349 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 a a a Autonomic nervous system 8 9 4 6 6 5 5 5 13 14 22 18 12 17 24 23 17 19 12 11 14 13 28 15 16 25 26; 27 20 19 11 21 21 18 Lower part of sympathetic system A Cardiac plexus B Celiac plexus C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 350 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 Inferior mesenteric plexus. Plexus mesentericus inferior. Continuation of the abdominal aortic plexus along the inferior mesenteric artery in- cluding its branches. D 2 Superior rectal plexus. Plexus rectalis superior. Continuation of the inferior mesenteric plexus on the superior rectal artery and rectum. It also con- tains parasympathetic fibers from the inferior hy- pograstric plexus. D 3 Enteric plexus. Plexus entericus. Collective term for the autonomic plexuses in the wall of the in- testinal tract. 4 Subserosal plexus. Plexus subserosus. Fine au- tonomic plexus located directly beneath the serosa. C 5 Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus. Plexus my- entericus [[Auerbach]]. Prominent plexus situated between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers. It contains ganglion cells and regulates the peristaltic action of the intestine. C 6 Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus. Plexus sub- mucosus [[Meissner]]. Prominent plexus occupy- ing the submucosa. It contains ganglion cells and regulates the activity of the muscularis mucosae and villi. C 7 Iliac plexus. Plexus iliaci. Continuation of the abdominal aortic plexus onto both iliac arteries. DE 8 Femoral plexus. Plexus femoralis. Continuation of the iliac plexus onto the femoral artery. E 8a PARS PELVICA AUTONOMICA. Pelvic part of the autonomic nervous system. 9 Superior hypogastric plexus (presacral nerve). Plexus hypogastricus superior (n. praesacralis). Plexus-like connection between the abdominal aortic and inferior hypogastric plexuses located predominantly in front of the 5 th lumbar verte- bral body and receiving branches from the lum- bar sympathetic ganglia. D E 10 Right/left hypogastric nerve. N. hypogastricus dexter/sinister. Right and left branches of the su- perior hypogastric plexus to the pelvic viscera. They communicate with the inferior hypogastric plexus. D E 11 Inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus). Plexus hypogastricus inferior (plexus pelvicus). Network of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers located to the right and left of the rectum and in front of it. D 12 Middle rectal plexus. Plexus rectalis medius. Continuation of the inferior hypogastric plexus onto the wall of the rectum. E 13 Inferior rectal plexus. Plexus rectalis inferior. Autonomic nerve plexus located around the branches of the internal iliac artery and passing to both sides of the rectum. E 14 Prostatic plexus. Plexus prostaticus. Nerve plexus mainly located at the posterior and infe- rior surfaces of the prostate and extending as far as the membranous part of the urethra. E 15 Deferential plexus. Plexus deferentialis. Nerve plexus around the ductus deferens. E 16 Uterovaginal plexus. Plexus uterovaginalis. Nerve plexus occupying the parametrium and in- filtrated with many ganglia. It sends branches to the uterus, vagina, uterine tube and ovary and communicates with the inferior hypogastric plexus in the rectouterine fold. D 17 Vaginal nerves. Nervi vaginales. Branches of the uterovaginal plexus passing to the vagina. D 18 Vesical plexus. Plexusvesicalis. Plexussituated on both sides of the urinary bladder. It contains para- sympatheticfibers andisinvolvedinregulatingthe voiding mechanism of the urinary bladder. E 19 Cavernous nerves of penis. Nn. cavernosi penis. Rami from the prostatic plexus to the cavernous bodies of the penis. E 20 Cavernous nerves of clitoris. Nn. cavernosi cli- toridis. Nerves corresponding to the cavernous nerves of the penis. E 21 SYMPATHETIC PART (SYSTEM). Pars sympathet- ica. Thoracolumbar part of the autonomic nervous system represented in the sympathetic trunk. Excitable by adrenalin (adrenergic), it has a stimulatory effect on the circulation and an in- hibitory effect on the intestinal tract. 22 Sympathetic trunk. Truncus sympatheticus. Chain of ganglia connected by nerve fibers. It lies to the right and left of the vertebral column and extends from the base of the skull to the coccyx. B 23 Ganglia of sympathetic trunk. Ganglia trunci sympathetici. Groups of small, mostly multipolar ganglion cells producing macroscopic thicken- ings and forming synaptic sites between myeli- nated preganglionic and nonmyelinated postgan- glionic fibers. B 24 Interganglionic branches. Rami interganglion- ares. Bundles of white and gray fibers linking the sympathetic ganglia. B 25 Rami communicates. Communicating branches (afferent and efferent) between the spinal nerves and sympathetic trunk. B 26 Intermediate ganglia. Ganglia intermedia. Addi- tional accumulations of sympathetic ganglion cells mainly in the rami communicantes of the cervical and lumbar regions. B 27 Superior cervical ganglion. Ganglion cervicale superius. Uppermost sympathetic trunk gan- glion, about 2.5 cm long and lying 2 cm below the base of the skull between the longus capitis and posterior belly of the digastric. A 28 Jugular nerve. N. jugularis. Branch to the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve and to the superior ganglion of the vagus. A 29 Internal carotid nerve. N. caroticus internus. It contains postganglionic fibers and forms the in- ternal carotid plexus in the carotid canal. A 30 Internal carotid plexus. Plexus caroticus inter- nus. Nerve plexus in the carotid canal giving rise to the deep petrosal nerve and branches to the inner ear. It supplies the eye with sympathetic fibers. A 31 External carotid nerves. Nn. carotici externi. Nerves for the external carotid plexus descending along the external carotid artery. A Autonomic nervous system Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 351 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 a a a Autonomic nervous system C II C III C IV C V 30 29 27 28 31 24 23 2625 22 4 5 6 7 9 11 16 10 2 1 17 7 9 10 12 15 18 14 19; 20 8 13 352.35 12 Superior cervical ganglion with branches A Sympathetic trunk from in front B Plexuses in intestinal wall C Abdominal and pelvic plexuses D Pelvic plexus E Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 352 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 External carotid plexus. Plexus caroticus exter- nus. Autonomic nerve plexus around the external carotid artery. A 2 Common carotid plexus. Plexus caroticus com- munis. It surrounds the common carotid artery. A 3 Laryngopharyngeal branches. Rami laryn- gopharyngeales. Postganglionic fibers to the pharyngeal plexus. A 4 Superior cervical cardiac nerve. N. cardiacus cervicalis superior. Fibers to the cardiac plexus. A 5 Middle cervical ganglion. Ganglion cervicale me- dium. Often very small ganglion of the sympa- thetic trunk that lies at the level of C6 in front of or behind the inferior thyroid artery. A E 6 Vertebral ganglion. Ganglion vertebrale. Small accessory ganglion usually on the vertebral artery in front of its entrance into the foramen transver- sarium. A 7 Middle cervical cardiac nerve. N. cardiacus cervi- calis medius. It passes from the middle cervical ganglion to the deep part of the cardiac plexus. A 8 Cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion. Ganglion cervicothoracicum (stellatum). Fusion of the infe- rior cervical ganglion with the 1 st or, in many cases (ca. 75%) 2 nd thoracic ganglion. A E 9 Ansa subclavia. Cord of nerve fibers forming a loop around the subclavian artery. A 10 Inferior cervical cardiac nerve. N. cardiacus cervicalis inferior. It passes to the deep part of the cardiac plexus. A 11 Subclavian plexus. Plexus subclavius. Autonomic nerve plexus around the subclavian artery. A 12 Vertebral nerve. N. vertebralis. Located behind the vertebral artery; it forms the vertebral plexus. A 13 Vertebral plexus. Plexus vertebralis. Network of nerves around the vertebral artery. A 14 Thoracic ganglia. Ganglia thoracica. 11−12 thick- enings in the thoracic sympathetic trunk. A E 15 Thoracic cardiac branches. Rami cardiaci thoracici. Rami with efferent and afferent (pain) fibers passingfrom T2−4(5) thoracic ganglia to the cardiac plexus. A E 15 a Thoracic plumonary branches. Rami pulmonales thoracici. Efferent fibers from T2−4 ganglia to the pulmonary plexus at the lung hilum. 15 b Esophageal branches. Rami oesophageales. Effer- ent fibers from T2−5 ganglia. 16 Greater splanchnic nerve. N. splanchnicus major. It passes from sympathetic trunk ganglia 5−9(10) to the celiac ganglion and contains pre- and post- ganglionic fibers which conduct pain and other sensations from the upper abdominal organs. E 17 Thoracic splanchnic ganglion. Ganglion thoraci- cum splanchnicum. Accessory ganglion at the level of T9. It is incorporated into the greater splanchnic nerve. E 18 Lesser splanchnic nerve. N. splanchnicus minor. Arises from sympathetic trunk ganglia 9−11 and is similar to the greater splanchnic nerve. E 19 Renal branch. Ramus renalis. Occasional branch from the lesser splanchnic nerve to the renal plexus. E 20 Lowest splanchnic nerve.N.splanchnicus imus. It often arises independently from the T12 ganglion and passes to the renal plexus. E 21 Lumbar ganglia. Ganglia lumbalia (lumbaria). The sympathetic ganglia of the lumber vertebral column, usually four on either side. B 22 Lumber splanchnic nerves. Nervi splanchnici lumbales (lumbares). Usually four nerves from the lumbar sympathetic trunk forming a plexus on L5. B 23 Sacral ganglia. Ganglia sacralia. Four smaller gan- glia lying medial to the pelvis sacral foramina. B 24 Sacral splanchnic nerves. Nervi splanchnici sacrales. Two to three fine nerves from sacral gan- glia 2−4. B 25 Ganglion im par. Last unpaired sympathetic trunk ganglion lying in front of the coccyx. B 26 PARASYMPATHETIC PART (SYSTEM). Pars para- sympathetica. Craniosacral component of the au- tonomic nervous system involving cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X and sacral spinal nerves 2−4. An- tagonistic to the sympathetic division, it slows down the heart beat and stimulates intestinal and sexual functions. 26 a Cranial part. Pars cranialis. 27 Terminal nerve.N. terminalis.Aslender, partly in- terwoven nerve of unknown function, but prob- ably autonomic. It unites the olfactory region with the anterior perforated substance. C 28 Terminal ganglion. Ganglion terminale. It com- prises all of the ganglion cells dispersed in the ter- minal nerves. 29 Ciliary ganglion. Ganglion ciliare. Located lateral to the optic nerve. It receives preganglionic fibers from the oculomotor nerve and gives off postgan- glionic fibers which constrict the pupil and con- tract the ciliary muscles during accomodation. D 30 Pterygopalatine ganglion. Ganglion pterygo- palatinum. Nerve that lies lateral to the spheno- palatine foramen, receives motor fibers from the facial nerve via the nerve of the pterygoid canal and supplies the lacrimal and nasal glands. D 31 Otic ganglion. Ganglion oticum. Situated below the foramen ovale and medial to the mandibular nerve. It receives motor fibers from the glos- sopharyngeal nerve via the lesser petrosal nerve and innvervates the parotid gland. D 32 Submandibular ganglion. Ganglion subman- dibulare. Located along the lingual nerve below the mandible. It receives motor fibers from the fa- cial nerve via the chorda tympani and sends effer- ent fibers to the sublingual and submandibular glands. D 33 Sublingual ganglion. Ganglion sublinguale.Small accumulations of cells occasionally present on the glandular branches. 33 a Pelvic part (Pars pelvica). Sacral part of parasym- pathetic division. 34 Pelvic splanchnic nerves. Nn. pelvici splanchnici (nn. erigentes). Parasympathetic fibers from S2−4 spinal nerves to the pelvic ganglia for the pelvic and genital organs. They also contain afferent fibers. B 35 Pelvic ganglia. Ganglia pelvica. Groups of auton- omic cells in the inferior hypogastric plexus. They give rise to the postganglionic axons. See p. 351 E Autonomic nervous system Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 353 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 a a a Autonomic nervous system 21 23 22 34 24 25 1 2 3 13 9 4 15 14 10 8 11 7 6 12 5 27 32 31 30 29 19 20 18 17 16 14 15 8 5 Cervical sympathetic trunkA Lumbosacral sympathetic trunk B Terminal nervesC Autonomic ganglia of the head D Splanchnic nervesE Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 354 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 SENSE ORGANS. Organa sensoria (sensuum). In the narrow sense, the organs of vision, hear- ing, smell and taste. 2 ORGAN OF VISION. Organum visus (visuale). 3 EYE. Oculus. 4 Optic nerve. N. opticus. Fiber bundle beginning in the retina and extending as far as the optic chiasm. Histologically and embryologically speaking, it is the tract of the brain that is ac- cordingly enclosed by meninges up to the pos- terior aspect of the eyeball. Its axons have no neurilemma (sheath of Schwann) but are myeli- nated. The myelin sheath is formed by the oligo- dendroglia. A C E 5 Intracranial part. Pars intracranialis. Segment of the optic nerve betweeen the optic canal and the chiasm. E 6 Intracanalicular part. Pars intracanicularis. Segment of the optic nerve located in the optic canal. It is partially connected with the canal wall. E 7 Orbital part. Pars orbitalis. Slightly tortuous segment of the optic nerve measuring about 3 cm in length and occupying the orbit. E 8 Intraocular part. Pars intraocularis. Segment of optic nerve located in the wall of the eyeball. 9 Postlaminar part. Pars postlaminaris. In- traocular segment located behind the lamina cribrosa and thus at the site where the external sheath of the optic nerve (dura) blends into the sclera. A 10 Intralaminar part. Pars intralaminaris. In- traocular segment lying within the lamina cri- brosa. A 11 Prelaminar part. Pars preliminaris. Intraocular segment extending between the lamina cri- brosa and the nerve fiber layer of the retina. A 12 External sheath. Vagina externa. Dural cover- ing of the optic nerve extending up to the eye- ball. A 13 Internal sheath. Vagina interna. Pia and arachnoid coverings acoompanying the optic nerve to the eyeball. A 14 Intervaginal spaces. Spatia intervaginalia. Subarachnoid space accompanying the optic nerve and the capillary space between the arachnoid and dura. A 15 Eyeball. Bulbus oculis. Globe of the eye. It con- sists of the cornea and sclera together with all of the structures they enclose. D 16 Anterior pole. Polus anterior (center of anterior curvature) of the eyeball, which is determined by the corneal vertex. D 17 Posterior pole. Polus posterior (center of poste- rior curvature) of the eyeball, which lies lateral to the exit of the optic nerve and opposite to the anterior pole. D 18 Equator. Aequator. Greatest circumference of the eyeball located equidistant from the ante- rior and posterior poles. D 19 Meridians. Meridiani. Semicircles oriented at right angles to the equator between the anterior and posterior poles. D. 20 External axis of eyeball. Axis bulbi externus. Line connecting anterior and posterior poles. C 21 Internal axis of eyeball. Axis bulbi internus. Distance from posterior surface of cornea to the inner surface of retina measured along an im- aginary line (external axis of eyeball) through the anterior and posterior poles. C 22 Optic axis. Axis opticus. Line passing through the midline of the cornea and lens and bisecting the retina between the fovea centralis and optic disc. C 23 FIBROUS TUNIC OF EYEBALL. Tunica fibrosa bulbi. External wall of eyeball comprising the cornea and sclera. C 24 Sclera. The bluish-white outer coat of the eye- ball, which consists of irregulatory arranged collagenous fibers visible through the conjunc- tiva.ABC 25 Scleral sulcus. Sulcus sclerae. Shallow groove between the cornea and sclera caused by the greater curvature of the cornea. B C D 26 Corneoscleral junction. Limbus. The concave border of the sclera adjacent to the cornea. B 27 Trabecular meshwork (pectinate ligament). Reticulum trabeculare (lig. pectinatum) [[spongium iridocorneale]]. Connective tissue framework at the iridocorneal (filtration) angle. 28 Corneoscleral par t. Pars corneoscleralis. Part of the meshwork attached to the sclera. B 29 Uveal part. Pars uvealis. Part of the trabecular meshwork attached to the iris. B 30 Canal of Schlemm. Sinus venosus sclerae. Circular vessel occupying the interior aspect of the trabecular meshwork. It can be interrupted or doubled and is involved in the discharge of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber. B 31 Episclera. Lamina episcleralis. Delicate dis- placeable connective tissue between the outer surface of the sclera and [[Tenon’s capsule]] (bulbar fascia). 32 Substantia propria sclerae corneal stroma. The proper substance, i. e., main part of the sclera. It consists of irregularly arranged col- lagenous fibers with sparse elastic fibers. A B 33 Lamina fusca sclerae. Layer of loose connective tissue connecting the sclera and the choroid lying below it. It appears yellowish owing to the pigment cells dispersed within it. A 34 Lamina cribrosa. Fine, perforated layer of the slcera for the passage of optic nerve fibers from the retina. A Sense organs Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 355 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 a a a 34 4 14 24 32 11 1213 33 10 9 22 2021 24 23 4 28 29 26 2530 32 24 7 5 6 16 19 25 18 17 25 Optic nerve with coverings at point of exit A Iridocorneal angle B Eye, schematic C Eye, lines of orientationD Segments of optic nerve E Sense organs Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 356 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 Cornea. The transparent anterior part (1/6) of the eyeball with an anterior convex curvature and a posterior concave curvature. It is 0.9 mm thick in the middle, 1.2 mm thick at its margins. BD 2 Conjunctival ring. Anulus conjunctivae. Junc- tion between bulbar conjunctival epithelium and the anterior epithelium of the cornea. D 3 Corneoscleral junction. Limbus corneae. D 4 Vertex corneae. The most prominent point on the anterior surface of the cornea. 5 Anterior surface. Facies anterior. Corneal sur- face facing the outside air. D 6 Posterior surface. Facies posterior. Corneal sur- face facing the anterior chamber. D 7 Anterior epithelium. Epithelium anterius. Stratified (about 5 layers) squamous epithelium covering the anterior surface of the cornea with a very smooth surface. B D 8 Anterior limiting (Bowman’s) membrane. Lamina limitans anterior [[Bowman]]. Basal membrane of the anterior epithelium, about 10−20 mm thick. It is continuous posteriorly with the substantia propria. B 9 Substantia propria. Predominant part of the avascular cornea consisting of highly organized lamellar connective tissue embedded within a mucopolysaccharide substance. The state of turgescence of its fibers and the distribution of its colloidal matrix affect the transparency of the cornea. B 10 Posterior limiting (Descemet’s) membrane. Lamina limitans posterior [[Descemet]]. Basal membrane of the corneal (posterior) en- dothelium. At its lateral margin it divides into fibers which radiate into the trabecular mesh- work of the sclera and iris. Aqueous humor passes through its interstices to drain into the sinus venosus sclerae. B D 11 Posterior epithelium (endothelium). Epithe- lium posterius. Simple squamous epithelium lining the posterior surface of the cornea. B D 12 VASCULAR TUNIC OF EYEBALL (UVEAL TRACT). Tunica vasculosa bulbi (tractus uvealis). It rep- resents the middle layer of the wall of the eye- ball and consists of the choroid, ciliary body and iris. 13 Choroid. Choroidea. The vascular coat lying be- tween the retina and sclera. A 14 Suprachoroid lamina (lamina fusca). Lamina suprachoroidea. Displaceable layer directly beneath the sclera. It contains only a few vessels and pigment; its fibers are partly covered by en- dothelium. A 15 Perichoroidal space. Spatium perichoroideale. Spatial system in the suprachoroid lamina, part of which forms lymph pathways. It houses the ciliary nerves, long and short posterior ciliary arteries and the vorticose veins. A 16 Vascular lamina. Lamina vasculosa. It contains the branchings of the short posterior ciliary ar- teries. A 17 Choriocapillaris. Lamina choroidocapillaris. Pigment-free layer of connective tissue with a dense network of capillaries extending as far as the ora serrata. It is often delimited from the vascular lamina by a special connective tissue layer. A 18 Basal lamina [[Bruch’s membrane]]. Com- plexus (lamina) basalis. Homogeneous zone about 2−4 mm thick between the choriocapil- laris and the pigment epithelium of the retina. A 19 Ciliary body. Corpus ciliare. Enlarged uveal seg- ment situated between the ora serrata and root of the iris. It contains ciliary muscles and processes. C 20 Pars plicata (Corona ciliaris). Circular zone oc- cupied by ciliary processes. C 21 Ciliary processes. Processus ciliares. 70−80 radially oriented, capillary-rich folds, 0.1− 0.2 mm wide, 1 mm high and 2−3 mm long. Their epithelium produces aqueous humor. C 22 Ciliary folds. Plicate ciliares. Low folds in the re- gion of the corona ciliaris and between the cili- ary processes. C 23 Pars plana. Orbiculus ciliaris. Circular zone lying between the corona and ora serrata. It is occupied by ciliary folds. C 24 Ciliary muscle. M. ciliaris. Smooth muscle oc- cupying the ciliary body. It pulls the choroid for- ward and, in so doing, relaxes the zonule fibers so that the lens can become more strongly curved for accomodation of near objects. D 25 Meridional (longitudinal) fibers. Fibrae mer- idionales [fibrae longitudinales]. Larger muscle fibers oriented meridionally (longitudinally). Anteriorly they are attached to the posterior limiting lamina above the trabecular mesh- work; posteriorly, they insert into the choroid. D 26 Circular fibers. Fibrae circulares. Circular muscle lying internal to the meridional fibers. D 27 Radial fibers. Fibrae radiales. Muscle fibers crossing perpendicular to the two other muscle systems and coursing outwardly. 28 Basal lamina. Lamina basalis. Continuation of the basal membrane of the choroid. It supports the epithelium. D Sense organs Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 357 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 a a a 24 354.24 13 14 16 17 1815 11 10 9 7 8 9 23 20 21 22 2 5 7 1 3 10 11 6 26 25 28 ChoroidA Cornea B Ciliary body from behind C Iridocorneal angle, schematic D Sense organs Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 358 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 Iris. Frontally-located, round, variably colored disk about 10−12 mm in diameter, with a cen- tral aperture (pupil). The iris forms the poste- rior border of the anterior chamber of the eye. Its lateral margins become continuous with the ciliary body. A 2 Pupillary margin. Margo pupillaris. Medial (in- ternal) margin of the iris bordering the pupil. A B 3 Ciliary margin. Margo ciliaris. Lateral (external) margin of iris attached to ciliary body at the ir- idocorneal angle. B 4 Anterior surface. Facies anterior. It faces the anterior chamber. B 5 Posterior surface. Facies posterior. Surface facing the posterior chamber. A B 6 Greater ring (circle) of iris. Anulus iridis major. Ciliary segment of the iris, and outer cirucular zone on the anterior surface of the iris. It is coarser and broader than the lesser ring. A 7 Lesser ring (circle) of iris. Anulus iridis minor. Pupillary segment of iris. Narrow, circular inner zone on the anterior surface of iris. Its structure is finer than that of the greater ring. A 8 Iridial folds. Plicae iridis. Folds passing around the pupillary margin on the anterior side of the iris. They make the pupillary margin appear slightly serrated. A 9 Pupil. Pupilla. Aperture in the iris surrounded by the pupillary margin of the iris. Its diameter varies depending upon the intensity of light and the focal distance of the observed object. A 10 M. sphincter pupillae. Network of spirally coursing muscle fibers the longitudinal axes of which run approximately parallel to the pupil- lary margin when the pupil is dilated. It is in- nervated by parasympathetic fibers from the oculomotor nerve. B 11 M. dilator pupillae. Thin layer of smooth muscle mainly comprised of radially oriented fibers. It is innervated by sympathetic fibers from the carotid plexus. 12 Stroma iridis. Vascular framework of the iris in- filtrated by pigmented connective tissue cells. Its anterior and posterior portions are thicker than the rest and are divided by a fine fibrous network. A B 13 Pigmented (posterior) epithelium. Epithelium pigmentosum. Bilayered epithelium on the posterior surface of the iris. It is so heavily pig- mented that no nuclei are visible on the surface facing the posterior chamber. A 14 Spaces of iridocorneal angle [spaces of Fon- tana]. Spatia anguli iridocornealis. Interstices between the fibers of the trabecular meshwork. They form passageways that convey aqueous fluid to the sinus venosus sclerae. A 15 Greater arterial circle of iris. Circulus arterio- sus iridis major. Ringlike vascular system with radiating branches. It is formed by anastomoses between the long and short posterior ciliary ar- teries. A 16 Lesser arterial circle of iris. Circulus arteriosus iridis minor. Ringlike vascular system in the vi- cinity of the pupillary margin formed by anas- tomoses between the radial branches of the greater arterial circle. A 17 Pupillary membrane. [Membrana pupillaris]. Anterior part of embryonical vascular mem- brane around the lens that is situated behind the pupil. It is fused to the pupillary margin and receives blood vessels from there. 18 INTERNAL (SENSORY) TUNIC OF EYEBALL. Tunica interna bulbi. It comprises the retina with its pigment epithelium. 19 Retina. Inner lining of eyeball developed from the two layers of the optic cup. Most of it is light-sensitive (pars optica). B 20 Pars optica retinae. Retinal segment capable of transforming light stimuli into nerve impulses. It lines the posterior aspect of the eyeball and extends as far anteriorly as the ora serrata. B 21 Pigmented part. Pars pigmentosa. Pigment epithelium arising from the external layer of the optic cup. B 22 Nervous par t. Pars nervosa. Retina proper con- sisting essentially of three nuclear layers lying internal to the pigment epithelium. B 23 Neuroepithelial (photosensitive) layer. Stratum neuroepitheliale (photosensorium). Outer layer of the cerebral stratum. It consists of rods and cones, the outer segments of which affect the transformation of light stimuli into nerve im- pulses. Cell bodies of rods and cones form the outermost layer of the retinal nuclei (external nuclear layer). D 24 Internal nuclear layer. [[Stratum ganglionare reti- nae]]. Middle layer of cell nuclei mainly con- sisting of the cell bodies of bipolar and amacrine cells. D 25 Ganglion cell layer. [[Stratum ganglionare n. op- tici]]. Internal layer of nuclei consisting of multi- polar cell bodies of initially non-myelinated ganglion cells the axons of which form the optic nerve. D 26 Ora serrata. Serrated margin between the light-sensitive and light-insensitive parts of the neural retina. B C 27 Pars ciliaris retinae. Light-insensitive retinal segment consisting of a bilayered cuboidal epithelium (ciliary epithelium) forming the posterior surface of the ciliary body. Its outer layer of epithelium is continuous with the pig- ment epithelium of the retina and is pigmented, whereas the innermost epithelium is continu- ous with the pars nervosa of the retina and is devoid of pigment. B 28 Pars iridica retinae. Light-insensitive retinal segment on the posterior surface of the iris. It is continuous with the pars ciliaris retinae and forms the bilayered posterior epithelium of the iris. Both layers are heavily pigmented. B Sense organs Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. [...]... C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Sense organs 363 1 2 8 4 1 3 4 7 8 5 6 6 3 7 10 A Posterior chamber of eye 8 5 9 3 10 19 14 11 B Hyaloid artery 15 16 12 11 12 25 13 14 13 24 15 26 16 12 17 20 22 18 C Lens and zonula ciliaris 19 20 23 17 21 21 18 22 23 24 D Lens of eye Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy ©... crest of the vestibule D Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Sense organs 375 1 1 8 2 3 3 4 4 B Organ of Corti 6 7 5 5 6 3 2 7 A Cochlear duct 15 11 12 8 9 17 10 11 12 18 13 14 19 9 15 16 14 13 16 C Vessels of labyrinth 25 17 24 18 21 19 23 22 20 21 22 23 24 D Bony labyrinth, posterior wall Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human. .. window C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Sense organs 379 1 2 9 12 3 4 3 8 5 14 6 10 6 2 7 11 1 13 8 A Internal acoustic meatus 9 10 1 11 4 B Section of cochlea 12 13 14 19 15 17 18 16 23 17 24 25 27 20 26 18 19 21 20 21 22 C Medial wall of tympanic cavity 23 24 25 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme... 22 23 24 25 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Sense organs 369 1 3 5 1 2 2 11 12 3 14 4 5 6 13 7 16 7 B Lacrimal gland 6 8 9 10 2 11 5 12 20 A Eyelids, sagittal section 4 17 19 18 13 22 16 14 18 17 19 21 15 20 16 17 18 23 19 20 24 21 22 C Lacrimal system 23 24 25 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme... conditions of license Sense organs 373 1 6 7 2 8 10 10 3 A Macula statica 4 5 6 7 4 2 8 5 9 1 16 17 10 15 13 11 12 B Membranous labyrinth 13 14 11 15 15 12 16 17 15 C Cochlea, opened 18 18 19 26 27 26 23 29 28 20 21 28 21 24 25 20 22 23 25 22 D Organ of Corti 24 E Cochlear duct Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme a All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license... 29 28 4 13 6 27 25 21 12 14 21 B Base of stapes in oval window 15 29 16 24 17 26 18 23 19 C Tympanic cavity, posterior half 7 27 20 21 22 23 24 D Lateral wall of tympanic cavity Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme a All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license 25 a a 384 Sense organs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 Muscles of. .. conditions of license Sense organs 377 1 24 2 3 25 7 22 4 26 17 23 A Cochlea, longitudinal section 5 6 21 20 7 11 15 8 13 17 8 9 9 16 10 18 12 11 19 12 17 13 B Cast of osseous labyrinth 14 15 6 10 16 17 3 5 4 18 1 19 20 21 22 23 C Bony labyrinth, posterior wall 24 25 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme a All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license a a 3 78 Sense... (nasal) canthus of eye Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme a All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license 25 a a 3 68 Sense organs 1 1 2 3 2 4 5 Bulbar conjunctiva Tunica conjunctiva bul- 15 baris Part of conjunctiva covering the eyeball It consists of stratified, nonkeratinized squamous epithelium with only a few goblet cells and a loose, cell-poor lamina propria... mucosum Layer of simple squamous epithelium covering the inner surface of the tympanic membrane C Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Sense organs 381 1 25 22 2 3 22 23 24 26 4 27 23 20 5 28 6 A Right eardrum, external view 7 31 32 29 33 B Lateral wall of tympanic cavity 8 9 10 11 30 12 C Attachment of eardrum 13... Palpebrae 3 15 1 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Sense organs 367 1 1 16 3 12 11 8 9 2 20 3 4 17 10 18 5 4 6 A Palpebral fissure B Tarsal plates and ligaments 7 8 9 22 6 10 11 C Epicanthus (epicanthic fold) 12 13 16 21 5 19 18 14 7 15 14 13 8 21 15 13 7 16 D Orbicular muscle of eye from behind 17 18 17 24 19 5 20 15 . organs Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 3 58 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1. cm 3 ). The clear fluid consists of 98% water, 1.4% NaCl and traces of protein and sugar. It has a refractive index of 1.336. Sense organs Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights. (nasal) canthus of eye F Sense organs Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 3 68 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1