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Mark Lester, Ph.D. | Daniel Franklin | Terry Yokota, M.A. ENGLISH VERBS THE BIG BOOK OF New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto 00 Big Verbs i-18.indd 1 6/16/09 12:50:52 PM With profound gratitude to our parents, who taught us language and taught us to love it Beulah and Roy Lester Agnes and Clyde Franklin Ruby and George Yokota Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QPD/QPD 0 9 ISBN 978-0-07-160288-4 (book and CD set) MHID 0-07-160288-7 (book and CD set) ISBN 978-0-07-160290-7 (book) MHID 0-07-160290-9 (book) Interior design by Village Bookworks, Inc. 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This book is printed on acid-free paper. 00 Big Verbs i-18.indd 2 6/17/09 8:13:58 AM Contents Preface v The English Verb 1 Summaries of verb formation, tense usage, complementation, and phrasal verbs Verb Forms and Tense Usage 1 The Six Basic Verb Forms 1 Base Form 1 Present 2 Past 3 Innitive 4 Present Participle 4 Past Participle 5 Tense Formation and Usage 5 The Three Simple Tenses 5 The Three Perfect Tenses 7 The Three Progressive Tenses 8 The Intensive Tenses 9 The Passive Voice 9 Guide to Conjugations 10 Guide to Complements and Phrasal Verbs 11 Verb Complements 12 Complement Types 13 Single Grammatical Element Complements 13 Multiple Grammatical Element Complements 14 Phrasal Verbs 14 Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs 15 The Most Common Phrasal Particles 17 Expressions 18 555 Conjugated Verbs 19 Alphabetically ordered, with complements, phrasal verbs, and expressions Top 40 Verbs: Full page of examples adjoining select conjugation/complement pages Irregular Verb Form Index 616 Index showing the base form of all irregular verb forms in the book 00 Big Verbs i-18.indd 3 6/16/09 12:50:53 PM 00 Big Verbs i-18.indd 4 6/16/09 12:50:53 PM This page intentionally left blank Preface e Big Book of English Verbs provides more information on the most important verbs in the English language than any other book ever written. It contains basic conjugations and comprehensive usage patterns for irregular verbs (all the irregular verbs that you will probably encounter), plus of the most commonly used regular verbs: verbs in all, with more than , example sentences. No other book provides these unique features: A complete listing of the complements for each verb Verb complements are grammatical structures that verbs use to make correct, mean- ingful sentences. English has basic complements, plus dozens of combinations of these. For instance, the verb help, when it means “assist, support,” may use two complements together: an object and an innitive. e innitive, however, must be in its base form, that is, used without the to that normally accompanies an innitive. - We helped the sta answer the phones. Most English learners, even advanced ones, make the mistake of using to with the inni- tive, because that is the more common complement. e Big Book of English Verbs is the only book that provides the correct complement in a useful format. A listing of the important phrasal verb constructions for each verb Phrasal verbs are idiomatic combinations of verbs plus adverbs or prepositions. For example, the phrasal verb go o can mean “to explode,” even though nothing in the mean- ing of go or o would lead you to expect this meaning. Moreover, there are important grammatical dierences between phrasal verbs that consist of a verb an adverb (separable phrasal verbs) and those that consist of a verb a preposition (inseparable phrasal verbs). If the second element in a phrasal verb is an adverb, the adverb can (and in some cases ) be placed aer the object. If the second element is a preposition, however, it can be moved away from the verb. e Big Book of English Verbs not only gives the meaning of every phrasal verb, but also indicates which combinations are separable and which are inseparable. We’ve also included a CD-ROM, which contains self-assessment tests on verb tenses, verb complements, and phrasal verbs, as well as ve sets of exercises featuring verb use issues that are dicult for English learners. We are pleased to provide the keys that unlock the English verb system for English learners worldwide. Mark Lester Daniel Franklin Terry Yokota v 00 Big Verbs i-18.indd 5 6/16/09 12:50:53 PM 00 Big Verbs i-18.indd 6 6/16/09 12:50:54 PM This page intentionally left blank The English Verb VERB FORMS AND TENSE USAGE The Six Basic Verb Forms Six basic verb forms are used to create the entire tense system of English: base form, pres- ent, past, innitive, present participle, and past participle. ese forms are illustrated in the following chart by the regular verb walk and the irregular verb y. walk y walk | walks y | ies walked ew to walk to y walking ying walked own See “Guide to Conjugations” on page . Base Form e base form of a verb is its form in a dictionary entry. For example, if you looked up sang, the dictionary would refer you to the base form sing. e base form is also the source (or base) for the present (with a few exceptions), innitive, and present participle of the verb, whether the verb is regular or irregular. e base form is used as a verb in three ways. (1) It follows certain helping verbs, the most important being the modal auxiliary verbs, or modals for short: can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, and must. (Mo - dal verbs themselves have no base form, innitive, present participle, or past participle; they have only present and past forms.) Note the base form of the verb be in the following sentences. I may be a little late. He will be in New York all week. You must be more careful. Other verbs followed by the base form of a verb include dare (with not), need (with not), and help. We need not be silent on the issue. (2) e base form is used in imperatives (commands). Be good! Come here, please. Oh, stop it! (3) Less commonly, the base form is used as a complement of certain verbs. - We made them be quiet. My parents helped me be a success. A base-form innitive is an innitive minus the to. If an innitive including the word to were substituted for the base-form innitive in the rst example above, the resulting sen- tence would be ungrammatical. X We made them to be quiet. 1 00 Big Verbs i-18.indd 1 6/16/09 12:50:54 PM 2 VERB FORMS AND TENSE USAGE Present With the sole exception of the verb be, the present form of all verbs is derived directly from the base form. e main dierence between the present and base forms is that the third-person singular present form adds -s or -es to the base form of the verb; all other present forms are identical to the base form. e base form of be is dierent from all of its present tense forms. I am we are you are you are he/she/it is they are Both the pronunciation and the spelling of the third-person singular present ending are predictable. If the base form ends in a sibilant sound (s, z, x, sh, ch, tch, or j (as in judge)), the ending is pronounced as a separate syllable rhyming with buzz. e ending is spelled -es, unless the base form already ends in -e, in which case only -s is added. - cross crosses place places buzz buzzes x xes wish wishes attach attaches budge budges If the base form ends in a voiceless consonant sound other than a sibilant, the ending is pronounced /s/ and is spelled -es. (e voiceless consonants are usually spelled with a p, t, ck, k, f, or gh (when pronounced /f/). help helps collect collects back backs park parks sco scos laugh laughs If the base form ends in a voiced consonant other than a sibilant or in a pronounced vowel (as opposed to a silent nal -e), the ending is pronounced /z/ and is spelled -s. absorb absorbs forbid forbids dig digs love loves swim swims join joins feel feels pay pays agree agrees cry cries owe owes argue argues Note that if the base form ends in -y without a preceding vowel, the -y changes to -ie before the -s ending (see cry above). 00 Big Verbs i-18.indd 2 6/16/09 12:50:54 PM VERB FORMS AND TENSE USAGE 3 A few verbs have irregular third-person singular present forms. be is have has Two verbs have irregular pronunciations in the third-person singular present form. do does (rhymes with buzz) say says (rhymes with fez) Past ere are two types of past forms: regular and irregular. Regular verbs form the past tense by adding -ed to the base form (or simply -d if the base form already ends in -e). open opened need needed move moved place placed e regular past ending has three dierent, but completely predictable, pronuncia- tions. If the base form ends in a /t/ or /d/ sound, the -ed is pronounced as a separate syl- lable rhyming with bud. adopt adopted vote voted decide decided depend depended If the base form ends in a voiceless consonant sound other than /t/, the -ed is pro- nounced /t/. e nal voiceless consonants are usually spelled with a p, ck, k, s, sh, ch, tch, x, f, or gh (when pronounced /f/). /t/ tap tapped attack attacked miss missed wish wished match matched mix mixed cough coughed Note that if the base form ends in a single consonant preceded by a stressed short vowel, the consonant is usually doubled to form the past: permit ~ permitted, stop ~ stopped. If the base form ends in a pronounced vowel or in a voiced consonant sound other than /d/, the -ed is pronounced /d/. e voiced consonants are usually spelled with a b, g, z, j, m, n, l, or r. /d/ tie tied enjoy enjoyed judge judged kill killed care cared Note that if the base form ends in -y without a preceding vowel, the -y changes to -ie before the -d ending (cry ~ cried). Also note the spellings of the past forms of lay and pay: laid and paid, respectively. 00 Big Verbs i-18.indd 3 6/16/09 12:50:54 PM 4 VERB FORMS AND TENSE USAGE e past forms of irregular verbs reect older patterns of forming the past tense. ese patterns have merged to such an extent that it is not practical to learn the past forms of irregular verbs on the basis of their historical patterns. Similarities exist, however, in how some irregular verbs form the past tense. ring rang sing sang 1 -d sell sold tell told bet bet put put rid rid Following are the past forms of the ten most common verbs in English, all irregular. be was | were have had do did say said (rhymes with fed) make made go went take took come came see saw know knew Innitive e innitive of a verb consists of to 1 its base form. ere are no exceptions—even the verb be is regular: to be. walk to walk y to y be to be do to do Innitives are used as complements of certain verbs. I would like to meet your friend. ey invited us to stay for dinner. Present Participle e present participle is formed by adding -ing to the base form. walk walking y ying be being do doing Note that if a verb ends in a single consonant preceded by a stressed short vowel, the con- sonant is usually doubled: bet ~ betting, dig ~ digging, drop ~ dropping, refer ~ referring, rid ~ ridding. If a verb ends in silent -e, the -e is dropped before the -ing ending: observe ~ observing, rule ~ ruling, write ~ writing. e present participle is used in two ways. By far the more common is aer a form of the verb be in the progressive tenses. e kids were walking to the beach. I am ying to Chicago tomorrow. Less common is the present participle’s use as a complement of certain verbs. I hate doing the dishes every night. I saw Holly talking to Christopher. 00 Big Verbs i-18.indd 4 6/16/09 12:50:55 PM [...]... Does the teacher color her hair? Did all the children finish the assignment? The Passive Voice In traditional grammar, verbs have voice Voice is determined by whether the subject is the performer of the action of the verb (active voice) or the receiver of the action (passive voice) Compare the following sentences active voice passive voice The dog bit the man The man was bitten by the dog In the active... completed before a specific time in the future They will have finished by noon The Three Progressive Tenses The progressive tenses consist of a form of the helping verb be followed by the present participle of the main verb The present progressive uses the present tense of be, the past progressive uses the past tense of be, and the future progressive uses the future tense of be The progressive tenses are used... sentence, the subject (the dog) performs the action of biting In the passive voice sentence, the subject (the man) does not perform the action of biting; instead, he is the receiver of the action The by phrase is not necessary and is, in fact, usually not used The passive voice is easily recognized, because it uses a form of the helping verb be immediately followed by the past participle form of the main... USAGE 7 future tense The simple future tense consists of the helping verb will followed by the base form of the main verb I will take a taxi to the airport They will be disappointed if you don’t see them The helping verb will is one of the nine modal auxiliary verbs: can/could, may/might, will/ would, shall/should, and must Although will is used to form the future tense, any of the other eight modals... over the summer You must pick up your room before going out to play None of the ordinary meanings of pick and up indicate that these words used together would have the meanings above That is why we call phrasal verbs idiomatic English abounds with phrasal verbs In fact, there are many more phrasal verbs in English than nonphrasal verbs Because they are idiomatic, phrasal verbs can be difficult for English. .. accused they were accused I was never accused of anything COMPLEMENTS accuse object charge with [a fault/offense] object + of object passive object + of present participle passive The inspector accused Frank I am not accusing anyone He accused Frank of the crime They accused the company of fraud The company was accused of fraud He accused Frank of doing it They accused the company of committing... embarrassed Martin always acts the expert on international trade Colin acted the part of a visiting Englishman in the play The part of a visiting Englishman was acted by Colin PHRASAL VERBS perform the duty/function of She acted as club president for three years act for represent the interests of The realtor is acting for the homeowner act on take action on The police acted on the anonymous tip act... cab to the airport I could take a cab to the airport I may take a cab to the airport I must take a cab to the airport Each of the nine modals has its own range of meanings, allowing English speakers to make a number of subtly different statements about the possibility, certainty, desirability, or necessity of a future action The Three Perfect Tenses The three perfect tenses consist of a form of the helping... motel while they remodel the kitchen 00 Big Verbs i-18.indd 8 6/16/09 12:50:56 PM VERB FORMS AND TENSE USAGE 9 The Intensive Tenses The so-called intensive tenses consist of a form of the helping verb do followed by the base form of the main verb The present intensive tense is formed with do or does, and the past intensive tense is formed with did There is no future intensive tense, nor is the intensive... station For phrasal verbs like this, the object is placed between the verb and its particle(s) In the sentence above, the object of the verb (her friend) is placed between beat and back, and the object of the preposition (the station) is placed after the preposition The Most Common Phrasal Particles Following is a list, with examples, of the particles most commonly used in phrasal verbs across come across . helped the sta answer the phones. Most English learners, even advanced ones, make the mistake of using to with the inni- tive, because that is the more common complement. e Big Book of English Verbs. 12:50:53 PM 00 Big Verbs i-18.indd 4 6/16/09 12:50:53 PM This page intentionally left blank Preface e Big Book of English Verbs provides more information on the most important verbs in the English. the active voice sentence, the subject (the dog) performs the action of biting. In the pas- sive voice sentence, the subject (the man) does not perform the action of biting; instead, he is the
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