CHAPTER 4 Hydrologic Elements Brian Burke CONTENTS Section 4A Hydrologic Cycle 4-2 Section 4B Water Resources — United States 4-5 Section 4C World Water Balance 4-7 Section 4D Hydrologic Data 4-11 Section 4E Interception 4-24 Section 4F Infiltration 4-25 Section 4G Runoff 4-28 Section 4H Erosion and Sedimentation 4-39 Section 4I Transpiration 4-61 Section 4J Evaporation 4-63 Section 4K Consumptive Use 4-69 Section 4L Phreatophytes 4-95 4-1 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC SECTION 4A HYDROLOGIC CYCLE Water vapor Ocean Non-porous earth and confining rock Wat er well Surface runoff Surface runoff E v a p o r a t i o n f r o m l a k e s & r i v e r s Surface runof f T r a n s p i r a t i o n f r o m t r e e s P l a n t s C r o p s Fresh groundwater zone Infiltration/ percolation V a p o r s c o o l t o f o r m C l o u d s & p r e c i p i t a t i o n Rain Hail Snow Sun’s heat causes evaporation E v a p o r a t io n f r o m p r e c i p i t a t i o n E v a p o r a t i o n f r o m o c e a n s Salty/Brackish water zone Septic system Soil/Porous earth Figure 4A.1 The hydrologic cycle. (From www.dnr.ohio.gov.) THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES4-2 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 4A.1 Hydrologic Effects of Urbanization Change in Land or Water Use Possible Hydrologic Effect Transition from Pre-Urban to Early-Urban Stage: Removal of trees or vegetation Decrease in transpiration and increase in storm flow Construction of scattered city-type houses and limited water and sewage facilities Increased sedimentation of streams Drilling of wells Some lowering of water table Construction of septic tanks and sanitary drains Some increase in soil moisture and perhaps a rise in water table. Perhaps some waterlogging of land and contamination of nearby wells or streams from overloaded sanitary drain system Transition from Early-Urban to Middle-Urban State: Bulldozing of land for mass housing, some topsoil removed, farm ponds filled in Accelerated land erosion and stream sedimentation and aggradation. Increased flood flows. Elimination of smallest streams Mass construction of houses, paving of streets, building of culverts Decreased infiltration, resulting in increased flood flows and lowered groundwater levels. Occasional flooding at channel constrictions (culverts) on remaining small streams. Occasional overtopping or undermining of banks of artificial channels on small streams Discontinued use and abandonment of some shallow wells Rise in water table Diversion of nearby streams for public water supply Decrease in runoff between points of diversion and disposal Untreated or inadequately treated sewage discharged into streams or disposal wells Pollution of stream or wells. Death of fish and other aquatic life. Inferior quality of water available for supply and recreation at downstream populated areas Transition from Middle-Urban to Late-Urban Stage: Urbanization of area completed by addition of more houses and streets and of public, commercial, and industrial buildings Reduced infiltration and lowered water table. Streets and gutters act as storm drains, creating higher flood peaks and lower base flow of local streams Larger quantities of untreated waste discharged into local streams Increased pollution of streams and concurrent increased loss of aquatic life. Additional degradation of water available to downstream users Abandonment of remaining shallow wells because of pollution Rise in water table Increase in population requires establishment of new water- supply and distribution systems, construction of distant reservoirs diverting water from upstream sources within or outside basin Increase in local streamflow if supply is from outside basin Channels of streams restricted at least in part to artificial channels and tunnels Increased flood damage (higher stage for a given flow). Changes in channel geometry and sediment load. Aggradation Construction of sanitary drainage system and treatment plant for sewage Removal of additional water from the area, further reducing infiltration and recharge of aquifer Improvement of storm drainage system A definite effect is alleviation or elimination of flooding of basements, streets, and yards, with consequent reduction in damages, particularly with respect to frequency of flooding Drilling of deeper, large-capacity industrial wells Lowered water-pressure surface of artesian aquifer; perhaps some local overdrafts (withdrawal from storage) and land subsidence. Overdraft of aquifer may result in salt-water encroachment in coastal areas and in pollution or contamination by inferior or brackish waters Increased use of water for air conditioning Overloading of sewers and other drainage facilities. Possibly some recharge to water table, due to leakage of disposal lines Drilling of recharge wells Raising of water-pressure surface Waste-water reclamation and utilization Recharge to groundwater aquifers. More efficient use of water resources Note: A selected sequence of changes in land and water use associated with urbanization. Source: U.S. Geological Survey. HYDROLOGIC ELEMENTS 4-3 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Precipitation Infiltration Evaporation Evaporation Evaporation Increased pollution Evaporation Ocean Ocean Evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration Precipitation Decreased infiltration Water table Condensation Condensation Solar energy Solar energy Runoff Groundwater flow Groundwater flow W ater tab le W a t e r v a p o r t r a n s p o r t W a t e r v a p o r t r a n s p o r t I n c r e a s e d r u n o f f Figure 4A.2 Water cycle before and after urbanization. (From www.unce.unr.edu.) THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES4-4 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC SECTION 4B WATER RESOURCES — UNITED STATES Table 4B.2 Distribution of Water in the Continental United States Volume Annual Circulation (!10 9 m 3 /yr) Replacement Period (yr)!10 9 m 3 % Liquid water Groundwater Shallow (!800 m deep) 63,000 43.2 310 O200 Deep (O800 m deep) 63,000 43.2 6.2 O10,000 Freshwater lakes 19,000 13.0 190 100 Soil moisture (1-m root zone) 630 0.43 3,100 0.2 Salt lakes 58 0.04 5.7 O10 Average in stream channels 50 0.03 1,900 !0.03 Water vapor in atmosphere 190 0.13 6,200 O0.03 Frozen water, glaciers 67 0.05 1.6 O40 Source: From Ad Hoc Panel on Hydrology, Scientific Hydrology, Washington, DC: Federal Council for Science and Technology, 1962. Atmospheric moisture 40,000 bgd Precipitation 4,200 bgd Evaporation and transpiration from surface-water bodies, land surface and vegetation 2,800 bgd Well Recharge Fresh groundwater Saline groundwater Stream flow to oceans 1,230 bgd Total surface and groundwater flow to oceans 1,300 bgd Ocean b g d =billion g allons per day Evaporation from oceans Consumptive use 100 bgd Interface Water table Figure 4B.3 Hydrologic cycle showing the gross water budget of the conterminous United States. (From U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Summary 1983 — Hydrologic Events and Issues, Water-Supply Paper 2250, 1984.) HYDROLOGIC ELEMENTS 4-5 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 4B.3 Some Purposes of Water-Resources Development Purpose Description Type of Works and Measures Flood control Flood-damage abatement or reduction, protection of economic development, conservation storage, river regulation, recharging of groundwater, water supply, development of power, protection of life Dams, storage reservoirs, levees, floodwalls, channel improvement, floodways, pumping stations, floodplain zoning, flood forecasting Irrigation Agricultural production Dams, reservoirs, walls, canals, pumps and pumping plants, weed-control and desilting works, distribution systems, drainage facilities, farmland grading Hydroelectricity Provision of power for economic development and improved living standards Dams, reservoirs, penstocks, power plants, transmission lines Navigation Transportation of goods and passengers Dams, reservoirs, canals, locks, open-channel improvements, harbor improvements Domestic and industrial water supply Provision of water for domestic, industrial, commercial, municipal, and other uses Dams, reservoirs, walls, conduits, pumping plants, treatment plants, saline-water conversion, distribution systems Watershed management Conservation and improvement of the soil, sediment abatement, runoff retardation, forests and grassland improvement, and protection of water supply Soil-conservation practices, forest and range management practices, headwater-control structures, debris-detention dams, small reservoirs, and farm ponds Recreational use of water Increased well-being and health of the people Reservoirs, facilities for recreational use, works for pollution control, preservation of scenic and wilderness areas Fish and wildlife Improvement of habitat for fish and wildlife, reduction or prevention of fish or wildlife losses associated with man’s works, enhancement of sports opportunities, provision for expansion of commercial fishing Wildlife refuges, fish hatcheries, fish ladders and screens, reservoir storage, regulation of streamflows, stocking of streams and reservoirs with fish, pollution control, and land management Pollution abatement Protection or improvement of water supplies for municipal, domestic, industrial and agricultural uses and for aquatic life and recreation Treatment facilities, reservoir storage for augmenting low flows, sewage-collection systems, legal control measures Insect control Public health, protection of recreational values, protection of forests and crops Proper design and operation of reservoirs and associated works, drainage, and extermination measures Drainage Agricultural production, urban development and protection of public health Ditches, tile drains, levees, pumping stations, soil treatment Sediment control Reduction or control of slit load in streams and protection of reservoirs Soil conservation, sound forest practices, proper highway and railroad construction, desilting works, channel and revetment works, bank stabilization, special dam construction and reservoir operations Salinity control Abatement or prevention of salt-water contamination of agricultural, industrial, and municipal water supplies Reservoirs for augmenting low stream-flow, barriers, groundwater recharge, coastal jetties Source: From Chow, V.T., Water as a World Resource, Water International, 4, 6, 1979. With permission. THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES4-6 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC SECTION 4C WORLD WATER BALANCE 1,357,506,000 km 3 (1,167,200 cm or 11,672 m) total volume of water 8,506,000 km 3 (7,316 cm or 73.16 m) total volume of fresh water on land and air 1,320,000,000 km 3 (1,135,000 cm or 11,350 m) or 97.20% in the oceans 8,506,000 km 3 (7,316 cm or 73.16 m) or 0.65% fresh water on land and air 29,000,000 km 3 (24,900 cm or 249 m) or 2.15% frozen water 4,150,000 km 3 (3,570 cm or 35.70 m) or 48.77% groundwater below ½ mile 4,150,000 km 3 (3,570 cm or 35.70 m) or 48.77% groundwater ½ mile deep 13,000 km 3 (11 cm or 0.11 m) or 0.16% as water vapor in the atmosphere 67,000 km 3 (57 cm or 0.75 m) or 0.8% soil moisture and seepage 126,250 km 3 (108 cm or 1.08 m) or 1.5% lakes, rivers and streams Note: figures in brackets indicate the height that the relevant quantites of water would reach if they were placed on the whole non-frozen land area of the earth which is 116,400,000 km 3 Figure 4C.4 Water availability on earth. (From Doxiadis, C.A., Water and Environment International Conference on Water for Peace, Washington, DC, 1967.) HYDROLOGIC ELEMENTS 4-7 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 4C.4 Estimated Global Water Cycle Type of Water Location Volume Percent of Total VolumeMillions of cu. Miles Millions of cu Kilometer Salt Water 97.00 Oceans 314.2 1308.0 (96.4%) Saline bodies 2.1 8.7 (0.6%) Fresh Water 2.90 Ice & snow 6.9 28.7 (2.1%) Lakes 0.5 2.1 (0.15%) Rivers 0.01 0.04 (0.003%) Accessible groundwater 1.0 4.2 (0.31%) Atmospheric 0.10 Sea evaporation 0.1 0.42 (0.03%) Land evaporation 0.05 0.21 (0.015%) Precipitation over sea 0.09 0.37 (0.03%) Precipitation over land 0.03 0.12 (0.01%) Water vapor 0.005 0.02 (0.002%) Rounded Total 326.00 1357.00 100.0 Source: From National Weather Service Northwest River Forecast Center, www.nwrfc.noaa.gov. Table 4C.5 World Water Balance, by Continent Water Balance Elements Europe a Asia Africa North America b South America Australia c Total Land Area d Area, millions of km 2 9.8 45.0 30.3 20.7 17.8 8.7 132.3 in mm Precipitation (P) 734 726 686 670 1,648 736 834 Total river runoff (R) 319 293 139 287 583 226 294 Groundwater runoff (U) 109 76 48 84 210 54 90 Surface water runoff (S) 210 217 91 203 373 172 204 Total infiltration and soil moisture (W) 524 509 595 467 1,275 564 630 Evaporation (E) 415 433 547 383 1,065 510 540 in km 3 Precipitation 7,165 32,690 20,780 13,910 29,355 6,405 110,303 Total river runoff 3,110 13,190 4,225 5,960 10,380 1,965 38,830 Groundwater runoff 1,065 3,410 1,465 1,740 3,740 465 11,885 Surface water runoff 2,045 9,780 2,760 4,220 6,640 1,500 26,945 Total infiltration and soil moisture 5,120 22,910 18,020 9,690 22,715 4,905 83,360 Evaporation 4,055 19,500 16,555 7,950 18,975 4,440 71,475 Relative values Groundwater runoff as percent of total runoff 34 26 35 32 36 24 31 Coefficient of groundwater discharge into rivers 0.21 0.15 0.08 0.18 0.16 0.10 0.14 Coefficient of runoff 0.43 0.40 0.23 0.31 0.35 0.31 0.36 a Including Iceland. b Excluding the Canadian archipelago and including Central America. c Including Tasmania, New Guinea and New Zealand, only within the limits of the continent: P-440 mm; R-47 mm; U-7 mm; S-40 mm; W-400 mm; E-393 mm. d Excluding Greenland, Canadian archipelago and Antarctica. Source: From Lvovitch, M.I., EOS, 54, 1973. With permission. Copyright by American Geophysical Union. THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES4-8 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 4C.6 World Water Resources by Region Region Total Area (km 2 ) (FAOSTATE, 1999) (1) Total Population (FAOSTAT, 2000) (2) Average Precipitation 1961–1990 (km 3 /yr) (IPCC) (3) Internal Resources: Total (km 3 /yr) (4) External Resources: Natural (km 3 /yr) External Resources: Actual (km 3 /yr) Total Resources: Natural (km 3 /yr) Total Resources: Natural (km 3 /yr) % of World Resources IRWR/inhab. (m 3 /yr) TRWR (actual)/inhab. (m 3 /yr) 1 Northern America 21,899,600 409,895,363 13,384 6,662 47 (5) 47 6,709 6,709 15.2% 16,253 16,368 2 Central America and Caribbean 749,120 72,430,000 1,506 781 6 (6) 6 787 787 1.8% 10,784 10,867 3 Southern America 17,853,960 345,737,000 28,635 12,380 0 0 12,380 12,380 28.3% 35,808 35,808 4 Western and Central Europe 4,898,416 510,784 4,096 2,170 11 11 2,181 2,181 5.0% 4,249 4,270 5 Eastern Europe 18,095,450 217,051,000 8,452 4,449 244 244 4,693 4,693 10.2% 20,498 21,622 6 Africa 30,044,850 793,288,000 20,415 3,950 0 0 3,950 3,950 9.0% 4,980 4,980 7 Near East 6,347,970 257,114,000 1,378 488 3 3 491 491 1.1% 1,897 1,909 8 Central Asia 4,655,490 78,563,000 1,270 261 28 28 289 289 0.6% 3,321 3,681 9 Southern and Eastern Asia 21,191,290 3,331,938 000 24,017 11,712 8 8 11,720 11,720 26.8% 3,515 3,518 10 Oceania and Pacific 8,058,920 25,388,537 4,772 911 0 0 911 911 2.1% 35,869 35,869 World 133,795,066 6,042,188,900 107,924 43,764 0 0 43,764 43,764 100.0% 7,243 7,243 Notes: (1) No FAOSTAT dataforSpilsbergen (Norway); (2) No FAOSTAT data for West Bank (Palestinianauthority); data from Margat and Valle ´ e (2000); (3) No IPCC data on Near East(Saudi Arabia, West Bank (Palestinian Authority); Gaza strip (Palestinian Authority)), South Asia (Taiwan Province of China, east Timor), Caribbean (Aruba). Pacific (Polynesia, Guam) so not included in total. For Europe: no IPCC data for Spilsbergen (Norway), Luxembourg and Belgium; national data source used; (4) No data for various islands in Caribbean (Aruba, Bermuda, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia. St. Vincent, Dominica) Pacific (French Polynesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Samoa, Tonga), Asia (Macao, Hong Kong); so not included in regional and global totals; (5) 47 km 3 /year from Guatemala to Mexico; (6) 6 km 3 /year from North America region (Mexico). Source: www.fao.org. q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC HYDROLOGIC ELEMENTS 4-9 Table 4C.7 Water Poor Countries FAO Code Country Average Precipitation 1961–1990 (km 3 /yr) Internal Resources Surface (km 3 /yr) Internal Resources Groundwater (km 3 /yr) Internal Resources Overlap (km 3 /yr) Internal Resources Total (km 3 /yr) External Resources Natural (km 3 /yr) External Resources Actual (km 3 /yr) Total Resources Natural (km 3 /yr) Total Resources Actual (km 3 /yr) 105 Israel 9.16 0.25 0.50 0.00 0.75 0.92 0.92 1.67 1.67 112 Jordan 9.93 0.40 0.50 0.22 0.68 0.20 0.20 0.88 0.88 124 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 98.53 0.20 0.50 0.10 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.60 136 Mauritania 94.66 0.10 0.30 0.00 0.40 11.00 11.00 11.40 11.40 35 Cape Verde 1.70 0.18 0.12 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.30 72 Djibouti 5.12 0.30 0.02 0.02 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.30 225 United Arab Emirates 6.53 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.15 179 Qatar 0.81 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 134 Malta 0.12 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 76 Gaza Strip (Palestinian Authority) 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.06 13 Bahrain 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 118 Kuwait 2.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Source: From Review of World Water Resources by Country, www.fao.org/documents. Table 4C.8 Water Rich Countries FAO Code Country Average Precipitation 1961–1990 (km 3 /yr) Internal Resources Surface (km 3 /yr) Internal Resources Groundwater (km 3 /yr) Internal Resources Overlap (km 3 /yr) Internal Resources Total (km 3 /yr) External Resources Natural (km 3 /yr) External Resources Actual (km 3 /yr) Total Resources Natural (km 3 /yr) Total Resources Actual (km 3 /yr) IRWR/inhab. (m 3 /yr) 21 Brazil 15,236 5,418 1,874 1,874 5,418 2,815 2,815 8,233 8,233 31,795 185 Russian Federation 7,855 4,037 788 512 4,313 195 195 4,507 4,507 29,642 33 Canada 5,352 2,840 370 360 2,850 52 52 2,902 2,902 92,662 101 Indonesia 5,147 2,793 455 410 2,838 0 0 2,838 2,838 13,381 41 China, Mainland 5,995 2,712 829 728 2,812 17 17 2,830 2,830 2,245 44 Colombia 2,975 2,112 510 510 2,112 20 20 2,132 2,132 50,160 231 United States of America (Cont.) 5,800 1,862 1,300 1,162 2,000 71 71 2,071 2,071 7,153 170 Peru 1,919 1,616 303 303 1,616 297 297 1,913 1,913 62,973 100 India 3,559 1,222 419 380 1,261 647 636 1,908 1,897 1,249 Source: From Review of World Water Resources by Country, www.fao.org/documents. q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES4-10 [...]... Statesg Mean 50%a 90%a 95%a 163 197 63.2 125 41 .5 64. 6 48 .4 6.17 54. 1 95.8 39.1 4. 9 13 .45 3.19 5.89 210 65.1 1,201 580 13.3 1,7 94 163 188 61 .4 125 41 .5 64. 6 48 .4 5.95 53.7 93 .4 37.5 4. 9 13 .45 2.51 5.82 210 64. 1 123 131 46 .3 80.0 28.2 36 .4 29.7 2.60 29.9 44 .3 15.8 2.6 8.82 1.07 3.12 1 54 32.8 112 116 42 .4 67.5 24. 4 28.5 24. 6 1.91 23.9 33 .4 11 .4 2.1 7.50 0.85 2 .46 138 25.6 —h —h —h —h —h —h Note: Annual... Number of Data Point Physical/Chemical Major Loans Metals Nutrients Organic Contaminants Microbiology Date Range Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Total 138 682 332 318 94 1 544 206907 41 79 94 641 940 823323 206650 22968 14 26712 47 198 118868 146 747 31678 371203 79889 73210 159329 136392 12237 46 1087 643 9 881 24 83005 1 547 42 2535 3 348 45 41 289 47 2 84 98796 108815 46 992 343 176 370 3583 67 94 145 39 143 8 267 34 832... 1 040 1 32018 27260 1383 718 94 1977–20 04 1965–20 04 1971–20 04 1978–2003 1979–20 04 1965–20 04 Source: From GEMS Water, State of the UNEP GEMS /Water Global Network and Annual Report, United Nations Environment Programme, Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS) Water Programme, 20 04, www.gemswater.org 4- 2 3 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 4- 2 4 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES. .. Inches Percent of Total Volume 37 19 25 32 40 32 63 81 75 68 60 68 10 .4 2.5 1.7 11.8 35.5 39.3 16.7 7.2 3.8 23.5 37.0 51 .4 59 56 58 63 42 41 6.7 1.3 0.9 6 .4 34. 2 33.7 41 44 42 37 58 59 25 75 3.7 6.3 43 2.8 57 11 9 9 89 91 91 1.7 1.7 1.2 6.2 6.9 4. 7 41 37 38 1.2 1.2 0.7 59 63 62 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES Area HYDROLOGIC ELEMENTS 4- 3 3 KO RR 5 IT O Arctic N N O RY R T H... Commission THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES 0 846 1300 Longitude 106832 0 25 00 08377200 0 845 9200 Latitude 31 848 0 10 00 Rio Grand at El Paso, TX 0 845 0900 USGS Office Sampling Station Station Name 083 640 00 0 844 741 0 4- 1 4 Table 4D.9 Green River at Green River, UT Moab, UT 38859 0 10 00 110809 0 02 00 140 60008 09379500 San Juan River Moab UT near Bluff, UT 37808 0 49 00 109851... project The project meets the USGS goal of supporting U.S foreign policy and fostering outreach and public awareness activities (Continued) q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 4- 2 2 Table 4D.12 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES (Continued) † Regional Water Data Banks — The Executive Action Team Multilateral Working Group on Water Resoruces, Water Data Banks Project consists... 3 .4 6.25 4. 06 1.28 0.91 14. 6 9.1 6.77 6.30 0 .47 6.9 3.1 Source: U.S Department of Agriculture SECTION 4F INFILTRATION Figure 4F.8 Total annual infiltration and soil moisture in the world (in mm) (From Lvovitch, M.I., EOS, 54, 1973, Copyright by American Geophysical Union With permission.) q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 4- 2 6 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES Table 4F.18... (Feet per Day) Sandy loam Gravelly loam Fine sandy loam and adobe Sand and sandy loam Loam and sandy loam Adobe Fine sandy loam 8.2 5.3 3.8 3 .4 3.3 3.0 2.1 Canal Soil Material Seepage (Feet per Day) Loam and adobe Loam Silty clay Sand and silty clay Sand and clay Loam and gravelly loam 1 .4 1.1 0.9 0 .4 0.1 0.1 Note: Values are average maximum rates through the wetted area Source: From Rohwer and Stout, Colo,... Federal-State Cooperative Program Other Federal Agency Program Combined Support Total 638 47 6 ,41 9 968 2,219 850 9 64 183 10, 240 2, 048 778 1,666 42 6 228 3,098 2, 344 691 27,029 4, 602 2 ,42 1 1, 347 237 216 32,031 6,856 Federal Program Source: From U.S Geological Survey Water Data Program, http:/ /water. usgs.gov q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC HYDROLOGIC ELEMENTS Table 4D. 14 Increasing Global Data Coverage... 3,055 43 1 308 47 3 HYDROLOGIC ELEMENTS 4- 2 1 Table 4D.12 USGS Programs Managed by the Water Resources Discipline † Cooperative Water Program — The Cooperative Program, a partnership between the USGS and state and local agencies, provides information that forms the foundation for many of the Nation’s water resources management and planning activities † National Streamflow Information Program (NSIP) — The . Data 4- 1 1 Section 4E Interception 4- 2 4 Section 4F Infiltration 4- 2 5 Section 4G Runoff 4- 2 8 Section 4H Erosion and Sedimentation 4- 3 9 Section 4I Transpiration 4- 6 1 Section 4J Evaporation 4- 6 3 Section. 18,095 ,45 0 217,051,000 8 ,45 2 4, 449 244 244 4, 693 4, 693 10.2% 20 ,49 8 21,622 6 Africa 30, 044 ,850 793,288,000 20 ,41 5 3,950 0 0 3,950 3,950 9.0% 4, 980 4, 980 7 Near East 6, 347 ,970 257,1 14, 000 1,378 48 8. CHAPTER 4 Hydrologic Elements Brian Burke CONTENTS Section 4A Hydrologic Cycle 4- 2 Section 4B Water Resources — United States 4- 5 Section 4C World Water Balance 4- 7 Section 4D Hydrologic Data