Scot 275 scrub what’s the score? í verb to make a goal or point in a match ć They scored three goals in the first twenty minutes. ć She scored sixty-five! Scot Scot /skɒt/ noun a person from Scotland Scotch Scotch /skɒtʃ/ adjective used for refer- ring to some things, especially food and drink, from Scotland Scotland Scotland /skɒtlənd/ noun a country to the north of England, forming part of the United Kingdom ć He was brought up in Scotland. ć Scotland’s most fa- mous export is whisky. Scots Scots /skɒts/ adjective Scottish ć ‘Not proven’ is a decision in Scots Law. Scottish Scottish /skɒtʃ/ adjective relating to Scotland scramble scramble /skrmbəl/ verb 1. to climb using your hands and knees ć He scrambled up the steep bank. 2. to hurry to do something ć They scrambled to get a seat. scrap scrap /skrp/ noun 1. a little piece ć a scrap of paper ć There isn’t a scrap of evidence against him. ć She is collect- ing scraps of cloth to make a quilt. 2. waste materials ć to sell a car for scrap ć The scrap value of the car is £200. í verb 1. to throw something away as use- less ć They had to scrap 10,000 faulty spare parts. 2. to give up or stop work- ing on a plan ć We’ve scrapped our plans to go to Greece. (NOTE: scraps – scrapping – scrapped) scrape scrape /skrep/ verb 1. to scratch some- thing with a hard object which is pulled across a surface ć She scraped the paint off the door. ć He fell off his bike and scraped his knee on the pavement. 2. to remove something from the surface of something ć She scraped the paint off the door. scratch scratch /skrtʃ/ noun 1. a long wound on the skin ć Put some antiseptic on the scratches on your arms. 2. a long mark made by a sharp point ć I will never be able to cover up the scratches on the car door. í verb 1. to make a long wound on the skin ć His legs were scratched by the bushes along the path. 2. to make a mark on something with a sharp point ć I must touch up the car where it has been scratched. 3. to rub a part of the body which itches with your fingernails ć He scratched his head as he wondered what to do next. ć Stop scratching – it will make your rash worse! scream scream /skrim/ noun a loud cry of pain or excitement ć He let out a scream of pain. í verb to make a loud cry of pain or excitement ć People on the third floor were screaming for help. ć They screamed with pain. ć She screamed at the class to stop singing. screen screen /skrin/ noun 1. a flat surface which acts as protection against some- thing, e.g. fire or noise ć a screen deco- rated with flowers and birds ć The hedge acts as a screen against the noise from the motorway. 2. a flat glass sur- face on which a picture is shown ć a computer screen ć a TV screen ć I’ll call the information up on the screen. 3. a flat white surface on which things such as films or slides are shown ć a cinema complex with four screens ć We’ll put up the screen on the stage. í verb to show a film in a cinema or on TV ć Tonight’s film will be screened half an hour later than advertised. screw screw /skru/ noun a type of nail which you twist to make it go into a hard sur- face ć I need some longer screws to go through this thick plank. ć The plate was fixed to the door with brass screws. í verb 1. to attach something with screws ć The picture was screwed to the wall. 2. to attach something by twisting ć He filled up the bottle and screwed on the top. ć Screw the lid on tightly. scribble scribble /skrb(ə)l/ verb 1. to make marks which don’t have any meaning ć The kids have scribbled all over their bedroom walls. 2. to write something hurriedly and badly ć She scribbled a few notes in the train. scrub scrub /skrb/ verb to clean something by rubbing it with a brush ć a well- scrubbed kitchen table ć Scrub your fin- gernails to get rid of the dirt. (NOTE: scrubs – scrubbing – scrubbed) í noun 1. an area of land with a few small bushes ć They walked for miles through the scrub until they came to a river. 2. Basic.fm Page 275 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com sculpture 276 second-class the action of scrubbing ć After a game of rugby you will need a good scrub. sculpture sculpture /sklptʃə/ noun a piece of art that is a figure carved out of stone or wood or made out of metal sea sea /si/ noun an area of salt water be- tween continents or islands which is large but not as large as an ocean ć Swimming in the sea is more exciting than swimming in a river. ć The sea’s too rough for the ferries to operate. ć His friends own a house by the sea. ć The North Sea separates Britain from Denmark and Germany. seagull seagull /sil/ noun a large white sea bird seal seal /sil/ noun a large animal with short smooth fur which eats fish and lives near or in the sea í verb to close some- thing tightly ć a box carefully sealed with sticky tape search search /stʃ/ noun the action of trying to find something ć Our search of the flat revealed nothing. ć They carried out a search for the missing children. ć I did a quick search on the Internet for references to Proust. í verb 1. to exam- ine something or someone very careful- ly ć The police searched the house but didn’t find any weapons. ć She was stopped and searched by customs. 2. to look carefully to try to find something ć The police searched the house for weap- ons. ˽ to search for someone or some- thing to try to find someone or some- thing ć The police searched for the missing children. ć I searched the Inter- net for references to Ireland. seaside seaside /sidsad/ noun an area near the sea where people go to have a holi- day season season /siz(ə)n/ noun 1. one of four parts of a year ć Autumn is her favourite season. 2. a part of the year when some- thing usually happens ć The tourist sea- son is very long here – from March to September. ć The football season lasts from September to May. ć London is very crowded during the school holiday season. seat seat /sit/ noun a chair or similar object which you sit on ć He was sitting in the driver’s seat. ć Can we have two seats in the front row? ć Our kitchen chairs have wooden seats. ć Bicycle seats are narrow. ȣ to take a seat to sit down ć Please take a seat, the dentist will see you in a few minutes. ć Please take your seats, the play is about to begin. ć All the seats on the bus were taken so I had to stand. second second /sekənd/ noun 1. one of sixty parts which make up a minute ć I’ll give you ten seconds to get out of my room. ć They say the bomb will go off in twenty seconds. 2. a very short time ć Please wait a second. ć Wait here, I’ll be back in a second. 3. the thing which is number 2 in a series ć Today is the sec- ond of March or March the second (March 2nd). ć The Great Fire of Lon- don took place when Charles the Sec- ond (Charles II) was king. (NOTE: In dates second is usually written 2nd or 2: August 2nd, 1932 , 2 July, 1666 (American style is July 2, 1666), say ‘the second of July’ or ‘July the second’ (American style is ‘July second’). With names of kings and queens second is usually written II: Queen Elizabeth II (say ‘Queen Elizabeth the Second’).) í adjective 1. coming after the first and before the third ć February is the sec- ond month of the year. ć It’s his second birthday next week. ć Women’s clothes are on the second floor. ć That’s the second time the telephone has rung while we’re eating. 2. next after the longest, best, tallest etc. ( followed by a superlative ) ć This is the second long- est bridge in the world. ć He’s the sec- ond highest paid member of staff. secondary secondary /sekənd(ə)ri/ adjective less important second-class second-class /sekənd klɑs/ adjec- tive , adverb 1. less expensive and less comfortable than first-class ć I find sec- ond-class hotels are perfectly adequate. ć We always travel second-class be- cause it is cheaper. 2. less expensive and slower than the first-class postal service ć A second-class letter is cheaper than a first-class. ć Send it second-class if it is not urgent. Basic.fm Page 276 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com secrecy 277 seem secrecy secrecy /sikrəsi/ noun the fact of be- ing secret or keeping something secret secret secret /sikrət/ adjective not known about by other people ć There is a se- cret door into the cellar. í noun some- thing which other people do not know about ć Have I told you my secret? secretary secretary /sekrət(ə)ri/ noun a person who does work such as writing letters, answering the phone and filing docu- ments for someone (NOTE: The plural is secretaries.) secretive secretive /sikrətv/ adjective liking to keep things secret ć She’s very secretive about her holiday plans. secretly secretly /sikrətli/ adverb without any- one knowing section section /sekʃən/ noun a part of some- thing which, when joined to other parts, makes up a whole ć the brass section of the orchestra ć the financial section of the newspaper ć He works in a com- pletely different section of the organisa- tion. sector sector /sektə/ noun 1. a part of the economy or of the business organisation of a country ć All sectors of industry suffered from the rise in the exchange rate. ć Computer technology is a boom- ing sector of the economy. 2. a part of a circle between two lines drawn from the centre to the outside edge ć The circle had been divided into five sectors. secure secure /s  kjυə/ adjective firmly fixed ć Don’t step on that plank, it’s not secure. í verb to be successful in getting some- thing important ć He secured the sup- port of a big bank. ć They secured a val- uable new contract. securely securely /s  kjυəli/ adverb in a secure way security security /s  kjυərti/ noun 1. safety or protection against harm ć There were worries about security during the prince’s visit. ć Security in this office is nil. ć Security guards patrol the factory at night. 2. a thing given to someone who has lent you money and which is returned when the loan is repaid ć He uses his house as security for a loan. ć The bank lent him £20,000 without se- curity. see see /si/ verb 1. to use your eyes to notice something ć Can you see that tree in the distance? ć They say eating carrots helps you to see in the dark. ć We ran because we could see the bus coming. 2. to watch something such as a film ć I don’t want to go to the cinema this week, I’ve seen that film twice already. ć We saw the football match on TV. 3. to un- derstand something ć I can’t see why they need to borrow so much money. ć You must see that it’s very important for everything to be ready on time. ć Don’t you see that they’re trying to trick you? ć I see – you want me to lend you some money. 4. to visit someone, e.g. a lawyer or doctor ć If your tooth aches that bad- ly you should see a dentist. ć He went to see his bank manager to arrange a mortgage. (NOTE: sees – seeing – saw / sɔ/ – seen /sin/) see off phrasal verb to go to the airport or station with someone who is leaving on a journey see through phrasal verb 1. to see from one side of something to the other ć I can’t see through the window – it’s so dirty. 2. not to be tricked by some- thing or someone ć Won’t they quickly see through such a poor excuse? ć He pretended he was helping me, but I soon saw through him. see to phrasal verb to arrange some- thing or make sure that something is done seed seed /sid/ noun a part of a plant which is formed after the flowers die and from which a new plant will grow ć a packet of carrot seed ć Sow the seeds in fine earth. ć Can you eat pumpkin seeds? seek seek /sik/ verb to look for someone or something ( formal ) ć The police are seeking a group of teenagers who were in the area when the attack took place. (NOTE: seeks – seeking – sought / sɔt/ – has sought) seem seem /sim/ verb to give the appearance of being something ć She seems to like or It seems that she likes her new job. ć Everyone seemed to be having a good time at the party. ć The new boss seems very nice. ć It seems to me that the par- cel has gone to the wrong house. ć It Basic.fm Page 277 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com seize 278 sensation seemed strange to us that no one an- swered the phone. seize seize /siz/ verb to grab something and hold it tight ć She seized the bag of sweets in both hands and would not let go. seldom seldom /seldəm/ adverb not often (NOTE: Note the word order when sel- dom is at the beginning of a phrase: you seldom hear or seldom do you hear ) select select /s  lekt/ verb to choose something or someone carefully ć She looked carefully at the shelves before selecting a book. ć He was selected for the Eng- land squad. ć Selected items are re- duced by 25%. selection selection /s  lekʃən/ noun 1. a range ć There is a huge selection of hats to choose from. 2. a thing which has or things which have been chosen ć a se- lection of our product line ć a selection of French cheeses self self /self/ noun your own person or char- acter ć She was ill for some time, but now she’s her old self again. ć She’s not her usual happy self today – I think she’s got something on her mind. (NOTE: The plural is selves.) selfish selfish /selfʃ/ adjective doing things only for yourself and not for other peo- ple sell sell /sel/ verb 1. to give something to someone for money ć He sold his house to my father. ć She sold him her bicycle for next to nothing. ć We managed to sell the car for £500. ć The shop sells vegetables but not meat. 2. to be sold ć Those packs sell for £25 a dozen. ć Her latest book is selling very well. (NOTE: sells – selling – sold / səυld/) sell off phrasal verb to sell goods quickly and cheaply to get rid of them ć At the end of the day the market stalls sell off their fruit and vegetables very cheaply. sell out phrasal verb 1. to sell every item of a particular type ć Have you got the dress in a size 12? – No, I’m afraid we’ve sold out. ć We’re selling out of these hats fast. 2. US to sell a business to someone ć He sold out to his partner and retired. 3. to give in to a group of influential people ć The environmental group has accused the government of selling out to the oil companies. sell up phrasal verb to sell a business ć He sold up and retired. semicolon semicolon /semi  kəυlɒn/ noun a punctuation mark (;) used to separate two parts of a sentence and also used to show a pause semi-final semi-final /semi fan(ə)l/ noun one of the last two matches in a competition, the winners of which go into the final game senate senate /senət/ noun the upper house of the legislative body in some countries ć She was first elected to the Senate in 2001. senator senator /senətə/ noun a member of a senate (NOTE: written with a capital let- ter when used as a title: Senator Jack- son ) send send /send/ verb 1. to make someone or something go from one place to another ć My mother sent me to the baker’s to buy some bread. ć I was sent home from school because I had a headache. ć He sent the ball into the net. ć The firm is sending him out to Australia for six months. 2. to use the postal services to get something to someone ć The office sends 200 Christmas cards every year. ć Send me a postcard when you get to Russia. ć Send the letter by air if you want it to arrive next week. ć Send your donations to the following address. (NOTE: sends – sending – sent / sent/) send for phrasal verb to ask someone to come senior senior /siniə/ adjective 1. older ć the senior members of the tribe 2. more im- portant, e.g. in rank ć A sergeant is sen- ior to a corporal. ć My senior col- leagues do not agree with me. sensation sensation /sen  seʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. a gen- eral feeling ć I felt a curious sensation as if I had been in the room before. 2. a physical feeling ć She had a burning sensation in her arm. 3. a thing or per- son that causes great excitement ć The Basic.fm Page 278 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com sense 279 serious new ballet was the sensation of the sea- son. sense sense /sens/ noun 1. one of the five ways in which you notice something (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch) ć He may be 93, but he still has all his senses. ć His senses had been dulled by the drugs he was taking. ć Dogs have a good sense of smell. 2. a meaning ć He was using ‘bear’ in the sense of ‘to car- ry’. 3. the fact of being sensible ć At least someone showed some sense and tried to calm the situation. ć She didn’t have the sense to refuse. ć I thought Patrick would have had more sense than that. senseless senseless /sensləs/ adjective done for no good reason ć a senseless attack on a little old lady ć It’s senseless to buy clothes you don’t need, just because they are in the sales. sensible sensible /sensb(ə)l/ adjective 1. showing good judgment and wisdom ć Staying indoors was the sensible thing to do. ć Try and be sensible for once! 2. ( of shoes ) strong and comfortable for walking, rather than fashionable sensitive sensitive /senstv/ adjective 1. easily upset ć She’s a very sensitive young woman. ć Some actors are extremely sensitive to criticism. 2. which measures very accurately ć a very sensitive light meter sent sent /sent/ past tense and past participle of send sentence sentence /sentəns/ noun 1. a series of words put together to make a complete statement, usually ending in a full stop ć I don’t understand the second sen- tence in your letter. ć Begin each sen- tence with a capital letter. 2. a judgment of a court ć He was given a six-month prison sentence. ć The judge passed sentence on the accused. í verb to give someone an official legal punishment ć She was sentenced to three weeks in prison. ć He was sentenced to death for murder. separate separate 1 /sep(ə)rət/ adjective not to- gether or attached ć They are in sepa- rate rooms. ć The house has one bath- room with a separate toilet. ć The dogs were kept separate from the other pets. ć Can you give us two separate invoic- es? separate separate 2 /sepəret/ verb 1. to divide people or things ć The employees are separated into permanent and tempo- rary staff. ć The teacher separated the class into two groups. 2. to keep people or things apart ć The police tried to sep- arate the two gangs. ć Is it possible to separate religion and politics? separately separately /sep(ə)rətli/ adverb indi- vidually, rather than together or as a group September September /sep  tembə/ noun the ninth month of the year, between August and October ć September 3 ć The weather is usually good in September. ć Her birthday is in September. ć Tod ay is September 3rd. ć We always try to take a short holiday in September. (NOTE: September 3rd or September 3: say ‘September the third’ or ‘the third of September’ or in US English ‘Septem- ber third’.) sequence sequence /sikwəns/ noun a series of things which happen or follow one after the other ć The sequence of events which led to the accident. sergeant sergeant /sɑdənt/ noun a non-com- missioned officer in the army, or an of- ficer of low rank in the police (NOTE: also used as a title before a surname: Sergeant Jones ) serial serial /səriəl/ noun a story that is broadcast on TV or radio in separate parts ć an Australian police serial (NOTE: Do not confuse with cereal.) series series /səriz/ noun 1. a group of things which come one after the other in order ć We had a series of phone calls from the bank. 2. TV or radio pro- grammes which are broadcast at the same time each week ć There’s a new wildlife series starting this week. (NOTE: The plural is series.) serious serious /səriəs/ adjective 1. not funny or not joking ć a very serious play ć He’s such a serious little boy. ć Stop laughing – it’s very serious. ć He’s very serious about the proposal. ć The doc- tor’s expression was very serious. 2. im- portant and possibly dangerous ć There Basic.fm Page 279 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com seriously 280 settee was a serious accident on the motorway. ć The storm caused serious damage. ć There’s no need to worry – it’s nothing serious. 3. carefully planned ć The management is making serious attempts to improve working conditions. seriously seriously /səriəsli/ adverb 1. in a seri- ous way ć She should laugh more – she mustn’t always take things so seriously. 2. to a great extent ć The cargo was se- riously damaged by water. ć Her moth- er is seriously ill. seriousness seriousness /siriəsnəs/ noun the fact of being serious servant servant /svənt/ noun a person who is paid to work for a family ć They employ two servants in their London home. ć Get it yourself – I’m not your servant! serve serve /sv/ verb 1. to give food or drink to someone ć She served the soup in small bowls. ć Just take a plate and serve yourself. ć Has everyone been served? 2. to go with a dish ć Fish is served with a white sauce. ć You usually serve red wine with meat. 3. to help a customer, e.g. in a shop ć Are you being served? ć The manager served me him- self. ć Will you serve this lady next, please? 4. ( in games like tennis ) to start the game by hitting the ball ć She served two faults in a row. ć He served first. service service /svs/ noun 1. a facility which the public needs ć Our train service to London is very bad. ć The postal serv- ice is efficient. ć The bus service is very irregular. ć The hotel provides a laun- dry service. 2. the act of serving or help- ing someone in a shop or restaurant ć The food is good here, but the service is very slow. ć The bill includes an extra 10% for service. ć Is the service includ- ed? ć The bill does not include service. 3. a regular check of a machine ć The car has had its 20,000-kilometre serv- ice. 4. a group of people working to- gether ć the ambulance service 5. a time when you work for a company or organisation or in the armed forces ć Did he enjoy his service in the army? ć She did six years’ service in the police. ć He was awarded a gold watch for his long service to the company. ć He saw service in Northern Ireland. 6. a reli- gious ceremony ć My mother never misses the nine o’clock service on Sun- days. 7. ( in games like tennis ) the ac- tion of hitting the ball first ć She has a very powerful service. í verb to keep a machine in good working order ć The car needs to be serviced every six months. session session /seʃ(ə)n/ noun the time when an activity is taking place ć All these long sessions in front of the computer screen are ruining my eyesight. set set /set/ noun a group of things which go together, which are used together or which are sold together ć He carries a set of tools in the back of his car. ć The six chairs are sold as a set. í verb 1. to put something in a special place ć She set the plate of biscuits down on the ta- ble next to her chair. 2. to fix something ć When we go to France we have to set our watches to French time. ć The price of the new computer has been set at £500. 3. to make something happen ć He went to sleep smoking a cigarette and set the house on fire. ć All the pris- oners were set free. ć I had been wor- ried about her, but her letter set my mind at rest. 4. when the sun sets, it goes down ć The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (NOTE: sets – setting – set) í adjective ready ć We’re all set for a swim. ć My bags are packed and I’m all set to leave. ć Her latest novel is set to become the best-selling book of the year. set off phrasal verb 1. to begin a trip ć We’re setting off for Germany tomor- row. ć They all set off on a long walk af- ter lunch. 2. to start something happening ć They set off a bomb in the shopping centre. ć If you touch the wire it will set off the alarm. ć Being in the same room as a cat will set off my asth- ma. set out phrasal verb to begin a journey ć The hunters set out to cross the moun- tains. ć We have to set out early tomor- row. settee settee /se  ti/ noun a long seat with a soft back where several people can sit Basic.fm Page 280 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com setting 281 sexually setting setting /setŋ/ noun the background for a story ć The setting for the story is Hong Kong in 1935. settle settle /set(ə)l/ verb 1. to arrange or agree something ć Well, I’m glad every- thing’s settled at last. ć Have you set- tled the title for the new film yet? ć It took six months of negotiation for the union and management to settle their differences. 2. to place yourself in a comfortable position ć She switched on the television and settled in her favour- ite armchair. 3. to fall to the ground, or to the bottom of something, gently ć Wait for the dust to settle. ć A layer of mud settled at the bottom of the pond. settle down phrasal verb 1. to place yourself in a comfortable position ć Af- ter dinner, she likes to settle down in a comfortable chair with a good book. 2. to change to a calmer way of life with- out many changes of house or much travelling ć He has worked all over the world, and doesn’t seem ready to settle down. ć She had lots of boyfriends, and then got married and settled down in Surrey. seven seven /sev(ə)n/ noun the number 7 ć There are only seven children in his class. ć She’s seven (years old) next week. ć The train is supposed to leave at seven (o’clock). seventeen seventeen /sev(ə)n  tin/ noun the number 17 ć He will be seventeen (years old) next month. ć The train leaves at seventeen sixteen (17.16). seventeenth seventeenth /sev(ə)n  tinθ/ adjective , noun number 17 in a series ć Today is October the seventeenth or the seven- teenth of October (October 17th). ć Q is the seventeenth letter of the alphabet. ć It’s his seventeenth birthday next week. ć He came seventeenth out of thirty. í noun the thing that is number 17 in a se- ries ć Today is October the seventeenth or the seventeenth of October (October 17th). seventh seventh /sevənθ/ adjective , noun number 7 in a series ć His office is on the seventh floor. ć It’s her seventh birthday on Saturday. ć What is the sev- enth letter of the alphabet? ć She came seventh in the race. í noun 1. the thing that is number 7 in a series ć Today is June the seventh or the seventh of June (June 7th). 2. one of seven equal parts seventieth seventieth /sevəntiəθ/ adjective number 70 in a series ć It’s his seventi- eth birthday next week ć He came sev- entieth out of a hundred. í noun the thing that is number 70 in a series seventy seventy /sev(ə)nti/ noun the number 70 ć She will be seventy (years old) on Tuesday. ć That shirt cost him more than seventy dollars. several several /sev(ə)rəl/ adjective , pronoun more than a few, but not a lot ć Several buildings were damaged in the storm. ć We’ve met several times. ć Several of the students are going to Italy. ć Most of the guests left early but several stayed on till midnight. severe severe /s  və/ adjective 1. very strict ć He was very severe with any child who did not behave. ć Discipline in the school was severe. 2. having a very bad effect ć The government imposed se- vere financial restrictions on importers. ć The severe weather has closed several main roads. (NOTE: severer – sever- est) severely severely /s  vəli/ adverb 1. strictly ć She was severely punished for being late. 2. to a great extent ć a severely in- jured survivor ć Train services have been severely affected by snow. sew sew /səυ/ verb to attach, make or repair something by using a needle and thread (NOTE: Do not confuse with sow. Note also: sews – sewing – sewed – sewn / səυn/.) sex sex /seks/ noun 1. one of two groups, male and female, into which animals and plants can be divided ć They’ve had a baby, but I don’t know what sex it is. 2. physical activity which, between a man and a woman, could cause a baby to de- velop ć a film full of sex and violence ć Sex was the last thing on her mind. sexual sexual /sekʃuəl/ adjective relating to the activity of having sex ć Their rela- tionship was never sexual. sexually sexually /sekʃυəli/ adverb in a sexual way Basic.fm Page 281 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com shabby 282 sharpen shabby shabby /ʃbi/ adjective ( of clothes ) used about clothes which are of poor quality or look worn out ć He wore a shabby coat with two buttons missing. shade shade /ʃed/ noun 1. a variety of a par- ticular colour ć Her hat is a rather pret- ty shade of green. 2. a dark place which is not in the sun ć Let’s try and find some shade – it’s too hot in the sun. ć The sun’s so hot that we’ll have to sit in the shade. shadow shadow /ʃdəυ/ noun a dark place be- hind an object where light is cut off by the object ć In the evening, the trees cast long shadows across the lawn. ć She saw his shadow move down the hall. ć They rested for a while, in the shadow of a large tree. shaft shaft /ʃɑft/ noun 1. the long handle of a tool such as a spade ć The shaft of the spade was so old it snapped in two. 2. a thin beam of light ć Tiny particles of dust were dancing in a shaft of sunlight. 3. a deep hole connecting one place to another ć The shaft had become blocked with rubbish. shake shake /ʃek/ verb to move something from side to side or up and down ć Shake the bottle before pouring. ć The house shakes every time a train goes past. ć His hand shook as he opened the envelope. (NOTE: shakes – shaking – shook / ʃυk/ – shaken) shall shall /ʃəl, ʃl/ modal verb 1. used to make the future tense ć We shall be out on Saturday evening. ć I shan’t say an- ything – I shall keep my mouth shut! ć Tomorrow we shan’t be home until after 10 o’clock. 2. used to show a suggestion ć Shall we open the windows? ć Shall I give them a ring? (NOTE: shall is mainly used with I and we. The negative is shan’t / ʃɑnt/. The past tense is should, should not usually shoul- dn’t.) shallow shallow /ʃləυ/ adjective not far from top to bottom ć Children were playing in the shallow end of the pool. ć The riv- er is so shallow in summer that you can walk across it. shame shame /ʃem/ noun the feeling you have when you know you have done some- thing bad or wrong ć She went bright red with shame. ć To my shame, I did nothing to help. shampoo shampoo /ʃm  pu/ noun 1. liquid soap for washing your hair or for wash- ing things such as carpets or cars 2. the action of washing the hair ć She went to the hairdresser’s for a shampoo. shape shape /ʃep/ noun the form of how something looks ć A design in the shape of a letter S. ć The old table was a funny shape. í verb to make into a certain form ć He shaped the pastry into the form of a little boat. shaped shaped /ʃept/ adjective with a certain shape share share /ʃeə/ noun a part of something that is divided between two or more people ć Did he get his share of the prize? ć Take your share of the cake and leave me the rest. ć She should have paid her share of the food bill. ć There’s a lot of work to do, so everyone must do their share. í verb 1. also share out to di- vide up something among several peo- ple ć Let’s share the bill. ć In her will, her money was shared out among her sons. 2. to use something which some- one else also uses ć We share an office. ć We shared a taxi to the airport. shark shark /ʃɑk/ noun a large dangerous fish which lives in the sea and can kill peo- ple sharp sharp /ʃɑp/ adjective 1. with an edge or point which can easily cut or pass through something ć For injections, a needle has to have a very sharp point. ć The beach is covered with sharp stones. ć This knife is useless – it isn’t sharp enough. 2. sudden and great ć There was a sharp drop in interest rates. ć The road makes a sharp right-hand bend. ć He received a sharp blow on the back of his head. ć We had a sharp frost last night. 3. bitter ć Lemons have a very sharp taste. 4. quick to notice things ć He has a sharp sense of justice. ć She has a sharp eye for a bargain. ć He’s pretty sharp at spotting mistakes. í ad- verb 1. exactly ć The coach will leave the hotel at 7.30 sharp. 2. suddenly, at an angle ć The road turned sharp right. sharpen sharpen /ʃɑpən/ verb to make some- thing sharp Basic.fm Page 282 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com shave 283 shift shave shave /ʃev/ noun the act of cutting off the hair on your face with a razor ć He decided to have a shave before going out to dinner. í verb 1. to cut off the hair on your face with a razor ć He cut himself shaving. 2. to cut the hair on your head or, on a part of your body, so that it is very short ć I didn’t recognise him with his head shaved. she she /ʃi/ pronoun used for referring to a female person, a female animal and sometimes to cars, ships and countries ć She’s my sister. ć She and I are going on holiday to France together. ć I’m angry with her – she’s taken my motorbike. ć She’s a sweet little cat, but she’s no good at catching mice. ć The customs officers boarded the ship when she docked. (NOTE: When it is the object, she becomes her: She hit the ball or the ball hit her . When it follows the verb to be, she usually becomes her: Who’s that? – It’s her, the girl we met yesterday .) shed shed /ʃed/ noun a small wooden building ć They kept the mower in a shed at the bottom of the garden. í verb to lose something which you are carrying or wearing ć In autumn, the trees shed their leaves as soon as the weather turns cold. ć A lorry has shed its load of wood at the roundabout. ć We shed our clothes and dived into the cool water. (NOTE: sheds – shedding – shed) sheep sheep /ʃip/ noun a common farm ani- mal, which gives wool and meat ć a flock of sheep ć The sheep are in the field. (NOTE: The plural is sheep.) sheer sheer /ʃə/ adjective 1. used for empha- sizing something ć It was sheer heaven to get into a hot bath after skiing. ć She was crying out of sheer frustration. ć It’s sheer madness to go out without a coat in this weather. 2. very steep ć It was a sheer drop to the beach below. sheet sheet /ʃit/ noun 1. a large piece of thin cloth which is put on a bed, either to lie on or to cover you ć She changed the sheets on the bed. 2. a large flat piece of something such as paper, metal, ice or plastic ć Can you give me another sheet of paper? shelf shelf /ʃelf/ noun a flat piece of wood at- tached to a wall or in a cupboard on which things can be put ć He put up or built some shelves in the kitchen. ć The shelves were packed with books. ć Put that book back on the shelf. ć Can you reach me down the box from the top shelf? ć The plates are on the top shelf in the kitchen cupboard. (NOTE: The plural is shelves.) shell shell /ʃel/ noun 1. the hard outside part which covers some animals such as snails or tortoises ć The children spent hours collecting shells on the beach. 2. the hard outside part of an egg or a nut ć I found a big piece of shell in my ome- lette. 3. a metal tube which is fired from a gun and explodes when it hits some- thing ć A shell landed on the hospital. shelter shelter /ʃeltə/ noun 1. protection ć We stood in the shelter of a tree waiting for the rain to stop. ć On the mountain there was no shelter from the pouring rain. ˽ to take shelter to go somewhere for protection ć When the gunmen start- ed to shoot we all took shelter behind a wall. 2. a structure or building which protects you from bad weather or dan- ger ć People stood in the bus shelter out of the rain as they waited for the bus to come. í verb to go somewhere for pro- tection ć Sheep were sheltering from the snow beside the hedge. shelves shelves /ʃelvz/ plural of shelf sheriff sheriff /ʃerf/ noun US an official in charge of justice in a particular part of a state ć the sheriff of Orange County shield shield /ʃild/ noun a large plate held in one hand, carried by people such as po- lice as a protection ć The policemen cowered behind their plastic shields. í verb to protect someone or something from being reached or seen ć He tried to shield her from the wind. shift shift /ʃft/ noun a change of something such as position or direction ć The com- pany is taking advantage of a shift in the market towards higher priced goods. ć There has been a shift of emphasis from opposition to partnership. ć I don’t un- derstand this shift in attitude. í verb to change position or direction ć We’ve shifted the television from the kitchen Basic.fm Page 283 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com shin 284 shopping into the dining room. ć My opinion has shifted since I read the official report. shin shin /ʃn/ noun the front part of your leg below the knee ć He scraped his shin climbing over the wall. ć They kicked him in the shins. shine shine /ʃan/ verb 1. to be bright with light ć The sun is shining and they say it’ll be hot today. ć She polished the ta- ble until it shone. ć The wine glasses shone in the light of the candles. ć Why do cats’ eyes shine in the dark? ć The moon shone down on the waiting crowd. 2. to make light fall on something ć He shone his torch into the cellar. (NOTE: shines – shining – shone / ʃɒn/) shiny shiny /ʃani/ adjective which shines (NOTE: shinier – shiniest) ship ship /ʃp/ noun a large boat for carrying passengers and goods on the sea ć She’s a fine ship. ć How many ships does the Royal Navy have? ć The first time we went to the United States, we went by ship. (NOTE: A ship is often referred to as she or her.) shirt shirt /ʃt/ noun a light piece of clothing which you wear on the top part of the body ć The teacher wore a blue suit and a white shirt. ć When he came back from the trip he had a suitcase full of dirty shirts. ć It’s so hot that the work- ers in the fields have taken their shirts off. shiver shiver /ʃvə/ verb to shake with cold or fear ć She shivered in the cold night air. ć He was coughing and shivering, so the doctor told him to stay in bed. í noun the action of shaking because of feeling cold or frightened shock shock /ʃɒk/ noun a sudden unpleasant surprise ć It gave me quite a shock when you walked in. ć He’s in for a nasty shock. ˽ in a state of shock reacting badly to a sudden unpleasant surprise ć She was in a state of shock after hearing of the accident. í verb to give someone a sudden unpleasant surprise ć The con- ditions in the hospital shocked the in- spectors. shocked shocked /ʃɒkt/ adjective having an un- pleasant surprise shocking shocking /ʃɒkŋ/ adjective very un- pleasant, which gives someone a sudden surprise shoe shoe /ʃu/ noun a piece of clothing which is worn on your foot ć She’s bought a new pair of shoes. ć He put his shoes on and went out. ć Take your shoes off if your feet hurt. (NOTE: The plural is shoes.) shone shone /ʃɒn/ past tense and past participle of shine shook shook /ʃυk/ past tense of shake shoot shoot /ʃut/ noun a new growth of a plant, growing from a seed or from a branch ć One or two green shoots are already showing where I sowed my let- tuces. ć After pruning, the roses will send out a lot of strong new shoots. í verb 1. to fire a gun ć Soldiers were shooting into the woods. 2. to hit or kill a person or animal by firing a gun ć One of the robbers was shot by a policeman when he tried to run away. ć We went out hunting and shot two rabbits. 3. to go very fast ć When the bell rang she shot down the stairs. ć He started the engine and the car shot out of the ga- rage. 4. in some sports, to aim a ball at the goal ć He shot, and the ball bounced off the post. (NOTE: shoots – shooting – shot / ʃɒt/) shop shop /ʃɒp/ noun a place where you can buy things ć Quite a few shops are open on Sundays. ć I never go to that shop – it’s much too expensive. ć The sweet shop is opposite the fire station. í verb to look for and buy things in shops ć She’s out shopping for his birthday present. ć Mum’s gone shopping in town. ć They went shopping in Oxford Street. ć Do you ever shop locally? (NOTE: shops – shopping – shopped) shopkeeper shopkeeper /ʃɒpkipə/ noun a person who owns a shop shopping shopping /ʃɒpŋ/ noun 1. the activity of buying things in a shop ć We do all our shopping at the weekend. ć He’s gone out to do the weekly shopping. 2. things which you have bought in a shop ć Put all your shopping on the table. ć She was carrying two baskets of shop- Basic.fm Page 284 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com . trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com shabby 282 sharpen shabby shabby /ʃbi/ adjective ( of clothes ) used about clothes which are of poor quality or look worn. urgent. Basic.fm Page 276 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com secrecy 277 seem secrecy secrecy /sikrəsi/ noun the fact of be- ing. It Basic.fm Page 277 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com seize 278 sensation seemed strange to us that no one an- swered the