01 568523 FM.qxd 4/5/04 2:00 PM Page i C++ FOR DUMmIES ‰ 5TH EDITION by Stephen Randy Davis 01 568523 FM.qxd 4/5/04 2:00 PM Page i 01 568523 FM.qxd 4/5/04 2:00 PM Page i C++ FOR DUMmIES ‰ 5TH EDITION by Stephen Randy Davis 01 568523 FM.qxd 4/5/04 2:00 PM Page ii C++ For Dummies ® , 5th Edition Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 Copyright © 2004 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4447, e-mail: permcoordinator@wiley.com. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REP- RESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CRE- ATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CON- TAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FUR- THER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFOR- MATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ. For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 800-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Control Number: 2004102365 ISBN: 0-7645-6852-3 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 5B/SW/QU/QU/IN 01 568523 FM.qxd 4/5/04 2:00 PM Page iii About the Author Stephen R. Davis lives with his wife and son near Dallas, Texas. He and his family have written numerous books including C++ For Dummies and C++ Weekend Crash Course. Stephen works for L-3 Communications. Dedication To my friends and family, who help me be the best Dummy I can be. Author’s Acknowledgments I find it very strange that only a single name appears on the cover of any book, but especially a book like this. In reality, many people contribute to the creation of a For Dummies book. From the beginning, editorial director Mary Corder and my agent, Claudette Moore, were involved in guiding and molding the book’s content. During the development of the five editions of this book, I found myself hip-deep in edits, corrections, and suggestions from a group of project editors, copyeditors, and technical reviewers — this book would have been a poorer work but for their involvement. And nothing would have made it into print without the aid of the person who coordinated the first and second editions of the project, Suzanne Thomas. Nevertheless, one name does appear on the cover and that name must take responsibility for any inaccuracies in the text. I also have to thank my wife, Jenny, and son, Kinsey, for their patience and devotion. I hope we manage to strike a reasonable balance. Finally, a summary of the animal activity around my house. For those of you who have not read any of my other books, I should warn you that this has become a regular feature of my For Dummies books. My two dogs, Scooter and Trude, continue to do well, although Trude is all but blind now. Our two mini-Rex rabbits, Beavis and Butt-head, passed on to the big meadow in the sky after living in our front yard for almost a year and a half. If you would like to contact me concerning C++ programming, semi-blind dogs, or free-roaming rabbits, feel free to drop me a line at srdavis@acm.org. 01 568523 FM.qxd 4/5/04 2:00 PM Page iv Publisher’s Acknowledgments We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our online registration form located at www.dummies.com/register/. Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following: Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media Development Project Editor: Linda Morris Acquisitions Editor: Katie Feltman Copy Editor: Melba Hopper Technical Editor: Wiley-Dreamtech India Pvt Ltd Editorial Manager: Leah Cameron Permissions Editor: Laura Moss Media Development Specialist: Travis Silvers Media Development Manager: Laura VanWinkle Media Development Supervisor: Richard Graves Editorial Assistant: Amanda Foxworth Cartoons: Rich Tennant, www.the5thwave.com Production Project Coordinator: Adrienne Martinez Layout and Graphics: Amanda Carter, Andrea Dahl, Denny Hager, Michael Kruzil, Lynsey Osborn, Jacque Schneider Proofreaders: Andy Hollandbeck, Carl Pierce, Dwight Ramsey, TECHBOOKS Production Services Indexer: TECHBOOKS Production Services Special Help: Barry Childs-Helton Publishing and Editorial for Technology Dummies Richard Swadley, Vice President and Executive Group Publisher Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher Mary C. Corder, Editorial Director Publishing for Consumer Dummies Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher Joyce Pepple, Acquisitions Director Composition Services Gerry Fahey, Vice President of Production Services Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services 01 568523 FM.qxd 4/5/04 2:00 PM Page v Table of Contents Introduction 1 What’s in This Book 1 What’s on the CD 2 What Is C++? 2 Conventions Used in This Book 2 How This Book Is Organized 3 And There’s More 4 Part I: Introduction to C++ Programming 4 Part II: Becoming a Functional C++ Programmer 4 Part III: Introduction to Classes 5 Part IV: Inheritance 5 Part V: Optional Features 5 Part VI: The Part of Tens 5 Icons Used in This Book 6 Where to Go from Here 6 Part I: Introduction to C++ Programming 7 Chapter 1: Writing Your First C++ Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Grasping C++ Concepts 10 What’s a program? 10 How do I program? 11 Installing Dev-C++ 12 Setting the options 15 Creating Your First C++ Program 16 Entering the C++ code 17 Building your program 18 Executing Your Program 20 Dev-C++ is not Windows 21 Dev-C++ help 21 Reviewing the Annotated Program 21 Examining the framework for all C++ programs 22 Clarifying source code with comments 22 Basing programs on C++ statements 23 Writing declarations 24 Generating output 25 01 568523 FM.qxd 4/5/04 2:00 PM Page vi vi C++ For Dummies, 5th Edition Calculating Expressions 25 Storing the results of expression 26 Examining the remainder of Conversion.cpp 26 Chapter 2: Declaring Variables Constantly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Declaring Variables 27 Declaring Different Types of Variables 28 Reviewing the limitations of integers in C++ 29 Solving the truncation problem 30 Looking at the limits of floating-point numbers 31 Declaring Variable Types 33 Types of constants 34 Special characters 35 Are These Calculations Really Logical? 36 Mixed Mode Expressions 36 Chapter 3: Performing Mathematical Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Performing Simple Binary Arithmetic 40 Decomposing Expressions 41 Determining the Order of Operations 42 Performing Unary Operations 43 Using Assignment Operators 45 Chapter 4: Performing Logical Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Why Mess with Logical Operations? 47 Using the Simple Logical Operators 48 Storing logical values 49 Using logical int variables 51 Be careful performing logical operations on floating-point variables 51 Expressing Binary Numbers 53 The decimal number system 54 Other number systems 54 The binary number system 54 Performing Bitwise Logical Operations 56 The single bit operators 57 Using the bitwise operators 58 A simple test 59 Do something logical with logical calculations 60 Chapter 5: Controlling Program Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Controlling Program Flow with the Branch Commands 61 Executing Loops in a Program 63 Looping while a condition is true 64 Using the autoincrement/autodecrement feature 65 Using the for loop 67 01 568523 FM.qxd 4/5/04 2:00 PM Page vii Table of Contents vii Avoiding the dreaded infinite loop 69 Applying special loop controls 70 Nesting Control Commands 73 Switching to a Different Subject? 74 Part II: Becoming a Functional C++ Programmer 77 Chapter 6: Creating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Writing and Using a Function 79 Defining the sumSequence( ) function 81 Calling the function sumSequence( ) 82 Divide and conquer 82 Understanding the Details of Functions 83 Understanding simple functions 84 Understanding functions with arguments 85 Overloading Function Names 87 Defining Function Prototypes 89 Variable Storage Types 91 Including Include Files 91 Chapter 7: Storing Sequences in Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Considering the Need for Arrays 93 Using an array 95 Initializing an array 98 Accessing too far into an array 99 Using arrays 99 Defining and using arrays of arrays 100 Using Arrays of Characters 100 Creating an array of characters 100 Creating a string of characters 101 Manipulating Strings with Character 103 String-ing Along Variables 106 Chapter 8: Taking a First Look at C++ Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Variable Size 109 What’s in an Address? 110 Address Operators 111 Using Pointer Variables 112 Comparing pointers and houses 114 Using different types of pointers 114 Passing Pointers to Functions 117 Passing by value 117 Passing pointer values 118 Passing by reference 119 [...]... 15 5 Chapter 11 : Examining Object-Oriented Programming 15 7 Abstracting Microwave Ovens 15 7 Preparing functional nachos .15 8 Preparing object-oriented nachos 15 9 Classifying Microwave Ovens .15 9 Why Classify? 16 0 Chapter 12 : Adding Class to C++ 16 1 Introducing the Class 16 1 The Format of a Class 16 2 Accessing...viii C++ For Dummies, 5th Edition Making Use of a Block of Memory Called the Heap 11 9 Limiting scope 12 0 Examining the scope problem 12 1 Providing a solution using the heap 12 2 Chapter 9: Taking a Second Look at C++ Pointers 12 5 Defining Operations on Pointer Variables .12 5 Re-examining arrays in light of pointer variables 12 6 Applying operators... Windows-based developers C++ For Dummies doesn’t cover Windows or NET programming You have to master C++ before you can move on to Windows and NET programming 2 C++ For Dummies, 5th Edition What’s on the CD The CD-ROM included with C++ For Dummies contains the source code for the examples in this book This can spare you considerable typing Your computer can’t execute these or any other C++ program directly... 13 9 Identifying Types of Errors 13 9 Choosing the WRITE Technique for the Problem 14 0 Catching bug #1 14 2 Catching bug #2 14 3 Calling for the Debugger 14 6 Defining the debugger 14 7 Finding commonalities among us 14 7 Running a test program .14 8 Single-stepping through a program 14 9 Part III: Introduction to Classes 15 5 Chapter... 16 3 Table of Contents Chapter 13 : Making Classes Work 16 7 Activating Our Objects 16 8 Simulating real-world objects 16 8 Why bother with member functions? 16 9 Adding a Member Function .16 9 Creating a member function .17 0 Naming class members 17 1 Calling a Member Function 17 1 Accessing a member function 17 2 Accessing... Chapters on the CD-ROM! CD Bonus Chapter 1: A Functional Budget Program BC1 BUDGET1 BC1 BUDGET2 BC7 BUDGET3 BC16 Implementing a linked list module BC17 Taking savings and checking into account BC19 The linked list classes BC26 Assessing the budget BC28 xiii xiv C++ For Dummies, 5th Edition BUDGET4 BC28 Implementing... of an array 12 8 Expanding pointer operations to a string .12 9 Justifying pointer-based string manipulation .13 1 Applying operators to pointer types other than char 13 1 Contrasting a pointer with an array .13 2 Declaring and Using Arrays of Pointers 13 3 Utilizing arrays of character strings 13 4 Accessing the arguments to main( ) .13 6 Chapter 10 : Debugging C++ ... New Program Project .BC49 Index 407 Introduction W elcome to C++ For Dummies, 5th Edition Think of this book as C++: Reader’s Digest Edition, bringing you everything you need to know without the boring stuff What’s in This Book C++ For Dummies is an introduction to the C++ language C++ For Dummies starts from the beginning (where else?) and works its way from early concepts and through... your own C++ programs as well as explore the programs from the book No worries if you already own Visual Studio.NET Some people need an intro­ duction to C++ before going into the many features offered by NET C++ For Dummies is just as happy with Visual Studio as it is with its own Dev -C++ C++ For Dummies does not contain Visual Studio.NET However, the programs in the book have been tested for compatibility... Information option is enabled Figure 1- 6 shows you what to look for 15 16 Part I: Introduction to C++ Programming Figure 1- 5: The Enable Exception Handling option must be enabled Figure 1- 6: The Generate Debugging Information option must be enabled 5 Choose OK Installation is now complete! (Your options are saved automatically.) Creating Your First C++ Program In this section, you create your first C++ . pointers 11 4 Passing Pointers to Functions 11 7 Passing by value 11 7 Passing pointer values 11 8 Passing by reference 11 9 01 568523 FM.qxd 4/5/04 2:00 PM Page viii viii C++ For Dummies, 5th Edition. Look at C++ Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 9 Variable Size 10 9 What’s in an Address? 11 0 Address Operators 11 1 Using Pointer Variables 11 2 Comparing pointers and houses 11 4 Using. 11 Installing Dev -C++ 12 Setting the options 15 Creating Your First C++ Program 16 Entering the C++ code 17 Building your program 18 Executing Your Program 20 Dev -C++ is not Windows 21 Dev -C++ help 21 Reviewing