. .RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification, Second Edition by Klaus Finkenzeller ISBN:0470844027 John Wiley & Sons © 2003 This volume provides an overview suited for users of radio frequency identification (RFID) products and electrical engineering students, covering industry standards and regulations, algorithms, applications, and more. Table of Contents RFID Handbook?Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification, Second Edition Preface to the 2nd Edition List of Abbreviations Chapter 1-Introduction Chapter 2-Differentiation Features of RFID Systems Chapter 3-Fundamental Operating Principles Chapter 4-Physical Principles of RFID Systems Chapter 5-Frequency Ranges and Radio Licensing Regulations Chapter 6-Coding and Modulation Chapter 7-Data Integrity Chapter 8-Data Security Chapter 9-Standardisation Chapter 10-The Architecture of Electronic Data Carriers Chapter 11-Readers Chapter 12-The Manufacture of Transponders and Contactless Smart Cards Chapter 13-Example Applications Chapter 14-Appendix Index List of Figures List of Tables This document was created by an unregistered ChmMagic, please go to http://www.bisenter.com to register it. Thanks. Back Cover Developments in RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) are yielding larger memory capacities, wider reading ranges and quicker processing, making it one of the fastest growing sectors of the radio technology industry. RFID has become indispensable in a wide range automated data capture and identification applications, from ticketing and access control to industrial automation. The second edition of Finkezeller’s comprehensive handbook brings together the disparate information on this versatile technology. Features include: Essential new information on the industry standards and regulations, including ISO 14443 (contactless ticketing), ISO 15693 (smartlabel) and ISO 14223 (animal identification). Complete coverage of the physical principles behind RFID technologies such as inductive coupling, surface acoustic waves and the emerging UHF and microwave backscatter systems. A detailed description of common algorithms for anticollision. An exhaustive appendix providing listings of FRID association, journals, and standards. A sample test card layout in accordance with ISO 14443. Numerous sample applications including e-ticketing in public transport systems and animal identification. End users of RFID products, electrical engineering students and newcomers to the field will value this introduction to the functionality of RFID technology and the physical principles involved. Experienced ADC professionals will benefit from the breadth of applications examples combined within this single resource. This document was created by an unregistered ChmMagic, please go to http://www.bisenter.com to register it. Thanks. RFID Handbook—Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification, Second Edition Klaus Finkenzeller Giesecke & Devrient GmbH, Munich Germany Translated by Rachel Waddington Member of the Institute of Translation and Interpreting First published under the title RFID-Handbuch, 2 Auflage by Carl Hanser Verlag © Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich/FRG, 1999 All rights reserved Authorized translation from the 2nd edition in the original German language published by Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich/FRG Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): <cs-books@wiley.co.uk> Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com Reprinted September 2003 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to <permreq@wiley.co.uk>, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA This document was created by an unregistered ChmMagic, please go to http://www.bisenter.com to register it. Thanks. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Finkenzeller, Klaus. [RFID Handbuch. English] RFID handbook : fundamentals and applications in contactless smart cards and identifcation/Klaus Finkenzeller; translated by Rachel Waddington. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-470-84402-7 (alk. paper) 1. Inventory control — Automation. 2. Radio frequency identification systems. 3. Smart. cards. I. Title. TS160.F5513 2003 658.7'87 — dc21 2002192439 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-470-84402-7 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. This document was created by an unregistered ChmMagic, please go to http://www.bisenter.com to register it. Thanks. Preface to the 2nd Edition This book is aimed at an extremely wide range of readers. First and foremost it is intended for students and engineers who find themselves confronted with RFID technology for the first time. A few basic chapters are provided for this audience describing the functionality of RFID technology and the physical and IT-related principles underlying this field. The book is also intended for practitioners who, as users, wish to or need to obtain as comprehensive and detailed an overview of the various technologies, the legal framework or the possible applications of RFID as possible. Although a wide range of individual articles are now available on this subject, the task of gathering all this scattered information together when it is needed is a tiresome and time-consuming one — as researching this book has proved. This book therefore aims to fill a gap in the range of literature on the subject of RFID. The need for well-founded technical literature in this field is proven by the fortunate fact that this book has now also appeared in Chinese and Japanese translation. Further information on the German version of the RFID handbook and the translations can be found on the homepage of this book, http://RFID-handbook.com. This book uses numerous pictures and diagrams to attempt to give a graphic representation of RFID technology in the truest sense of the word. Particular emphasis is placed on the physical principles of RFID, which is why the chapter on this subject is by far the most comprehensive of the book. However, practical considerations are also assigned great importance. For this reason the chapter entitled 'Example Applications' is also particularly comprehensive. Technological developments in the field of RFID technology are proceeding at such a pace that although a book like this can explain the general scientific principles it is not dynamic enough to be able to explore the latest trends regarding the most recent products on the market and the latest standards and regulations. I am therefore grateful for any suggestions and advice — particularly from the field of industry. The basic concepts and underlying physical principles remain, however, and provide a good background for understanding the latest developments. Unfortunately, the market overview that was previously included has had to be omitted from the 2nd edition of the book, as the growing number of providers has made it increasingly difficult to retain an overview of the numerous transponders available on the market. However, a detailed introduction to the physical principles of UHF and microwave systems (Section 4.2), which will become increasingly important in Europe with the approval of the corresponding frequency ranges in the 868 MHz band, has been added. The chapter on standardisation has been extended in order to keep up with the rapid development in this field. At this point I would also like to express my thanks to those companies which were kind enough to contribute to the success of this project by providing numerous technical data sheets, lecture manuscripts, drawings and photographs. This document was created by an unregistered ChmMagic, please go to http://www.bisenter.com to register it. Thanks. Klaus Finkenzeller Munich, Summer 2002 This document was created by an unregistered ChmMagic, please go to http://www.bisenter.com to register it. Thanks. List of Abbreviations µP Microprocessor µs Microsecond (10 -6 seconds) ABSAcrylnitrilbutadienstyrol ACMAccess Configuration Matrix AFCAutomatic Fare Collection AFIApplication Family Identifier (see ISO 14443-3) AIApplication Identifier AMAmplitude Modulation APDUApplication Data Unit ASICApplication Specific Integrated Circuit ASCIIAmerican Standard Code for Information Interchange ASKAmplitude Shift Keying ATQAnswer to Request (ATQA, ATQB: see ISO 14443-3) ATRAnswer to Reset AVIAutomatic Vehicle Identification (for Railways) BAPTBundesamt für Post und Telekommunikation BdBaud, transmission speed in bit/s BGTBlock Guard Time BMBFBundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Ministry for Education and Research, was BMFT) BPBandpass filter CCapacitance (of a capacitor) CCGCentrale für Coorganisation GmbH (central allocation point for EAN codes in Germany) CENComité Européen de Normalisation CEPTConférence Européene des Postes et Télécommunications CICCClose Coupling Integrated Circuit Chip Card CIUContactless Interface Unit (transmission/receiving module for contactless microprocessor interfaces) CLKClock (timing signal) CRCCyclic Redundancy Checksum CCITTComité Consultatif International Télégraphique et Téléphonique This document was created by an unregistered ChmMagic, please go to http://www.bisenter.com to register it. Thanks. dBmLogarithmic measure of power, related to 1 mW HF-power (0 dBm = 1 mW, 30 dBm = 1W) DBPDifferential Bi-Phase encoding DINDeutsche Industrienorm (German industrial standard) EANEuropean Article Number (barcode on groceries and goods) EASElectronic Article Surveillance ECEurocheque or electronic cash ECCEuropean Communications Committee EDIElectronic Document Interchange EEPROMElectric Erasable and Programmable Read-Only Memory EMCElectromagnetic Compatibility EOFEnd of Frame ERCEuropean Radiocommunications Committee ERMElectromagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters EROEuropean Radiocommunications Organisation EROEuropean Radio Office ERPEquivalent Radiated Power ETCSEuropean Train Control System ETSEuropean Telecommunication Standard ETSIEuropean Telecommunication Standards Institute EVCEuropean Vital Computer (part of ETCS) FCCFederal Commission of Communication FDXFull-Duplex FHSSFrequency Hopping Spread Spectrum FMFrequency modulation FRAMFerroelectric Random Access Memory FSKFrequency Shift Keying GSMGlobal System for Mobile Communication (was Groupe Spécial Mobile) GTAGGlobal-Tag (RFID Initiative of EAN and the UCC) HDXHalf-Duplex HFHigh Frequency (3 30 MHz) I 2 C Inter-IC-Bus ICCIntegrated Chip Card This document was created by an unregistered ChmMagic, please go to http://www.bisenter.com to register it. 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IDIdentification ISMIndustrial Scientific Medical (frequency range) ISOInternational Organization for Standardization LLoop (inductance of a coil) LANLocal Area Network LFLow Frequency (30 300 kHz) LPDLow Power Device (low power radio system for the transmission of data or speech over a few hundred metres) LRCLongitudinal Redundancy Check LSBLeast Significant Bit MADMIFARE® Application Directory MSBMost Significant Bit NADNode Address nomLNon-public mobile land radio (industrial radio, transport companies, taxi radio, etc.) NRZNon-Return-to-Zero Encoding NTCNegative Temperature Coefficient (thermal resistor) NVBNumber of Valid Bits (see ISO 14443-3) OCROptical Character Recognition OEMOriginal Equipment Manufacturer OTPOne Time Programmable PCPersonal Computer PCDProximity Card Device (see ISO 14443) PICCProximity Integrated Contactless Chip Card (see ISO 14443) PKIPublic Key Infrastructure PMUPower Management Unit PPPlastic Package PPSPolyphenylensulfide PSKPhase Shift Keying PUPIPseudo Unique PICC Identifier (see ISO 14443-3) PVCPolyvinylchloride R&TTERadio and Telecommunication Terminal Equipment (The Radio Equipment and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Directive (1999/5/EC)) RADARRadio Detecting and Ranging RAMRandom Access Memory RCSRadar Cross-Section This document was created by an unregistered ChmMagic, please go to http://www.bisenter.com to register it. 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REQRequest RFIDRadio Frequency Identification RFUReserved for Future Use RTIReturnable Trade Items RTIRoad Transport Information System RTTTRoad Transport & Traffic Telematics RWDRead Write Device SAMSecurity Authentication Module SAWSurface Acoustic Wave SCL Serial Clock (I 2 C Bus Interface) SDA Serial Data Address Input Output (I 2 C Bus Interface) SEQSequential System SMDSurface Mounted Devices SNRSerial Number SOFStart of Frame SRAMStatic Random Access Memory SRDShort Range Devices (low power radio systems for the transmission of data or voice over short distances, typically a few hundred metres) TRTechnische Richtlinie (Technical Guideline) UARTUniversal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (transmission/receiving module for computer interfaces) UCCUniversal Code Council (American standard for barcodes on groceries and goods) UHFUltra High Frequency (300 MHz 3 GHz) UPCUniversal Product Code VCDVicinity Card Device (see ISO 15693) VDEVerein Deutscher Elektrotechniker (German Association of Electrical Engineers) VICCVicinity Integrated Contactless Chip Card (see ISO 15693) VSWRVoltage Standing Wave Ratio XOReXclusive-OR ZVZulassungsvorschrift (Licensing Regulation) HITAG® and MIFARE® are registered trademarks of Philips elektronics N.V. LEGIC®is a registered trademark of Kaba Security Locking Systems AG This document was created by an unregistered ChmMagic, please go to http://www.bisenter.com to register it. Thanks. [...]... standard applications, such as contactless smart cards, animal identification or industrial automation These also include proximity coupling (ISO 14 443, contactless smart cards) and vicinity coupling systems (ISO 15 693, smart label and contactless smart cards) Frequencies below 13 5 kHz or 13 .56 MHz are used as transmission frequencies Some special applications (e.g Eurobalise) are also operated at 27 .12 5... these are fingerprinting and handprinting procedures, voice identification and, less commonly, retina (or iris) identification 1. 1.3 .1 Voice identification Recently, specialised systems have become available to identify individuals using speaker verification (speaker recognition) In such systems, the user talks into a microphone linked to a computer This equipment converts the spoken words into digital... register it Thanks cards in RFID systems (Figure 2 .11 ) One advantage of this format for inductively coupled RFID systems is the large coil area, which increases the range of the smart cards Figure 2 .11 : Layout of a contactless smart card— card body with transponder module and antenna Contactless smart cards are produced by the lamination of a transponder between four PVC foils The individual foils are... baked at high pressure and temperatures above 10 0°C to produce a permanent bond (the manufacture of contactless smart cards is described in detail in Chapter 12 ) Contactless smart cards of the design ID -1 are excellently suited for carrying adverts and often have artistic overprints, like those on telephone cards, for example (Figure 2 .12 ) Figure 2 .12 : Semitransparent contactless smart card The transponder... is that of a living person (Schmidhäusler, 19 95) 1. 1.4 Smart cards A smart card is an electronic data storage system, possibly with additional computing capacity (microprocessor card), which — for convenience — is incorporated into a plastic card the size of a credit card The first smart cards in the form of prepaid telephone smart cards were launched in 19 84 Smart cards are placed in a reader, which... Microprocessor cards are primarily used in security sensitive applications Examples are smart cards for GSM mobile phones and the new EC (electronic cash) cards The option of programming the microprocessor cards also facilitates rapid adaptation to new applications (Rankl and Effing, 19 96) 1. 1.5 RFID systems RFID systems are closely related to the smart cards described above Like smart card systems, data is stored... thus the range Figure 2 .10 : Watch with integral transponder in use in a contactless access authorisation system (reproduced by permission of Junghans Uhren GmbH, Schramberg) 2.2.7 ID -1 format, contactless smart cards The ID -1 format familiar from credit cards and telephone cards (85.72 mm x 54.03 mm x 0.76 mm ± tolerances) is becoming increasingly important for contactless smart This document was created... it Thanks 1. 1 Automatic Identification Systems 1. 1 .1 Barcode systems Barcodes have successfully held their own against other identification systems over the past 20 years According to experts, the turnover volume for barcode systems totalled around 3 billion DM in Western Europe at the beginning of the 19 90s (Virnich and Posten, 19 92) The barcode is a binary code comprising a field of bars and gaps... of the smart card is the fact that the data stored on it can be protected against undesired (read) access and manipulation Smart cards make all services that relate to information or financial transactions simpler, safer and cheaper For this reason, 200 million smart cards were issued worldwide in 19 92 In 19 95 this figure had risen to 600 million, of which 500 million were memory cards and 10 0 million... price and the complicated readers that they require in comparison with other ID procedures 1. 1.3 Biometric procedures Biometrics is defined as the science of counting and (body) measurement procedures involving living beings In the context of identification systems, biometry is the general term for all procedures that identify people by comparing unmistakable and individual physical characteristics In . . .RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification, Second Edition by Klaus Finkenzeller ISBN:0470844027 John Wiley. frequency identification (RFID) products and electrical engineering students, covering industry standards and regulations, algorithms, applications, and more. Table of Contents RFID Handbook? Fundamentals. Handbook? Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification, Second Edition Preface to the 2nd Edition List of Abbreviations Chapter 1- Introduction Chapter 2-Differentiation Features of RFID