which were translated into Vietnamese, researches have also covered contents and art structure (even in the abridged form) of some stories relating to the topic such as Trang nguyen, Y Noi - Nang Xua, Ú Them, Trang Tu, Luu Vinh (Ngu háu)… After analyzing, Cam Cuong has catagorized Thai storiesthe subject of the thesis research into two kinds The first one is stories with ethnic origin, including files: Y Noi - Nang Xua, U Them The second is poem originated from foreign nations, including files: Trang nguyen, Trang Tu, Ngu hau These are valuable orientation for us to conduct our research topic 2.2 Interaction between Thai narrative poems to Kinh’s Nôm poems During the past few decades, studies about the differences between Kinh’s Nôm poems and minorities’ poems have drawn attention from researchers "Narrative poems at mountainous areas and lowland Nôm stories have similarities in terms of: mainstream ideology, character building, structural work and the popular use of art." Kieu Thu Hoach concurs with the opinion above, if seen from the perspective of art, "the Nom stories of the Vietnamese gradually entered the poetry genre of Tay, Nung, Thai people to create the poems appearing as Nom stories, more exactly, those poems could be influenced at both the ideology structure and art " Le Truong Phat have his directional opinion as follows: The unique and easy-to-see thing is that "this poem is not necessarily the other translations of the Nom story Between the two, there was quite a big gap in the storyline, the plot [ ], the people “side” of the iconic character, the characters’ language” One explanation for the similarities and differences between narrative poems and Nom stories cited that the author of ethnic minorities groups inherited and developed their stories from the surrounding literature In searching for answers to the phenomenon of "couple" of narrative poems and Nom stories, Gia Khanh made two assumptions "Maybe scholars, intellectuals, religious people relied on the narrative poems of Viet people in lowland or introduced the stories of India, Laos, China to build up our national poems Then those works were widely circulated among the people, even anonymous but was noticed by outstanding individuals self-composing The composers’ styles soon approached to the literary text” Nevertheless, narrative poems might just be the copy or adaptation from the works of Nom Kinh books to poems of ethnic minorities " N.I.Nikulin said, "the comic-style story as Nom stories can be found in the folk songs of the ethnic groups in Vietnam such as the Muong, Nung, Tay, Thai " The similarity was also explained by a phenomenon called “the same type” Narrative poems were created by the peoples of Southeast Asia as well as ethnic minorities in Vietnam with the same "from native anthropology, ethnic origin, history, language to the economy, culture, customs, and religious beliefs " Perhaps, the migration and cross-cultural exchange led to this social integration One hypothesis questions that the relationship influenced by the literature of the Kinh and ethnic Thai rooted from cultural anthropology (like relationships of Thai Vietnamese or Vietnamese - the Muong group) or by some other reason? From the above overview, we can see that those mentioned work mainly illustrated brief and scattered judgments on the subject, content, artistic similarities, differences in terms of storyline between Nom Kinh stories and narrative stories of ethnic minorities (including Thai poems) None of the scholars study thoroughly and no specific public works deeply survey, analyze, compare stories of specific groups to find legitimate scientific conclusions Therefore, on the basis of opinionoriented nature of some researchers and critics, we consider previous findings as inheritance achievements and also serve as valuable suggestions for us to conduct "A study of narrative poems of the Thai people in Vietnam with the same subject of Kinh people’s Nom poems" Objectives and scope of the research 3.1 Objectives of the research The research focuses on Thai poems which are: Trang Tu, Trang nguyen, Ý Noi - Nang Xua, Ngu hau, U Them, in comparison with Nom poems: Hoang Truu, Tong Tran - Cuc Hoa, Cái Tam - Cai Cam, Thach Sanh, Truyen Tu Thuc… 3.2 Scope of the research We study ethnic Thai poems in the same topics with Kinh people’s Nom poems and find out the contents and artistic angle of these poems Duties and limitations of the research 4.1 The duties of the research •Study the common problems relating to narrative poems and Thai poems •Learn about the contents and art structure of some Thai poems •Compare, explain reasons about the similarities and differences between Thai poems and Nom Kinh poems 4.2 Limitations of the research The research covers only books of Thai poetry and five books of Kinh people’s Nom poetry Other works are not mentioned Research Methodology 5.1 Systematic Method 5.2 Interdisciplinary Method 5.3 Comparison Method Contribution of the research •The system of evaluation, scrutiny, outlining poem countenance •Overview of the content value of some Thai poems in the same topic with the Kinh’s Nom poems •Overview of the artistic value of some Thai poems in the same topic with the Kinh’s Nom poems •Providing documentation, translations of three stories: Trạng nguyên, Trạng Tư, Ngu háu by the thesi's author and other intellectuals who conducted translation, compilation Structure of the research Chapter COMMON KNOWLEDGE OF THAI POEMS IN THE SAME TOPICS WITH KINH PEOPLE’S NOM POEMS 1.1 Narrative Poem, Theme and Plot 1.1.1 Narrative Poem Narrative poem is a kind of narratives and used to reflect human life Story has important factors: storyline and character, as expressed in two forms as prose and verse In this thesis, we study verse stories only Verse story is used to express the content and later elevated to art Thus, our thesis studies art comic verse which the researchers call a narrative poem Thus, narrative poem can be understood as follows: Narrative poems were composed in the form of narrative poetry, exist in writing or non- writing They serve as intermediate phenomenon between folklore and written literature Narrative poems present a story, which is the nuclear factor Story is "literary works portraying the character’s personality and incidents through the writer's narrative writings" Expression forms of narrative poems are poems Story is told in the form of poetry Poetry is "the art of using image-abounding language and rhythm to express contents coherently and emotionally" Two modes of narrative, lyrical work combine together in the same genre of poetry and create a special thing, which no other category has: reflect not only the objective world but also directly express human subjectivity Story pays attention to the details Poetry, however, depicts inner focus 1.1.2 Theme and plot Theme is the term used to refer to the range of events forming the basis of the artwork More generally, theme highlights the direct descriptions of that artwork In literature, theme is the surface area of explicit words, phenomena described and reflected in literary texts Theme is the objective aspect of the content of the work We can identify themes in literature according to limits the scale of reality reflected in the work Narrative poems of the ethnic minorities have three main themes: love, family, society These themes have both external and internal links and show the scale of reality reflected Three themes penetrate each other and make us difficult to separate Theme always comes along with the structural content of the work With the narrative work, structure content always includes three main aspects: storyline (or plot), character, form of expression Each aspect has its own internal function in particular The plot is a system of events which are carefully selected and arranged It creates an environment to convey the value of content and art The structure of the poem is often in the major forms: linear order; sequencing, assembly; circle 1.2 The Kinh People’s Nom poems Nom poem is a genre of special interest in Vietnam’s medieval literature Nom poem was born in the historical- social conditions in the late fifteenth century to the eighteenth century The introduction of Nom poem associated with the cultural and art premise 7 Folk types as traditional theater, folk sculptures, folklore were featured In terms of plot, it is closely related to the democratic winds, folk narrative genres available – fairy tales became the source of the Nom story script Nom poem is not simply the result of Kinh ethnic people’s culture in Vietnam but it was also launched by the cultural exchange The formation and development of the Nom genre are inseparable from developing Nom literature and prose and verse literary in particular as well as the formation and development of this kind of literary narrative in Vietnam in general Nom poem comes from three major sources: the novel of urban China, Vietnamese folktales, personal real life 1.3 Thai poems 1.3.1 The social and cultural history of the Thai nation 1.3.1.1 History and geographic characteristics of Thai ethnic people The Thai people can be categorized into separate groups: Tay Khao (White Thai) and Tay Dam (Black Thai) They migrated from the Southern and South Western China to Vietnam during the time from the th to the 13th century After settling down in Vietnam, the Thai came to establish and organize their society as a feudal system The Thai people in Vietnam reside within a wide area ranging from the North Western side of the Northern Vietnam to the West of Thanh Hoa and Nghe An 1.3.1.2 Socioeconomic features: a Economic The Thai people live in mountainous areas which allows for burnt-over fields as the only means of cultivation Farming has always been considered “a lifetime friend” of every Thai family b.Class stratification: Prior to the August Revolution (1945), the Thai people was divided into social classes The governing body in the North Western area was quite massive with many titles: pha nha, phia tao, mo lang, chang The ordinary class was called cuong nhoc The holdings of profits all over the district were all in their hands, which was clearly defined in the constitutions c Marriage About marriage in the phia tao society, the marchiarchy system required every marriage to be allowed by both families based on two sets of criteria: both have to be financially equivocal and the husband has to stay with his wife’s family 8 d Beliefs Regarding beliefs, the Thai group associates authority with supernatural powers They also observe a multipower lifestyle in which everything in life is believed to be under the guard of a supernatural force 1.3.1.3 Language and literary works Due to limited historical documentations, the root of the Thai language is still in controversy The Thai language might appear during the time the Nom was first introduced but bear no resemblance to the pictographic form There are currently forms of written Thai, all of them share the same structure Thai’s literary works are diverse in categories Those like mythologies, fairy tales and traditional rhymed works have been translated to Vietnamese Tale poetry has been considered to play an important role marking the significant development of Thai literature in terms of both paperwork and artwork Các thể loại hoàn toàn dân gian thần thoại, cổ tích, lời có vần cha ơng truyền 1.3.2 Current situation of Thai tale poetry Tale poetry is one of the most long-lasting categories in Thai literature with the greatest number of works Compared to other ethnic minorities, Thai tale poems are of larger number (about 300), only of which have been translated to Vietnamese Like the tale poems written in the Nom language systems, those in Thai still remain anonymous Thai tale poetry bears strong connection with khap (a type of singing) When it comes to performing, the poems are sung in the khap xu melody As for the plots, Thai tale poems have their roots from these basic sources: Thai traditional folktales and Kinh, Lao, Chinese tales Regarding the themes, Thai tale poetry mainly focuses on these following topics: love, conquests of nature and family life The storyline usually goes in the flow of meeting – catastrophe – union 1.4 Interactions between Nom and Thai tale poetry Due to limited documentations, the thesis chose Thai poems as research subjects, of which are under the world-recognized themes The composing methodology was at first based on the theme, but later improvised and made familiar to the Thai people With the aspiration for content broadening and intercultural exchange, Thai poets also based their stories on those in the Nom language of the Kinh People The writer at first followed the original content, and later made additions, reversed the details and blew in the shades of the Thai culture 1.5 Some relevant works of Thai and Nom tale poetry 1.5.1 Thạch Sanh (Nom) and Ngu hau (Thai) 1.5.2 Tam - Cam (Nom) and Y Noi - Nang Xua (Thai) 1.5.3 Tu Thuc (Nom) and U Them (Thai) 1.5.4 Tong Tran - Cuc Hoa (Nom) and Trang nguyen (Thai) 1.5.5 Hoang Truu (Nom) and Trang Tu (Thai) CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER Tale poetry is the term that refers to a literary category of the King people as well as some other ethnic minorities including Thai in Vietnam Some works of Thai and Kinh tale poetry (in the Nom language) are under the same themes – some life incidents recorde, described and used to reflect in literary works The theme reflects the objective views on the main content of the work whose development must be through the structure Both Thai and Kinh’s tale poems share the same core – the tale – and the means – the poem Being stories at the first place, tale poems always hold the strong core factor: plot The storyline always goes in the flow of meeting – catastrophe – union, conducted according to time order with happy endings Both Nom and Thai tale poems exist in the form of either word of mouth and written documentations, which can be considered as a special occasion in Vietnamese literature Some studies even suppose this to be the median between folklore and modern literature Literature always forms in certain conditions Thai tale poetry is composed based on historical, natural and cultural situations, bringing to the tales an air of myterious colors Besides, the formation of Nom tale poems also bears some similarities and differences, both intermingling and distingushing the cultures Chapter THE VALUE IN CONTENTS OF SOME THAI TALE POEMS WITH SIMILAR CONTENT TO KING’S 2.1 Value 2.1.1 Conquest of nature 2.1.1.1 Nature conquering as Thai people’s long-lasting desire As mentioned above, some Thai tale poems under this theme are Ngu hau, 10 Trang nguyên, U Them Ngu hau focuses on buildin the image of the hero Luu Vinh in an epic battle Lưu Vinh wins the rocks, controls the rocks and turns them to his own tools and weapons in the battle against a Basilik to rescue the princess and protect the country with his talents This exposes the time when humans were taking steps to control the nature, also indirectly defeated the superpowers Meanwhile, the character Thach Sanh in the Thach Sanh Nom tale poem also won the Basilik as arranged by the God Thach Sanh was originally son of god sent to the world and raised by ordinary people Humans at that time were supposed to rely on superpowers in solving their problems and Thach Sanh’s origin somehow reflected the incapability of people in the past Unlike Thach Sanh, Luu Vinh was born normal with skills learned from his father and practice He killed the beast with his own powers, reigning over the nature Moreoever, the story shows people’s awareness of the nature 2.1.1.2 Conquest against the nature as a form of protecting the village The nature conquest does not only show Thai People’s desire but also proves that it is the only way to protect the community, which is best clarified in Ngu hau and Trang Nguyen In Ngu hau, the Basilik appeared as a threat to the life of the villagers Luu Vinh defeated the beast not only to rescue the princess but also to save the village from the coming deluge The same goes in Trang Nguyen, reflected in these incidents: taming the tiger, defeating the waters and killing the giant aquatic serpent If the tiger represents onland dangers, the event of marriage to the daughter of God of the Waters shows the human ability in conquering the waters 2.1.2 Reflections of family life 2.1.2.1 Family life in reality out of research subjects bear this content in the stories (except for Trang Tư) Y Noi Nang Xua refers to the stepmother-daughter relationship with Láng’s bringing her stepdaughter into the forest Compared to King people’s Tam Cam, the fatherdaughter connection in Y Noi Nang Xua is of more significance The father, however, could hardly offer his daughter nothing but love The story deeply described Thai’s marchiarch culture where powers in the family are in the hands of the wife Trang Nguyên poses a picture of rotten upper classes along with the inhumane trade for marriage Tương, father of Cuc Hoa, sells his daughter’s destiny away as a 11 commodity in trade This shows the downfall of current Thai society 2.1.2.2 Society in reality While Y Noi – Nang Xua holds its reality reflections within the family scope, U Thêm has wider range in criticizing a turbulent, complicated society of conflicting relationships This is depicted through the appearance of the evil lady which represents the manipulation of powers and the selfish desire to rule over other countries Social conflicts also affect and trigger family conflict between husband and wife, first and second wife, stepmother and daughter 2.2 The expess one’s thought 2.2.1 The beauty of the human nature Thai tale poetry directs itself to the value of the human goodwill and the dream of “one good turn” will be granted with “another good turn” In Ngu hau, the beauty of a laborer is represented in Lưu Vinh Through his valiant act of killing the beast with an impartial soul, the writer constructed an image of an ideal character with a pure soul that only wants to good for the community Lưu Vinh does not look for remuneration in that he is the center of moral, physical and intellectual powers and values In Thai tale poetry there appears a type of hero matured from practice, which is a familiar and attainable to everyone, it praises the thorough beauty of laborers with skills, morals in whom the writer trusts with his dream of a equal society led by a talented, deserving leader Images of women in literature are slightly different each ethnic, but they all share these qualities: beautiful and practical, dutiful, faithful We can point out some of the characters in this poem which is built according to Thai standards In the poem, Kham In is not just a beautiful woman, but also extraordinary woman with intense love, closeness, loyalty, a wise sage daughter, a loving mother In the poem Trang Nguyen, praising the work, faithful love, the determination of the main character Cuc Hoa and two supporting characters: the princess Peng and Cao Vuong Speaking of Trang Tu, the heroine in the story, she is also built according to the standards of idealism Princess Annam is a wonderful woman and faithful in love The princess of Thailand poem has also a wise sense of happiness or marriage Most works about love or marriage are praised for fidelity of women Most of the female characters have to go through a series of life-challenging events They all more or less suffer the hardship in order to affirm their loyalty and faithfulness 2.2.2 The belief of “one good turn deserves another” 12 This concept can be found both in Kinh and Thai tale poetry Through the characters in Thach Sanh and Ngu hau, the concept of good people receiving the good things are immensely reflected From the characters’ life and feats of arms, the writers show their desire of a society with equality and belief in justice This philosophy is also best demonstrated in Y Noi – Nang Xua (Thai) and Tam Cam (Nom) with perfect humanity reflected in Tam and Y Noi The philosophy of “a good turn deserves another” is indicated to be reflected by the happy endings at the end of the story as the subjective wish of the writers This is also the humane values of the works, the lessons of humanity and the belief in the beauty of life that one can draw from the tale Lofty, profoundly humane philosophical spirit is presented in both comic pair Y Noi-Nang Xua (Thai) and Cai Tam-Cai Cam (Kinh) The inside beauty with the standard aesthetic values are reflected in the character Tam and Y Noi Characteristics of the philosophy “One good turn deserves another” prescribed happy endings of work as well as the author’s very desire This also reflects the humanitarian value, the life lessons on how to live and beliefs in a better live This concept leads to a happy ending and is a testament to the statement: comics contains some characteristics of fairy kind In addition U Them poem, Thai people in Thanh Hoa have shown a lot of concepts about life The Thai people have a notion "afterlife" world of dead souls; they also said that there are penalties for offenders after death U Them poem describes the way to glimpse God's going to find his wife U Them to glimpse through the whole bizarre punishment: the guilt of unfaithfulness, the guilt of abstinence in childbirth, the guilt in abandoning partners and kids Images which can glimpse the monstrous punishment are somewhat similar to Pluto's power Cross Vietnam It just reflects the views of the Thai people about social ethics, philosophy of life, just to keeping the law strictly Who continuously violate will not only be punished when they are alive they were punished at the other side of the world 2.2.3 National- pride Mindset 2.2.3.1 The Power of Outstanding Individuals The similarities, though unremarkable, but are important to the Vietnamese thought and Thais Through abroad journey of character Tung Tan, the authors has affirmed, Vietnam has national patriots, many talented and righteous and virtue compared to China 13 When taking the exams and travelling abroad, Tung Tan danced through two challenges Over ten years abroad, Tung Tan made King Tan compliment him for his excellent strategies Painful time passed, despite the fact that the king of Qin spoiled all levels, Tung Tan proved to be danced with the iron will, no desire of wealth to wealth, beauty not care With a determined soul, he only had his wife in mind and also the elderly mother in faraway homeland If Tung Tan represents ingenuity of macho, Cuc Hoa represented the beautiful virtue of Thai women Ingenious indispensable virtue, virtue is ingenious new integrity It is not random that People's Thai built two qualities beside each other Intelligence and great personalities of two main characters have collected made people admire Cuc Hoa’s beautiful personality made the king want to meet her and promoted the beauty to “the queen of the empire” During the reunion scene, the interior divided house, she had a higher throne than Banh Hoa - Chinese princess and Cao Vuong, King Shui Qi daughter 2.2.3.2 Sense of self-esteem, ethnic equality If the Poinsettias works in two highly autonomous spirit of the nation, the poem Trang Tu refers to diplomatic relations between Vietnam and China In the last century, the two countries Vietnam - China usually are in war Therefore, tense conflicts are obvious in the diplomatic relationship The Chinese group took turns to invade Vietnam In relational learning culture, ethnic Thais came to Vietnam from the seventh century by trapping of the Han ethnic minority people in Vietnam to the east and north, so they gradually migrated southward By the nineteenth century, many ethnic Thais experienced disputes with the border ethnic Chinese 2.2.4 The concept of religious beliefs Kinh poem reflects cultural beliefs of Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism Unlike the conception of the world, the universe of Kinh, the Thai group poems have different ideas Most of the works mentioned will bring the spirit of all things that have souls or the world in general 2.2.4.1 All things have a soul Not only the concept of the afterlife, Thais also believe that everything around us like trees, rocks, rivers, mountains and creatures have souls, and are all governed All back in under the governance of General of Supreme Beings is Then Luong, under Then is the hierarchical levels (ma) 14 For Thai peeple, the world's non-opposition to the living world, but these two worlds communicate with each other through a metaphysical force the soul (or astral) of each individual, the phenomena The details of many works addressed the concept of spirits, ghosts Muong, Muong sky, forest gate ma The Vietnamese divide the human into soul and material, always immortal soul, and material is lost after death The Thais not use words like nature break on the use of "transform" This form of religious reason: to go to another world (tape to turn) and not die Soul that is separated from the body, dissolve the drug will become live on the different positions in the ditch Thus, if the conception of the world of the King Universe is dominated by a number of religious doctrines, the same problems, the Thais have their own view The concept of the afterlife is just to see how the world looked at the universe, just to show the moral of Thai society, ethnic identity formation deep 2.2.4.2 The concept of the three realms of the world The concept consists of realms world appeared in most Thai poems, but the reader may be most aware of Trang Nguyen poem Not only praising Tung Tan as the role of the hero with the resounding victory, Trang Nguyen story also refers to many aspects of Thai society, which emerged in the religious matters of belief Many of his verses to talk about astral worship, necromancy, mental health, especially in the modern occasions According to the Thai people, the universe has three floors: Pha Muong, Muong Chen, Muong Ma by non-ghost Then the concept above, is both the creator of each item symbolizes both nature and society Heaven, where the Supreme Muong Then, most sacred, where he is the crowning glory of the human reach As pictured in God, the old man can be reborn by molting and not die The desire of immortality, escaping from the time universe and age of human being are the dream of any ethnic people Details of the sun danced just press exaggerated account of the character, just to show the concept of the Thai beliefs The beauty of Tung Tan is ideal realms of human life, deserving to live in Muong Nong Pha, Muong Then CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER Poetry is typical of the kind of King literature and Thai ethnic Same category, composed of two parts with the subject phenomenon Contents of Thai poem with the same theme poem Nom Kinh are pretty plentiful Due to mainly Thais living on high mountains, steep terrain, activities 15 dependent on natural, so natural desire to become conquering different content covering most of the work The main character of the composition is the mortal hero origin, may conquer the rocks, kill python, flood control, water conquer Through this content, Thais expressed fervent belief in the power of the human inner life Thai poems mainly reflect social reality and families This is also common concern of narrative poems Nom From Ngu hau to Trang Nguyen, Roles of the family change, matriarchy moves to patriarchy Predetermined marriges have not ended so Thai people have championed for love self due, for family democratic Thai society in the poem volatile pretty complex King is not intelligent, inhumane, and always seeks to destroy talents, Social turmoil, human destiny is threatened From dark reality, Thai society find the beauty ideal standards such as intellect, virtue, altruism, wealth and nobility Trang Nguyen work, U Them, Ngu Hau voracious exudes this content They dream of the military people who have outstanding intelligence to lead virtuous society, hence the beautiful people appear In particular, all the Thai poem surveyed promoting, praising the father and son, mother and daughter, fidelity of women, encouraging free love To all those who value the existence, honor, philosophical poem borrowed life, aesthetic perception "in gentle healing experience." This is the cure to the tragedy, their concerns are adequately addressed in the imagination In addition, religious matters creed dominant manner character building Popular in the poem is all perception animism Everybody aspects of life are have phi (ma) governance Lives in lifetime humans sown natural person who, reap results Thai people believe that death is not the end of life, which is "of ice" to another This view has many similarities to Buddhism, life posts, waterfall about to bereborn Besides the content, the poem brings Thai nationalist The poinsettia poem, adverb, Ú Them More attention to diplomatic relations between the two nations and the reliance All of the contents on the dominant artistic creation of the Thai poem as structural work, epic nature, character language we will continue to present this issue in the next chapter 16 Chapter OUTLINE ARTISTIC OF SOME POEMS FROM THÁI HAVE SAME THEMES WITH POEM NOM FROM KINH 3.1 The structure of Thai narrative poems 3.1.1 Conception of the structure and role 3.1.2 Motif narrative poems Thai Among the Thai poems which are researched, we found the following compositions using some basic motif Ngu hau poem uses two motifs: Solid warrior kill evil and rescue the beautiful and marry then throne Counter-ideological way last stage of the Thais is put into the human literature stalked full strength, stature than nature In the story Y Noi – Nang Xua, magic mother motif leading to happiness does not appear in the story Cai Tam-Cai Cam of bran that has replaced it is the image of Buddha The incarnation of the character's mother signals that the aesthetics of the work place As shown in the indigenous cultural aspect - the dominant matriarchal writing and thinking The image of tiger is familiar with people in the mountainous northwest past century Thai tales Ú Them texture with the other motifs revolve around two key motifs kill demon warrior who saved enough people Story has main motifs: Compared with Tong Tran- Cuc Hoa, Trang Nguyen story is larger than the number of motifs, compositions resulting content is richer The memory is always available, the interactive process literature, the Thais have additions circumstances, the religious power of words to put into writing the aesthetic demands of social practices which it meets the mind of people Thus, the motif of textured material Thai poem works The choice of motifs are used in structural Thai poem is not a random phenomenon that intentional creative It is governed by the practical experience and ethnic cultural psychology So, we can say that the structural motifs Thai poem reflects deep thinking ethnic culture 3.1.3 Organization circumstances Due to Thailand's poem category interference between folklore and literature so well the organization in the information does not follow an inconsistent order 17 In the poem we see two Thai poem contains three structures, including Meet - events - reunions Trang Nguyen poem has three floor structural model, other Tong Tan - Cuc Hoa Trang Nguyen tales have met times, times and times wandering reunion Tong Tran – Cuc Hoa has meeting, times wandering and times reunions Trang Nguyen work with 10 different main details, writer would just choose some more analysis typically as followed, in order to point out the similarities and differences of these two works Thus, by inserting creative circumstances, the author has put into the Thai works of new content over the initial range reflects Adding this content because people Thai have demanded to reflect realism contemporaries of ethnic yourself In addition to the organizations above, Thai poem is organized plot by combining multiple motifs strung, and many details Conventional structure of Thai narrative poems differ in that poem Nom end type of tragedy occurs In summary, there are two ways in which poem Thai organize details Each organization brings to reflect a different effect The organization met model events - reunited to create a fixed structure, focus reflect specific themes, easy navigation How fitting motif tremendous surprise for the reader 3.2 Iconic characters 3.2.1 Number of characters Thai poem has built a vast system of characters The number of characters in each product depending on the scope and content of life is reflected Most Thai poem is the number of characters richer poem Nom Kinh same topic The phenomenon is not equal to the number of characters for the plot poem Nom Thai Business loan is an indication that the author poem as successor Thai poem Nom's story has more plot and construction further the plot, making the story richer This result confirms that the Thais not work "transformed", "copy" Nom simple plot 3.2.2 The main character Thus, in general, the main character in Thai poem is more colorful than poem Nom poem When comparing stories and poetry transcribed Thai poem in terms of character, we find that there is a difference in the source character Vietnamese folklore the characters appear more supernatural origin as real 18 gods, or, in conjunction with the divine, conceived by "borrowing down to down to earth" The main character is the fabled gods Son Tinh - Thuy Tinh, Thanh Giong The main character in the fairy tale is unusual because the conception borns from such exotic coconut, The introduction of the mortal characters that Thai poem beyond this point has been gradually rid ties of folklore, people-center subjects to reflect The main character in the poem is not only different from Thai characters transcribed in terms of quantity and origin but also in iconic character textures, and bold colors Characters in the poem brings some character traits of the aforementioned history Characters in the poem brings a sense of community This characteristic is reflected in the ability to conquer nature and improvement of human society represents the will power - the purpose of the national community In poem number Thai survey, there are characters including Luu Vinh (Ngu Hau), Tung Tan (Trang Nguyen), Ú Them (Ú Them) meets above expression Historical character in individual behavior is associated with ethnic and historical issues Characters in the poem generally have good stature, with dimensions greater than itself, much like the characters in the history The character in the poem is the physical resonance of community standards In any community, personal hero appear in the beauty create shape according aesthetic viewpoint and community’s standards As an ordinary person, Luu Vĩnh, Tung Tan and Ú Them bring superior beauty, and magnificient, somehow reflecting spirit and holy The first common qualities in a hero's epic courage, the will and extraordinary The hero must three things: water, rock conquer, glorious victories, conquering the sky Muong represents Thai community’s own aesthetic The characters in the poems being surveyed have no naive innocence images, nor absolutize measures of beauty by the exaggerated bombastic as the folk epic The hero shows up with great physique but more casual and everyday life 3.3 Language 3.3.1 Monologue language Language itself is expressed primarily in describing art If Kinh poem contains many classic problems, the poem of classic Thai style expression to be consistent with cultural and ethnic rustic, rustic somewhat less subject to 19 cultural influences from East Thus, through some typical poem, we can see description language used in the poem similes are more rustic style, casual fit with the thinking of the natives Author narrative poem Thai when I usually hide a hidden text in the subject This can be seen most clearly in the way of transferring the matter, corresponding to a verse Thus, the narrator language tended to separate, divide themselves clear boundaries with the character and his sense dangtrong always plays the narrator, not in a lot of different points of view as modern novels later stage 3.3.2 Language characters Spoken Language of characters is "words from a specific character" [49, p.7] In the language of literary characters exist in two forms: dialogue and monologue Conducting survey in Thai poetry, we found that in many works appear the dialogue of the characters Language figure accounts for 30% to 40% of the entire verse works The work is the highest percentage is Y Noi-Nang Xua The work has the lowest percentage is Trang Tu Language characters occupied prominent positions in the work space, which is a vital part of the structure of the Thai poem with the same theme as poem Kinh Nom The independence of the character in the story has a very high conception compared with native folklore This ratio corresponds to the ratio of characters in a language of ancient stories and topics with Thai poem Language in the Thai group poem is built in two forms Conducting statistical classification and comparison between the two types of numbers, we can draw conclusions about the character traits of language in Thai poem However, the percentage of language appeared in the form of monologues is not high Therefore, we can say: language characters in Thai poem with the same theme poem Nom mainly appears in the form of dialogue This form of organization is the basic language of the Thai group poem as image building character For dialogue, Thai poem features compared with many songs poem are exactly the two characters communicating often brief narrative with each of the 20 events of their life, so the reader sense of story is repeated 3.4 Means of artistic Language of the poem describes the Thai people prefer the way the message, message from, stressed, lists, compare This phenomenon is repeated in the whole files The message is how many images used to describe an action, the same mood as syntactic structure to portray deep need to express content The meaning of poetry allows paired styling which made it easy to remember, catchy, and easy to preserve and contribute to flexibility, versatility, vivid style of expression, consistent with the need to wording 3.5 Resonance history In terms of content, Nom poetry poem is about life, about people Thai poem, apart from the above issues are conveyed inter alia, in favor of the community, such as the desire to conquer nature, animism concept These characteristics make Thai poem characterized using competition, art texture like a epic novel Thai poem reserve factors epic The main character in the works U Them, Ngu hau, apparently Trang Nguyen is built from the debris memories CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER Thai-style poem has two main structures: the structural model met - events - reunions and structural style motif Using a motifs such as narrative poems Nôm but Thai people have different purposes to achieve their very yourself and status character So, we can say that the structural motifs Thai poem reflects deep thinking ethnic culture Like some ancient poem, the poem is organized by model met - events reunions (especially in the form of the story) Each organization brings to reflect a different effect The organization met model - events - reunited to create a fixed structure, focus reflect specific themes, easy navigation How fitting motif tremendous surprise for the reader For derivative works Nom poem Kinh, Thai authors created by inserting facts, included in the work of new content over the initial range reflects The reason for adding this content as Thais wishing to reflect contemporary reality, expresses peoples Characters in narrative poems Thai often have normal profiles (different 21 from many supernatural character in the story poetry Nôm, but action and willpower often make characters have legendary color The huge development from folk legends to normal life character has innovated literature; people with “plain body image” now become a better, well-rounded individuals that have emotions, feelings, thoughts about the past and the future In terms of language, narrative poems Thai have profound intercultural process with ethnic groups Thai Language poem marks the maturity of ethnic voices in the integration process Characters in the poem primarily use language dialogue; monologue language appeared, but not much The percentage of monologue and dialogue in Kinh Nom is similar to the same topics poems of Thai CONCLUSION Vietnam Literature is not only composed of Kinh own literature, but also the presence of literatures from other ethnic minorities Researching the art work of minority people is significant in economic development strategies, enhancement of cultural life in mountainous areas In the capital of culture, poem is special and unique Thai poem is not merely the creation associated with oral forms of cultural activities in Thai ethnic identity but also circulated by composing their own writing With this value it is considered category marked his transition from folklore to written literature In the modern era, the Kinh ethnic literature, stories Nom is considered one of the four important categories, which acts as the backbone for literature Correlation study between Thai poem of the same subject with the Kinh Nom poem is meaningful Delta poem as well as minority poems are connecting steps between folklore and written literature, and generally characterized by both literary form above The purpose of the study was to find content, characteristic art of Thai poem in relation to the poem compared with Nom Compared with ancient poem, poem Thai brought in surveys have main content: Struggling to conquer nature, realistic family - social, beautiful people, great national pride, religious notions of belief 3.1 Family picture is the major concern of the Thai author Mutant complex nature of life expressed firstly in family disputes In Thai society is 22 beginning class, family culture influenced by matriarchy, all authority in the hands of women, men not acquire even in seats of authority Social contradictions reflect social conflicts In centralized mode, the king only pays attention to individual interests, talents destruction The King is not smart, all social disorder Underclass catching the right, demons harassed, people fall into poverty To escape this reality, people look to nature to hide People have wanted to get rid of reality but due to the natural reality distress the reality fled or were driven away Those characters such as Ngu Hau, U Them appeared in the poems 3.2 From dark reality, Thai society to find a man with the beauty ideal standards such as intellect, virtue, altruism rich, noble The poinsettia work, Ú addition, Ngu voracious exuding this content They dream of the emperor should be enough to lead virtuous society, hence the beautiful people In particular, all the Thai poem surveyed promoting, praising the father and son, mother and daughter, fidelity of women, encouraging free love To all those who value the existence, honor, philosophical poem borrowed life, aesthetic perception "in gentle healing experience." This is the cure to the tragedy, their concerns are adequately addressed in the imagination 3.3 Due mainly Thais living on high mountains, steep terrain, activities dependent on natural, therefore, the ancient poem of Economics, the natural desire to conquer to become cover different content The Thais always factor in the water, because water is the basis for creating the visualization society Besides, the story beyond patch, subdued rock, killing beasts become permanent issue in the poem 3.4 If the story Nom poem shown bold thinking Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, the Thai poem to mark the memory of polytheism Thais think that human concept can be divided into many souls, there are three realms of the world, is the supreme governing Then Luong Through literature, the Thais always optimistic face of death, to heaven new life is eternal everlasting The issue of religion is belief in the poem is the refraction of Thai culture in Vietnam From Thai poem content, can outline some aspects of the art of structural category as plot, character, expression 23 4.1 The plot structure of Thai poem has two main forms.: The models meet - events - reunions and style motif The structural motifs Thai poem reflects deep thinking ethnic culture In addition, the poem also held meetings modeled - events - reunions Each organization brings to reflect a different effect The organization met model - events - reunited to create a fixed structure, focus reflect specific themes, easy navigation How fitting motif tremendous surprise for the reader For the derivative plot Nom Kinh, Thai authors created by inserting facts, included in the work fresh content than the original range reflects The reason for adding this content as Thais wishing to reflect contemporary reality, expresses peoples 4.2 Unlike most ancient poem Kinh, Thai characters in the poem is usually normal but background action and extraordinary willpower makes tinged epic character People with “plain image” of the folk are replaced with individuals with emotional mood, and thoughts expressed past or think about the future We can say, with a poem, the first time in Thai literature, one man has come true in literature 4.3 Expression of Thai poem is message from popular forms, like the way listed for pictures This is a rare phenomenon in the ancient poem of Kinh Among borrowed stories from Nom, the Thai author absolutes did not use any anecdotes In the integration process, the Thai language poem has reserved the traditional singing throughout Characters in the poem primarily use dialogue; though monologue appeared, but not much The usage of dialogue and monologue is similar in same poem to poem from Kinh and Nom Thai poems and Nom poems are interactively having relationships with one another Thai tales and poetry transcribed poem to reflect a complex social change, human agency, social ideal, praising love, faithfulness, praise the beauty, people's dreams, also reflects the social conflicts through family disputes, dreams Similarities of Thai poem are influenced by some ancient poem as identified by some researchers However, the author is not passive Thai "copy" or "transformation" that creative process and serious blow to the idea that a new twist in accordance with the national culture Creativity cannot be negated by the basic difference between them that needs the basis of authenticity to prove it 24 Thai and poem and Nom poem have similarities and differences in certain aspects Along with the plot structure model three meetings - events - reunions, character system is divided into two main areas, clear villain The similarity of the art is also found when comparing the two narrative poems that have the same plot, which is built by the plot motifs The destroy evil and rescue the beautiful, married and crowned in pairs team motifs appear Ngu Hau and Thach Sanh, first motif of a normal man becoming supernatural individual and marrying angel Besides similarities between Thai poem to poem Nom poem, there are many differences in artistic content Regarding content, the Thai poem pays attention to the natural desire to conquer, the creation of awareness religions Regarding material: Kinh poem also contains many classic problems, Thai poem has expressed consistent way with rustic ethnic culture Plot structure and the additions assemble facts to suit the ethnic culture which show evidence that the process of change and creativity of Thai poem is in relation to literature Kinh With all these features, content and presentation of art, the problem of Thai poem opens allowing richer scope of the research field and literature interdisciplinary research But the problem, as well as Thai poem generally require contribution of many, many branches, with many different angles Thesis we study only the first step in a certain level in the limited ability The scope should be developed for wider ethnic narrative poems such as Tay, Muong relations and comparative literature interaction  ... topic 2.2 Interaction between Thai narrative poems to Kinh? ??s Nôm poems During the past few decades, studies about the differences between Kinh? ??s Nôm poems and minorities’ poems have drawn attention... relationship influenced by the literature of the Kinh and ethnic Thai rooted from cultural anthropology (like relationships of Thai Vietnamese or Vietnamese - the Muong group) or by some other reason?... to Vietnam during the time from the th to the 13th century After settling down in Vietnam, the Thai came to establish and organize their society as a feudal system The Thai people in Vietnam reside