[...]... cream reduces the pain of venepuncture in children Eur J Anaesthesiol 19 87; 4:4 41 448 12 Hopkins CS, Buckley CJ, Bush GH Pain-free injection in infants Use of a lignocaineprilocaine cream to prevent pain at intravenous induction of general anaesthesia in 1- 5 -year-old children Anaesthesia 19 88; 43 :19 8–2 01 13 Watson AR, Szymkin P, Morgan AG Topical anaesthesia for fistula cannulation in haemodialysis patients... Betacaine-LAÕ 8 TetracaineÕ 9 Topicaine 10 S-Caine Patch 10 S-Caine Local Anesthetic Peel 11 Cost Comparison 13 Conclusion 14 References 15 2 Advanced Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin Type A 19 Alastair Carruthers and Jean Carruthers Introduction 19 Botulinum Neurotoxins 19 Treatment of the Upper Face 22 Chemodenervation in the Mid and Lower Face... governing the intrinsic potency of these agents (5,6) Both the aromatic and the amine portion determine protein-binding characteristics, which are thought to be the primary agents of anesthesia duration (6) Different methods for evaluating and comparing anesthetic efficacy have included venipuncture (7 13 ), pinprick testing (14 ), split-thickness skin graft donation (15 17 ), and laser pulses as pain stimuli... than TetracaineÕ in an inert base in producing significant skin Vehicle 5% Lidocaine 2.5% Lidocaine: 2.5% Prilocaine 4% TetracaineÕ gela 4% TetracaineÕ 4% Lidocaine 7% Lidocaine: 7% TetracaineÕ LMXÕ 5 EMLA Cream TetracaineÕ Gel Amethocaine Topicaineb S-Caine Abbreviations: (A), adults; (C), children a Compounded, proprietary anesthetic b Over the counter product Source: From Ref 63 Oil-inwater Microemulsion... Fratila Introduction 11 7 History 11 7 Surgical Anatomy of the Orbital Unit 11 8 Initial Consultation 12 1 Relative Contraindications 12 2 Preoperative Documentation 12 2 Laser-Assisted Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty 12 3 Laser-Assisted Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty 13 1 Complications and Their Treatment 14 5 Complications After Blepharoplasty 14 8 Contents xi Conclusion 15 6... anaesthetic cream Anaesthesia 19 84; 39:969–972 8 Kurien L, Kollberg H, Uppfeldt A Venepuncture pain can be reduced J Trop Med Hyg 19 85; 88:397–399 9 Moller C A lignocaine-prilocaine cream reduces venipunture pain Ups J Med Sci 19 85; 90:293–298 10 Maunuksela EL, Korpela R Double-blind evaluation of a lignocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) in children Br J Anaesth 19 86; 58 :12 42 12 45 11 Cooper CM, Gerrish SP,... S-Caine Local Anesthetic Peel Placebo p .