CHAPTER 9 Wastewater William H. Lynch CONTENTS Section 9A Wastewater Characteristics 9-2 Section 9B Centralized Wastewater Treatment 9-20 Section 9C Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 9-40 Section 9D Industrial Wastewater Treatment 9-49 9-1 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC SECTION 9A WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS 10.0 8.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 Ratio of Q peak hourly/Q design ave 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 Population in thousands Q peak hourly: Maximum rate of wastewater flow (Peak hourly flow) Q design ave: Design average daily wastewater flow 2 3 4 5 7 10 20 30 40 50 70 100 Source: Q peak hourly/Q design ave = 18 + P - - - (P = population in thousands) 4 + P Figure 9A.1 Ratio of peak hourly flow to design average flow. (From Board of State and Provincial Public Health and Environmental Managers, Health Education Services Division, Recommended Standards for Wastewater Facilities, Figure 1, p. 10.5, 2004 Edition. www.hes.org.) Preliminary Primary Effluent Effluent Effluent DisinfectionDisinfection Disinfection Nitrogen removal Nitrification–denitrification selective ion exchange breakpoint chlorination gas stripping overland flow Phosphorus removal Chemical precipitation biological Suspended solids removal Chemical coagulation filtration Organics & metals removal Carbon adsorption chemical precipitation Dissolved solids removal Reverse osmosis electrodialysis distillation ion exchange Sedimentation Low-rate processes High-rate processes Stabilization ponds aerated lagoons Activated sludge trickling filters RBCs Disposal Secondary Advanced Screening comminution grit removal Disinfection Secondary sedimentation Sludge processing Figure 9A.2 Generalized flow sheet for wastewater treatment. (From USEPA, Manual Guidelines Water Reuse, Office of Water, Figure 12 (EPA/625/R-92/004), September 1992.) THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9-2 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 9A.1 Typical Wastewater Flowrates from Urban Residential Sources in the United States Household Size, Flowrate, gal/capita d Flowrate, l/capita d No. of Persons Range Typical Range Typical 1 75–130 97 285–490 365 2 63–81 76 225–385 288 3 54–70 66 194–335 250 4 41–71 53 155–268 200 5 40–68 51 150–260 193 6 39–67 50 147–253 189 7 37–64 48 140–244 182 8 36–62 46 135–233 174 Source: From Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth Edition, 2003, Table 3.1, p. 156. With permission. Adapted in part from AWWARF (1999). Table 9A.2 Typical Wastewater Flowrates from Recreational Facilities in the United States Flowrate, gal/unit d Flowrate, l/unit d Facility Unit Range Typical Range Typical Apartment, resort Person 50–70 60 190–260 230 Cabin, resort Person 8–50 40 30–190 150 Cafeteria Customer 2–4 3 8–15 10 Employee 8–12 10 30–45 40 Camp With toilets only Person 15–30 25 55–110 95 With central toilet and bath facilities Person 35–50 45 130–190 170 Day Person 15–20 15 55–76 60 Cottages, (seasonal with private bath) Person 40–60 50 150–230 190 Country club Member present 20–40 25 75–150 100 Employee 10–15 13 38–57 50 Dining hall Meal served 4–10 7 15–40 25 Dormitory, bunkhouse Person 20–50 40 75–190 150 Fairground Visitor 1–3 2 4–12 8 Picnic park with flush toilets Visitor 5–10 5 19–38 19 Recreational vehicle park With individual connection Vehicle 75–150 100 280–570 380 With comfort station Vehicle 40–50 45 150–190 170 Roadside rest areas Person 3–5 4 10–19 15 Swimming pool Customer 5–12 10 19–45 40 Employee 8–12 10 30–45 40 Vacation home Person 25–60 50 90–230 190 Visitor center Visitor 3–5 4 10–19 15 Source: From Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth Edition, 2003, Table 3.4, p. 159. With permission. Adapted from Metcalf & Eddy (1991), Salvato (1992), and Crites and Tchobanoglous (1998). WASTEWATER 9-3 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 9A.3 Typical Wastewater Flowrates from Commercial Sources in the United States Flowrate, gal/unit d Flowrate, l/unit d Source Unit Range Typical Range Typical Airport Passenger 3–5 4 11–19 15 Apartment Bedroom 100–150 120 380–570 450 Automobile service station Vehicle served 8–15 10 30–57 40 Employee 9–15 13 34–57 50 Bar/cocktail lounge Seat 12–25 20 45–95 80 Employee 10–16 13 38–60 50 Boarding house Person 25–65 45 95–250 170 Conference center Person 6–10 8 40–60 30 Department store Toilet room 350–600 400 1,300–2,300 1,500 Employee 8–15 10 30–57 40 Hotel Guest 65–75 70 150–230 190 Employee 8–15 10 30–57 40 Industrial building (sanitary waste only) Employee 15–35 20 57–130 75 Laundry (self-service) Machine 400–550 450 1,500–2,100 1,700 Customer 45–55 50 170–210 190 Mobile home park Unit 125–150 140 470–570 530 Motel (with kitchen) Guest 55–90 60 210–340 230 Motel (without kitchen) Guest 50–75 55 190–290 210 Office Employee 7–16 13 26–60 50 Public lavatory User 3–5 4 11–19 15 Restaurant: Conventional Customer 7–10 8 26–40 35 With bar/ cocktail lounge Customer 9–12 10 34–45 40 Shopping center Employee 7–13 10 26–50 40 Parking space 1–3 2 4–11 8 Theater (Indoor) Seat 2–4 3 8–15 10 Source: From Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth Edition, 2003, Table 3.2, p. 157. With permission. Adapted from Metcalf & Eddy (1991), Salvato (1992), and Crites and Tchobanoglous (1998). Table 9A.4 Typical Wastewater Flowrates from Institutional Sources in the United States Flowrate, gal/unit d Flowrate, l/unit d Source Unit Range Typical Range Typical Assembly hall Guest 3–5 4 11–19 15 Hospital Bed 175–400 250 660–1,500 1,000 Employee 5–15 10 20–60 40 Institutions other than hospitals Bed 75–125 100 280–470 380 Employee 5–15 10 20–60 40 Prison Inmate 80–150 120 300–570 450 Employee 5–15 10 20–60 40 School, day: With cafeteria, gym, and showers Student 15–30 25 60–120 100 With cafeteria only Student 10–20 15 40–80 60 School, boarding Student 75–100 85 280–380 320 Source: From Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth Edition, 2003, Table 3.3, p. 158. With permission. Adapted from Metcalf & Eddy (1991), Salvato (1992), and Crites and Tchobanoglous (1998). THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9-4 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 9A.5 Terminology Used to Quantify Observed Variations in Flowrate and Constituent Concentrations Item Description Average dry-weather flow (ADWF) The average of the daily flows sustained during dry-weather periods with limited infiltration Average wet-weather flow (AWWF) The average of the daily flows sustained during wet-weather periods when infiltration is a factor Average annual daily flow The average flowrate occurring over a 24-h period based on annual flowrate data Instantaneous peak Highest record flowrate occurring for a period consistent with the recording equipment. In many situations the recorded peak flow may be considerably below the actual peak flow because of metering and recording equipment limitations Peak hour The average of the peak flows sustained for a period of 1 h in the record examined (usually based on 10-min increments) Maximum day The average of the peak flows sustained for a period of 1 day in the record examined (the duration of the peak flows may vary) Maximum month The average of the maximum daily flows sustained for a period of 1 month in the record examined Minimum hour The average of the minimum flows sustained for a period of 1 h in the record examined (usually based on 10-min increments) Minimum day The average of the minimum flows sustained for a period of 1 day in the record examined (usually for the period from 2 a.m. to 6 a.m.) Minimum month The average of the minimum daily flows sustained for a period of 1 month in the record examined Sustained flow (and load) The value (flowrate or mass loading) sustained or exceeded for a given period of time (e.g., 1 h, 1 day, or 1 month) Source: From Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth Edition, 2003, Table 3.11, p. 179. With permission. Adapted in part from Crites and Tchobanoglous (1998). Table 9A.6 Terminology Commonly Used in the Field of Wastewater Engineering Term Definition Biosolids Primarily an organic, semisolid wastewater product that remains after solids are stabilized biologically or chemically and are suitable for beneficial use Class A biosolids a Biosolids in which the pathogens (including enteric viruses, pathogenic bacteria, and viable helminth ova) are reduced below current detectable levels Class B biosolids a Biosolids in which the pathogens are reduced to levels that are unlikely to pose a threat to public health and the environment under specific use conditions. Class B biosolids cannot be sold or given away in bags on other containers or applied on lawns or home gardens Characteristics (wastewater) General classes of wastewater constituents such as physical, chemical, biological, and biochemical Composition The makeup of wastewater, including the physical, chemical, and biological constituents Constituents b Individual components, elements, or biological entities such as suspended solids or ammonia nitrogen Contaminants Constituents added to the water supply through use Disinfection Reduction of disease-causing microorganisms by physical or chemical means Effluent The liquid discharged from a processing step Impurities Constituents added to the water supply through use Nonpoint sources Sources of pollution that originate from multiple sources over a relatively large area Nutrient An element that is essential for the growth of plants and animals. Nutrients in wastewater, usually nitrogen and phosphorus, may cause unwanted algal and plant growths in lakes and streams Parameter A measurable factor such as temperature Point sources Pollutional loads discharged at a specific location from pipes, outfalls, and conveyance methods from either municipal wastewater treatment plants or industrial waste treatment facilities Pollutants Constituents added to the water supply through use Reclamation Treatment of wastewater for subsequent reuse application or the act of reusing treated wastewater (Continued) WASTEWATER 9-5 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 9A.6 (Continued) Term Definition Recycling The reuse of treated wastewater and biosolids for beneficial purposes Repurification Treatment of wastewater to a level suitable for a variety of applications including indirect or direct potable reuse Reuse Beneficial use of reclaimed or repurified wastewater or stabilized biosolids Sludge Solids removed from wastewater during treatment. Solids that are treated further are termed biosolids Solids Material removed from wastewater by gravity separation (by clarifiers, thickeners, and logoons) and is the solid residue from dewatering operations a U.S. EPA (1997b). b To avoid confusion, the term “constituents” is used in this text in place of contaminants, impurities, and pollutants. Source: From Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth Edition, 2003, Table 1.1, p. 4. With permission. Adapted in part from Crites and Tchobanoglous (1998). Table 9A.7 Levels of Wastewater Treatment Treatment Level Description Preliminary Removal of wastewater constituents such as rags, sticks, floatables, grit, and grease that may cause maintenance or operational problems with the treatment operations, processes, and ancillary systems Primary Removal of a portion of the suspended solids and organic matter from the wastewater Advanced primary Enhanced removal of suspended solids and organic matter from the wastewater. Typically accomplished by chemical addition or filtration Secondary Removal of biodegradable organic matter (in solution or suspension) and suspended solids. Disinfection is also typically included in the definition of conventional secondary treatment Secondary with nutrient removal Removal of biodegradable organics, suspended solids, and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, or both nitrogen and phosphorus) Tertiary Removal of residual suspended solids (after secondary treatment), usually by granular medium filtration or microscreens. Disinfection is also typically a part of tertiary treatment. Nutrient removal is often included in this definition Advanced Removal of dissolved and suspended materials remaining after normal biological treatment when required for various water reuse applications Source: From Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth Edition, 2003, Table 1.4, p. 11. Adapted in part from Crites and Tchobanoglous (1998). THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9-6 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 9A.8 Commonly Used Treatment Processes and Optional Treatment Methods Treatment Objective Treatment Process Treatment Methods Suspended solids removal Sedimentation Septic tank Free water surface constructed wetland Vegetated submerged bed Filtration Septic tank effluent screens Packed-bed media filters (incl. dosed systems) Granular (sand, gravel, glass, bottom ash) Peat, textile Mechanical disk filters Soil infiltration Soluble carbonaceous BOD and ammonium removal Aerobic, suspended-growth reactors Extended aeration Fixed-film activated sludge Sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) Fixed-film aerobic bioreactor Soil infiltration Packed-bed media filters (incl. dosed systems) Granular (sand, gravel, glass) Peat, textile, foam Trickling filter Fixed-film activated sludge Rotating biological contactors Lagoons Facultative and aerobic lagoons Free water surface constructed wetlands Nitrogen transformation Biological Activated sludge (N) Nitrification (N) Sequencing batch reactors (N) Denitrification (D) Fixed film bio-reactor (N) Recirculating media filter (N, D) Fixed-film activated sludge (N) Anaerobic upflow filter (N) Anaerobic submerged media reactor (D) Submerged vegetated bed (D) Free water surface constructed wetland (N, D) Ion exchange Cation exchange (ammonium removal) Anion exchange (nitrate removal) Phosphorus removal Physical/Chemical Infiltration by soil and other media Chemical flocculation and settling Iron-rich packed-bed media filter Biological Sequencing batch reactors Pathogen removal (bacteria, viruses, parasites) Filtration/Predation/Inactivation Soil infiltration Packed-bed media filters Granular (sand, gravel, glass bottom, ash) Peat, textile Disinfection Hypochlorite feed Ultraviolet light Grease removal Flotation Grease trap Septic tank Adsorption Mechanical skimmer Aerobic biological treatment (incidential removal will occur; overloading is possible) Aerobic biological systems Source: From USEPA, On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual, Office of Water, Office of Research and Development, EPA, (EPA/625/R-00/0008). www.epa.gov/ord/NRMRL/Pubs/625R00008/625R00008totaldocument.pdf. WASTEWATER 9-7 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 9A.9 Number of Operational Treatment Facilities and Collection Systems in 2000 State Treatment Facilities Collection Systems Alabama 272 275 Alaska 45 46 Arizona 118 132 Arkansas 335 367 California a 586 797 Colorado a 311 391 Connecticut 91 137 Delaware 18 42 District of Columbia 1 1 Florida 277 317 Georgia 352 403 Hawaii 21 21 Idaho 168 207 Illinois 721 1,018 Indiana 404 482 Iowa 726 756 Kansas 634 673 Kentucky 224 255 Louisiana 355 382 Maine 137 171 Maryland 156 201 Massachusetts 126 230 Michigan 396 663 Minnesota 514 655 Mississippi 303 352 Missouri 678 751 Montana 194 204 Nebraska 464 469 Nevada b 85 117 New Hampshire 85 117 New Jersey 156 575 New Mexico 55 64 New York a 588 1,048 North Carolina 491 617 North Dakota 282 284 Ohio 765 1,008 Oklahoma 489 495 Oregon 207 254 Pennsylvania 779 1,553 Rhode Island 21 34 South Carolina 186 206 South Dakota a 271 274 Tennessee 246 281 Texas 1,363 1,675 Utah 97 164 Vermont 81 97 Virginia 227 290 Washington 235 331 West Virginia 212 289 Wisconsin 592 823 Wyoming b 96 121 American Samoa b 22 Guam b 77 N. Mariana Islands b 22 Puerto Rico b 30 30 Virgin Islands b 12 12 Total 16,255 21,107 a California, Colorado, New York, and South Dakota did not have the resources to complete the updating of these data. b Results presented in this table for American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Nevada, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and Wyoming are from the 1996 survey because these States and Territories did not participate in the CWNS 2000. Source: From 2000 Clean Watersheds Needs Survey Report to Congress, Published 2003, Appendix C, Table C.1, p. C.2. epa.gov/owm/mtb/cwns/2000rtc/cwns2000-appendix-c.pdf, epa.gov/owm/mtb/ cwns/2000rtc/toc.htm. THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9-8 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 9A.10 Number of Operational Treatment Facilities and Collection Systems if All Documented Needs Are Met State Treatment Facilities Collection Systems Alabama 279 285 Alaska 50 51 Arizona 232 258 Arkansas 360 406 California a 579 799 Colorado a 331 430 Connecticut 99 159 Delaware 18 49 District of Columbia 1 1 Florida 302 346 Georgia 345 405 Hawaii 27 27 Idaho 177 219 Illinois 754 1,056 Indiana 424 510 Iowa 744 775 Kansas 665 712 Kentucky 301 369 Louisiana 371 405 Maine 145 184 Maryland 180 303 Massachusetts 141 267 Michigan 403 673 Minnesota 518 661 Mississippi 372 475 Missouri 729 848 Montana 208 218 Nebraska 475 483 Nevada b 52 56 New Hampshire 85 120 New Jersey 164 600 New Mexico 58 68 New York a 657 1,175 North Carolina 518 702 North Dakota 282 286 Ohio 837 1,213 Oklahoma 487 496 Oregon 219 270 Pennsylvania 1,013 1,936 Rhode Island 20 36 South Carolina 187 222 South Dakota a 273 276 Tennessee 251 286 Texas 1,469 1,850 Utah 114 188 Vermont 84 100 Virginia 254 383 Washington 240 337 West Virginia 404 626 Wisconsin 628 974 Wyoming b 96 121 American Samoa b 22 Guam b 67 N. Mariana Islands b 22 Puerto Rico b 30 30 Virgin Islands b 12 12 Total 17,674 23,748 a California, Colorado, New York, and South Dakota did not have the resources to complete the updating of these data. b Results presented in this table for American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Nevada, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and Wyoming are from the 1996 survey because these States and Territories did not participate in the CWNS 2000. Source: From 2000 Clean Watersheds Needs Survey Report to Congress, Published 2003, Appendix C, Table C.2, p. C.3. www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/cwns/2000rtc/cwns2000-appendix-c.pdf, www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/cwns/ 2000rtc/toc.htm. WASTEWATER 9-9 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 9A.11 Number of Treatment Facilities by Flow Range Treatment Facilities in Operation in 2000 a,b Existing Flow Range (mgd) Number of Facilities Total Existing Flow (mgd) 0.001–0.100 6,583 290 0.101–1.000 6,462 2,339 1.001–10.000 2,665 8,328 10.001–100.000 487 12,741 100.001 and greater 46 11,201 Other c 12 — Total 16,255 34,899 Treatment Facilities in Operation in 2000 if All Documented Needs Are Met a,b Design Flow Range (mgd) Number of Facilities Total Future Design Flow Capacity (mgd) 0.001–0.100 6,112 298 0.101–1.000 7,223 2,750 1.001–10.000 3,525 12,081 10.001–100.000 748 19,873 100.001 and greater 64 15,040 Other c 2— Total 17,674 50,042 a California, Colorado, New York, and South Dakota did not have the resources to complete the updating of these data. b Results presented in this table for American Samoa, Guam, Nevada, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and Wyoming are from the 1996 survey because these States and Territories did not participate in the CWNS 2000. c Flow data for these facilities were unavailable. Source: From 2000 Clean Watersheds Needs Survey Report to Congress, Published 2003, Appendix C, Table C.3, p. C.4. www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/cwns/2000rtc/cwns2000-appendix-c.pdf, www.epa.gov/ owm/mtb/cwns/2000rtc/toc.htm. Table 9A.12 Improvements in Treatment Level of the Nation’s Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities Level of Treatment 1992 Number of Facilities 1996 Number of Facilities Change 1992–1996 (%) 2000 Number of Facilities Change 1992–2000 (%) Change 1996–2000 (%) No discharge a 1,981 2,032 2.6 1,938 K2.2 K4.6 Less than secondary b 868 176 K79.7 47 K94.5 K73.3 Secondary 9,086 9,388 3.3 9,156 0.8 K2.5 Greater than secondary 3,678 4,428 20.4 4,892 33.0 10.5 Total facilities 15,613 16,024 2.6 16,255 c 4.1 1.4 Note: A secondary treatment level is defined as meeting an effluent quality of 30 mg/L for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids. a No discharge refers to facilities that do not discharge effluent to surface waters (e.g., spray irrigation, groundwater recharge). b Includes facilities granted section 301(h) waivers from secondary treatment for discharges to marine waters. As of January 1, 2000, waivers for 34 facilities in the CWNS 2000 database had been granted or were pending. c The number of facilities includes 222 facilities that provide partial treatment and whose flow goes to another facility for further treatment. Source: From 2000 Clean Watersheds Needs Survey Report to Congress, Published 2003, Table 3.2, p. 3–4. www.epa.gov/ owm/mtb/cwns/2000rtc/toc.htm, www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/cwns/2000rtc/cwns2000-chapter-3.pdf. THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9-10 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC [...]...WASTEWATER 9- 1 1 Table 9A.13 Comparison of Total Needs for the 199 2 Needs Survey, 199 6 Clean Water Needs Survey, and CWNS 2000 (January 2000 Dollars in Billions) 199 2a Needs Category I II III-A III-B IV-A IV-B V VI VII-A VII-B VII-C VII-D VII-E VII-F VII-G VII-H VII-I VII-J VII-K 199 6a 2000 Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment and Collection Systems and Storm Water Management Programs Secondary wastewater... 25,4 09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625 1,476 0 0 0 0 1,070 0 0 0 0 2,205 0 0 5,511 62,6 39 0 238,764 1,721,572 1 39, 6 09 562,008 683,543 410 ,94 0 1 ,92 5 ,92 6 694 ,512 1,242,187 2,268,451 624,604 94 9,367 4,235, 095 1,254, 599 96 7,813 1,1 39, 734 3,757,717 397 ,98 8 97 7,825 1 39, 996 555,435 6,762,536 898 ,530 11,273,282 1,056,606 468 ,94 6 1,401 ,92 2 1,716,478 1,333,432 6,237,683 687,805 1,7 69, 072 268,874 1,4 59, 5 59 2,538 ,92 4 1,636,148 90 , 497 ... 4,081 4,666 4, 092 1,2 39 856 3,438 4 69 1,170 NR 840 9, 938 199 18 ,98 4 5 ,91 9 47 8, 096 (Continued) 9- 1 3 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 9- 1 4 Table 9A.15 (Continued) Category of Need State I II III-A III-B IV-A IV-B V VI VII Total (I–V) 586 1,477 8,060 1,415 1,3 09 142 604 9, 152 848 144 3,5 19 2,744 2,5 29 3,338 NR NR NR NR NR NR 181, 198 85 540 845 1 09 551 16 66 2,0 09 347 45 727 1,000 298 588 NR NR NR... 1 19 795 626 240 373 654 410 176 1,2 39 874 837 660 92 725 170 1 49 NR 127 2,818 94 9, 853 423 27 1,2 19 II 95 1 7 2,368 117 3,748 812 92 3 23 37 2,853 205 19 29 103 171 22 100 101 146 7 837 2 49 73 101 1 29 22 70 56 NR 47 368 15 776 1,737 0a 391 III-A III-B IV-A IV-B V VI VII Total (I–V) 135 7 126 22 111 5 85 0 14 1 29 1,004 471 3 27 65 23 213 193 1,167 3 94 59 107 42 156 720 14 7 NR 7 3 39 9 75 291 2 1, 493 ... information provided by Arbour and Kerri, 199 7 and Sharon, 198 9; USEPA, Collection Systems, O&M Fact Sheet, Sewer Cleaning and Inspection, Office of Water, Municipal Technology Branch, Table 1 (EPA/823/f -9 9 /031), September 199 9 www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/sewcl.pdf q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 9- 2 2 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES Table 9B.25 Frequency of Maintenance Activities... Fourth Edition, 2003, Table 3.14, p 184 With permission Adapted from Henze et al ( 199 7), Ozturk et al ( 199 2), Andreadakis ( 199 2), and Nashashibi and van Duijl ( 199 5) q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 9- 2 0 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES SECTION 9B CENTRALIZED WASTEWATER TREATMENT Table 9B.21 Gravity Sewer Average Design Flows for Development Types Type of Development... 3,250,360 87 ,92 3 0 0 0 4 ,93 1,8 19 89, 2 49 89, 512 60,303 572 0 1, 393 101 ,96 4 0 207 5 ,95 6 3 ,92 0 17,043 108,121 0 524 2,663 63,564 64,166 237,442 7 ,98 4 34,307 135,338 116,814 112 ,98 9 5 ,90 9 95 6 151,004 33,050 2,314 0 30,628 14,467 4, 193 640,857 134,011 722 1,373 31,127 0 20,360 3,030 0 4,275 0 6 22 2 0 1,336,535 581,405 151, 290 0 (Continued) q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 9- 1 6 Table 9A.16 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA:. .. 90 , 497 2,166,150 2,847,237 581,527 573,346 244,075 0 9, 236 1,118 6,155,714 2, 594 ,3 89 20,286 265,812 9, 811,768 3,416,852 181,763 1,277,425 92 1,134 878,478 16,038 2,045,325 822,135 6,161, 491 2,073 ,97 7 507,8 09 451,630 89, 635 155,078 252,2 29 17, 890 1, 090 ,502 7,150 3,748,413 2,576, 092 21,531 7,404,543 712,6 79 1,2 19, 2 79 4,157 ,92 9 10,184 5 49, 626 164,144 1,700,862 14,025,086 190 ,027 193 ,684 2,318,144 894 ,801... Greater than Secondary No Dischargeb 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 130 30 17 118 182 246 49 3 0 1 29 0 18 207 77 38 38 11 1 8 9 81 9 3 09 22 4 4 0 0 207 ,99 4 0 0 4, 198 ,270 0 0 0 0 732,0 09 108,8 79 111,767 726,471 12,1 59, 0 09 1,556,854 1,266,574 10,476 0 1 ,99 4,2 19 0 2,215,703 803,753 7 ,91 9,130 2,142,434 813,536 728 ,99 7 1, 298 ,601 7, 593 21 ,92 0 1,378,004 12,155 3,577,181 7,788 1,210 13,070 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 0 1... Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio 2,720 560 6, 199 500 14,402 1,340 2,3 49 288 1,478 9, 966 2,336 1,743 207 11,888 7,222 1 ,95 4 1,4 19 2, 797 2,370 1,102 4,7 79 4,675 4, 092 2,3 19 856 4 ,99 8 516 1, 194 NR 90 6 12,827 206 20,422 5 ,92 7 52 8,722 14 306 726 37 3 ,91 6 183 399 33 305 299 114 . www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/cwns/2000rtc/cwns2000 -chapter- 3.pdf. THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9 -1 0 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 9A.13 Comparison of Total Needs for the 199 2 Needs. Henze et al. ( 199 7), Ozturk et al. ( 199 2), Andreadakis ( 199 2), and Nashashibi and van Duijl ( 199 5). WASTEWATER 9- 1 9 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC SECTION 9B CENTRALIZED WASTEWATER TREATMENT Table. Tchobanoglous and Burton, 199 1. THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9 -1 6 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 9A.18 Wastewater Constituents of Concern and Representative