Student ID 1207383 BOLTON BUSINESS SCHOOL Faculty of Well being and Social Sciences Course level: BA Module title: Contemporary Management Issues (CMI) Module code: BAM3011 Level HE6 Credits 20 Assignment title: Corporate Social Responsibility essay (2500 words) Date issued Date due in Extension date agreed (tutor to sign) Actual submission date18/10/2012 17/09/ 2012 19/10/ 2012 Interim mark awarded (This mark is subject to internal and external moderation) General Comments: (brief comments on the performance) (Detailed comments will be provided on the feedback sheets) For Student Use: Student Number Student Name 1207383 Declaration: I confirm that I have read the University policy on plagiarism and that the work presented here is my own. I acknowledge that the University uses plagiarism detection software. Student Signature _____Signed___________________________Date18/10/2012 1 Student ID 1207383 Corporate social responsibility (CSR) plays an important part in business operation, society and environment protection. Thus, a developing country like Vietnam, its government has found out the important CSR’s role and has programs for CSR hosted by Vietnam Chamber of Commercial Industry (VCCI); especially, Ha (2012) the CSR award 2012 was celebrated in Hanoi with the purpose to improve the knowledge about CSR and encourage enterprises to do CSR as business strategy for sustainable growth. Of the companies carrying out these programs, Vinamilk was considered the big success. Vietnam dairy products JSC (Vinamilk) company has the CSR campaign with the title “12 billion VND for milk foundation Vietnam development”. Post this campaign, Vinamilk became top well-known brand-name milk in Vietnam (Vinamilk annual report, 2010). However, there are many critics about CSR’s characteristics by scholars. For Critics, CSR is just a tool for public relation and window dressing. And it is not CSR. Therefore, the following part of this essay will take a look closer for these arguments and the difficulties of translating CSR in Vietnam. Although the concept of CSR has been popular since 1950s’ in the last century, Bowen (1953) cited in Löber (2012) defined that there would be general social and economic benefits that would accumulate to society. Besides, CSR is still defined by other views such as Elkington (1999) ,the triple bottom line (TBL) theory which mentions profit, people, planet. For him, CSR is business ethics in practice because it requires company to take responsibility for not only economic but also the society and environment because it is core value for consistence development and long term profit. Moreover, TBL has been used as a measurement to evaluate CSR 2 Student ID 1207383 achievements earned from companies. According to Schwartz and Carroll (2003), economic, ethic, legal are the most common factors of CSR. (Carroll, 1999);Hart ( 1995) claimed that when company put its profit behind social’s interest, it will become a good citizen in society. Also, Holme and Watts (2000); McWilliams and Siegel (2001), agreed that Company should focus on financial status and stakeholders’ value. Michael Hopkins (1998), CSR is concerned with treating the stakeholders of the firm ethically or in a socially responsible manner. Winston (2012), because company can make a lot of money in business, they should share the moral responsibility as well. Nevertheless, Friedman (1970) had different views, he stated that there is always the conflicts between CSR`s projects and companies’ finance. As the nature of business is to maximize profit, the opposite ideas claim that CSR is stable growth and long run business strategy. Anyway, its final purpose still aims to profit. Gallagher (2005) agreed with Fiedman’s points that company is only responsible for its shareholder not to society. And all under circumstances, shareholder’s wealth is always the top mission of firm’s operation. Also, McGuire et al. (1988) pointed that for companies engaging in CSR expenditure, they get economic disadvantages compared to the firms less responsible for CSR. When CSR is invested, it could take a huge cost; thereby it’s against shareholder’s benefits. In the aspect of profit from TBL theory, CSR brings the potential benefits by operating perspective such as reducing cost, recycling products. For example, General Mills (GM) is one of the large food production companies in USA, it has program reduction of energy usage by 20% to 2015 after installing energy monitoring meters on its equipment at Covington, Ga.plant, and GM saved estimated $2.5mil in 3 Student ID 1207383 2011 (General Mills environmental sustainability, 2011). With the savings cost, it could be used to re-invest or keep reserving account to prevent abnormal situations. Furthermore, CSR is adopted as competitive advantage tool when the other competitors are influenced by factors or scandals; for instance, economic downturn, unhealthy products or harmful environment activities etc. In particular, General Electric, an electricity company, has released fluorescent light bulbs which are friendly environment and consume less energy in comparison with normal bulbs. (GE EcoMagination report, 2005) these products brought for GE $10.1 billion earning before tax. This shows that for a company whose products and services are preferred than others already has good CSR. Moreover, Company applying CSR well often takes the initiative in innovative products which create brand differentiation among the competitors since the differentiation will make unique and special position in customer’s mind as well as the customer loyalty, trust in products and services. Hart (1995) said company should strive to minimize the environmental impact and product stewardship. Namely, Toyota automobile firm Ohnsman&Hagiwara (2012), has invented type of cars called Prius that can both reduce 10% air pollution and consume less gas. Consequently, these cars made by Toyota take cutting edge over others and get global top 03 sales. In addition to, corporates which have a good application of CSR can avoid the potential risks or minimize them by communicating the code of conduct, ethics in business as well as building up the culture “doing the right things” among staff. Worldcom telecom is a case study of poor corporate governance. Worldcom did fraudulent bookkeeping and its profit had been inflated by $3.8bn.; as a result, 17000 4 Student ID 1207383 employees lost their jobs (BBC ,2002). That‘s reason why company needs good risk management to prevent such these similar things happening. On the other hand, firm has consolidated or protected its image, brand name and reputation since they’re the most valuable intangible asset. “Corporate image is a result of everything a company does or does not do” (Smith & Taylor, 2002). A well-established CSR company can survive and stand longer than others without engaging CSR in both normal economic as well as the crisis time. In the point of view about human, if company has a good well-known brand name, it will attract and retain the talented staff and qualified workers. As a result, staff’s turn over and training cost are reduced, besides the company which has good working condition and policy will not only motivate moral also improve working performance ,output and loyalty. (Smith, 2003) companies which has good CSR manner are preferred by employees. Base on survey conducted in 2007 (Scotiabank, 2007), if companies did not engage social responsibility seriously, their staff would speculate on quitting jobs. The result took from 70% respondent in Canada. In addition, CSR is used as a norm method about human rights to protect labor in developing countries from multinational companies where the law for protecting labors is poor. Kenyon (2000) Nike footwear company shoes is a good example for sweatshop; it hires child labors and let them work in poor working condition in Cambodia, which is discovered by Panorama team; consequently, Nike faced the criticism for those actions. After that Nike issued first CSR report (CSR wire, 2001) about the labor rights and working condition. Nike tried to recovered image and reputation; however, its goodwill is already damaged in the public eyes. 5 Student ID 1207383 Another view about planet is that CSR makes firms more perceptive of habitat protection and its importance. Companies such as General Mills and General Electricity know how to combine product and environment, and all of their products are environmentally friendly and emits less pollution to the air; consequently, they get both profit and reputation. It’s win-win situation. However, Apple is another story for making maximize profit without engaging CSR. This case study supported Friedman‘s argument. Duhigg & Kocieniewski (2012) Apple Inc. , a computer company, took billions of profit offshore in Ireland, Netherland and China by tax evade. Instead of operating in USA where Apple has to care much about higher wage, working condition and code of conduct obligations, it contracts supply chains in developing countries where it benefit greatly from low tax and fewer law protection to save cost, expense and increase profit. Gewizt (2012), from Peter Oppenheimer CFO, $64bilions Apple’s income was offshore. Karnani (2012) said that some companies do not take responsibility for public`s interest still get profit .This is fundamentally flawed. For example, Blanchard (2012), Foxconn factory where most of Apple’s products were assembled, had three workers who died in a blast last year when polishing iPads ignited, and 18 workers committed suicide in 2010. After those scandals, Blodget (2012) workers still want to work there, because they need money even the harsh working condition. Apple doesn’t have social responsibility and ethics in business, but it still attracts employees and keeps people buying its products. Lynley (2012) Apple has been one of five best tech companies to 6 Student ID 1207383 work for. On the other words, CSR is used as public relation, a green-wash method to polish company’s image and cover up the negative information. Duke energy is another story about applying CSR as a fashionable mantle. Duke Energy is the company considered to have a profound effect on achieving a sustainable energy revolution, renewable-energy, and its top management is commitment to greenness and sustainability. Despite kind words about environment protection, Duke is one of the US utilities still building coal-fired power plants which emit the great amount of pollution to the air (Greenwash+20, 2012). In case, CEOs who use firm’s revenue to support the social activities will be considered as thieves since it is the shareholder’s wealth and asset of organizations not private property. Since executives are hired by the shareholders, their top priority duty is to aim to owners and shareholders’ benefit. Actually, the managers want to show their social responsibility, but it just looks like they’re imposing tax to shareholders and forcing company to follow the decisions they make. So it will be better if they spend their own money while participating in CSR. Karnani (2012) said that government‘s major role is to take responsibility for the public and observe firms’ activities much better than any CSR campaigns. Because once government is corrupted, nothing will be protected such as money laundry, human rights violation and air, water pollution. In this situation, CSR is just theory itself. In the context of Vietnam, Post “Doi Moi” 1986, Vietnam has opened door policies and achieved the economic growth in two past decades and became WTO’s member in 2007. (WTO, 2007).However, there are still many social issues remained such as the gap between wealth and poverty, corruption, and pollution. In order to address 7 Student ID 1207383 those problems, the government has committed to stable growth and the environment protection; As a result, Vietnam Agenda 21 was issued. On the other hand, government strongly encouraged firms to join to protect environment, improve labor condition and safety workplace (Ministry of planning and investment, 2008). Despite the positive government actions, there are still many challenges and difficulties in implementing CSR.Firstly, government has less law enforcement to ensure firms to do right things as well as their cooperation. (NREN ,2009) Thi Vai river was polluted by VeDan Company was taken as a good example for lacking of watchdog groups and local corruption. Dien (2010). At that time, there was a huge boycott for claiming compensation due to poisoned river and destroyed habitat. The government forced Vedan to make up for the lost they caused; however Veda still postponed paying damaged to resident. Secondly, the main reason companies do not implement CSR is that they don’t understand its meaning as well as its key role to company’s growth. One-third of 400 companies 39.8% have no idea about the CSR, the other one-third have little bit knowledge and just 10% know about it. Less than one-fifths of them were certified with ISO9000 while the company certified with SA8000 or ISO14000 made up 10%. (Baseline survey report, 2010). Moreover the Vietnamese stakeholder’s awareness about CSR is quite poor. Only Service and Export enterprises such as leather and footwear, garment and textile carry out CSR seriously because of high requirement from foreign partners. (Baseline survey report, 2010). Thirdly, Kim (2011) 98% companies are small and medium sized (SMEs) in Vietnam; and Tuoitre (2012) 53000 SMEs go bankrupt in H1/2012 due to capital shortage, 8 Student ID 1207383 inventory products and high interest rate. Actually, surviving, improving financial performance, paying debt and entering into the market are their top goals because of economic downturn in recent years. Hence, CSR implementation is not their big concern anymore. Whereas, thanks to CSR, there also some companies overcoming obstacles mentioned above. For instant, Vietnam Dairy Products JSC (Vinamilk) revenue reached $1billion in 2011; according to Ms Lien chairwoman, Vinamilk keeps focusing on employees, corporate governance and maximizing profit by cost savings in 2012. (Vinamilk annual report, 2011) Vinamilk becomes one of the top brand milks in Vietnam. This success showed that if doing well its bottom line, it will bring out intangible benefit that’s able to support and boot company’s performance to get over the difficult time and achieve sustainable growth. However, price of products is still the basic factor for customer when making decision on purchasing. Pham (2011) survey, 69% of respondents still buy products from immoral companies and 70% are unwilling to pay higher for goods/services from CSR companies. Thus, CSR knowledge and perception should be informed commonly to people. When the customer benefit from CSR products, the demand for them will be increasing; as a result, companies will be aware of adopting it in practice, “Who is not starting to think about CSR in time will miss an opportunity or even loose his business” (Florian Beranek, 2010). Therefore, CSR should be done step by step because if the firms get the outcome, it will motivate them to proceed next step. 9 Student ID 1207383 Government not only strengthens the law and regulation but also creates more watchdog groups and NGOs to inspect companies’ activities. On the other hand, government has policy to encourage enterprises to implement social responsibility such as imposing low tax, subsidiary products. In conclusion, CSR improves corporate`s long term profitability, reduces risks management and inefficiency, builds up the company’s image, reputation and attracts perspective and good employees to organization. It helps to create competitive advantage, make company have more innovation in its products and establish brand differentiation in the customer’s mind and loyalty. However, CSR is supposed a green wash, type of marketing strategy to deliver brand recognition and public relation. On the other hand, CSR can violate profit and make the conflicts between shareholders’ wealth and stakeholder. Government’s role for protecting society and environment is still the most important. In fact, the real CSR doesn’t have purposes and fraud actions. In Vietnam, the code of conduct is less strict in spite of having positive actions from state. There is lacking of understanding and being aware of CSR well as well as capital, technology from small and medium enterprises. Recommendation, this essay reviews the CSR`s importance, its negative impacts on global business, and the difficulties of adopting it in Vietnam where CSR concept is quite new and hard to understand. This essay has some limitations because it only focuses on some aspects of CSR, which is considered key points and major topic for arguments in the real world. Some 10 [...]... Gallagher, S (2 005) A strategic response to Friedman's critique of business ethics, Journal of Business Strategy, 2 6( 6), pp.55 – 60 Hart, S (1 995) A natural resource-based view of the firm Academy of Management Review, 20 (4 ) pp 986-1014 Holme,R & Watts, P (2 000)Corporate Social Responsibility: Making good business sense The World Business Council for Sustainable Development: Geneva Hopkins, M (1 998) The... Review, 2 6(1 ), pp 117-127 Pham, D.H .(2 011) Corporate social responsibility:A study on awareness of managers and consumers in Vietnam, Journal of accounting and taxation [online]. 3(8 ), pp.162-167.Available from:[ accessed 2 October2012] Schwartz, M.S and Carroll, A.B (2 003) Corporate Social Responsibility: A ThreeDomain Approach Business Ethics Quarterly, 1 3(4 ),pp 503-530... Responsibility Comes of Age Macmillan: London Löber, H (2 012) Corporate management, corporate social responsibility and customers: an Empirical investigation Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag GmbH McGuire, J.B et al (1 988) Corporate social responsibility and firm financial performance, Academy of Management Journal, 3 1(4 ), pp.854-872 McWilliams, A and Siegel, D.S .(2 001) Corporate social responsibility: a theory... about the issue of CSR Words count: 2468 11 Student ID 1207383 Bibliography Carroll, AB (1 999) Corporate social responsibility evolution of a definitional construction Business and Society,3 8(3 ) pp 268–295 Elkington, J (1 997) Cannibals with Forks: Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business Capstone: Oxford Friedman, M (1 970) The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits The New York... ThreeDomain Approach Business Ethics Quarterly, 1 3(4 ),pp 503-530 Smith, N.C (2 003)Corporate Social Responsibility: whether or how, California Management Review, 4 5(4 ),pp 52-76 Smith, P.R & Taylor J, (2 002) Marketing Communications; An integrated approach, 3rd,London: Kogan Page Limited 12 Student ID 1207383 Websites: Thu, H (2 012) Enhancing Corporate Social Responsibility [online].available from: ... October2012] Scotiabank (2 007) Employee satisfaction [online] available from: [accessed 6 October2012] General electric (2 005) Ecomagination report[online] available from: [Accessed 6 October2012] Ohnsman ,A &Hagiwara ,Y (2 012)Toyota Prius Escapes... October2012] BBC (2 002)Disgraced WorldCom faces fraud charge[online].available from: [accessed 7 October2012] Gewirtz, D (2 012) Apple: made in China, untaxed profits kept offshore [online] available from: [accessed 2 October 2012] Blodget, H (2 012) Here's What's... Kenyon, P (2 000) Panorama Program: Gap and Nike: No Sweat?[online].available from:[accessed 2 October2012] CSR wire (2 001) Nike releases first corporate social responsibility report [online].available from: [accessed 2 October2012] Vinamilk (2 010) Annual... October2012] Greenpeace (2 012) Greenwash+ 20 [online] available from: [accessed 8 October 2012] Kim, A .(2 011) VN’s SMEs make big leap forward[online].available from: [accessed 10 October2012] Dien, A (2 010) Troubled Waters [online].available... [accessed 2 October 2012] Blanchard, B (2 012) Apple, Foxconn Scandal Highlights Exploitation Of Chinese Workers By ForeignFirms[online] available from: [accessed 2 Octorber2012] Winston, A (2 012), Apple's Greatness, and Its Shame [online] available from [accessed . requirement from foreign partners. (Baseline survey report, 2010). Thirdly, Kim (2 011) 98% companies are small and medium sized (SMEs) in Vietnam; and Tuoitre (2 012) 53000 SMEs go bankrupt in H1/2012. Journal, 3 1(4 ), pp.854-872 McWilliams, A. and Siegel, D.S .(2 001) Corporate social responsibility: a theory of the firm perspective. Academy of Management Review, 2 6(1 ), pp. 117-127. Pham, D.H .(2 011). Ethics Quarterly, 1 3(4 ),pp. 503-530. Smith, N.C. (2 003)Corporate Social Responsibility: whether or how, California Management Review, 4 5(4 ),pp. 52-76. Smith, P.R & Taylor J, (2 002) Marketing