INTRODUCTION 1. The reason choosing topic theme Land is one of three basic resources of economic activity, the major means of production and especially in agricultural production. In the process of industrialization and modernization, the rural economic structure is shifting in the direction of reducing the proportion of the agriculture sector, to increase the proportion of industrial production and service & trading. Within agriculture, the production structure also shifted towards reducing the proportion of crop production, increasing the value of livestock production and fisheries, shifting from dispersed production methods to concentrated production and production of goods. With being important role as indispensable inputs for all manufacturing sectors in the social life of the country, land-use structure, one hand, shifts to meet the demand of land for developing economic sectors; on the other hand, it is the land-use structure that serves as agent to promote economic restructure to take advantage of the resource extremely valuable and particularly important. Therefore, land-use restructuring is both the agent and the result of the restructuring of agriculture and rural economy in the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Land-use restructuring has significant changes under the impact of the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Increasingly strong competition between land-use for agriculture and non-of agriculture purposes, the trend of changes in land-use structure to serve the needs of the economic sector, infrastructure development and urbanization is much more complicated. Vietnam is an agricultural country with over 70% of the population living in rural areas, over 60% of employees working in the field of agriculture. Red River Delta is not only one of key economic regions of the country, which obtains rice culture long life, but also the economic development in relative comparasion with other economic regions across the country. The process of industrialization and modernization of this region accelerating the process of restructuring economy requires change in purpose of use, leading land-use restructuring for economic sectors as well as for system infrastructure and urban development. In recent years, this region carried out industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas and have changes and development of social life, economic structure and, of course, in terms of land-use. Economic development achievements in recent years shows that this region can grow faster if being determined to have a rational land-use structure and shift current structure to create this reasonable structure quickly. This is an urgent issue in the time being. However, the potential of land is inclined to agricultural land with a high proportion of agricultural land in the land-use structure. In agricultural land, land for agricultural production, especially rice land. The development of industrial zones in the rice land going on heavily causes many social and economic consequences for losing production land of farmers, difficult life as a result of many abandoned industrial zones, effective use and economic efficiency are low. The region's infrastructure system is still insufficient and incomplete, the urban area increasingly expands but still not meet the needs of urbanization. This is the underlying cause for the problem of economic development does not match with the potential of the region, not explore land resources for economic development in the most effective way; material and cultural life of people in the region is low, the number of poor households has decreased but the rate of decline is very slow. Recognizing that the key factor to restructuring economic sectors and urbanization, to overcome weaknesses in devoloping the infrastructure system is restructuring land-use. Finding an appropriate land-use structure is the core problem in the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. To find the appropriate land-use structure, they must understand the relationship between the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas and restructuring land-use. To find out the basic features of the restructuring process and promote, direct land-use structure shifted to a new structure more suitable with the trend of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Therefore, this research "land-use restructuring of Red River Delta in the process of industrialization - modernization of agriculture and rural areas" means to assess the compatibility between the economic structure and land-use structure, which studies the process of land-use restructuring currently taking place in the Red River Delta in order to exploit more effectively the resources important to rural economic development, affect as well as serve the needs of the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. 2. The purpose and research meaning of thesis The main research question: The relationship between the process of land-use restructuring and industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas shows like? The specific research purposes: Systematizing literature on industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas; Clarifying the relationship between land-use restructuring and the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas on three contents and establishing indicator system quantifying this relationship; Analyzing and evaluating the relationship between land-use restructuring and the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas happening in the whole Red River Delta as well as the provinces in accordance with the content and criteria systemed in the theoretical basis; Forecasting trend of land-use restructuring in the content of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas and proposing suitable land- use structure with the Red River Delta in the period 2011 - 2020, which proposes solutions and proposals to facilitate the process of regional land-use restructuring more efficiently. 3. Research subject and scope of the thesis: 3.1. Research Subjects The thesis focused on researching land-use restructuring and the relationships between land-use restructuring and economic restructuring, with the requirements of infrastructure development and urbanization process in the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. 3.2. Scope of the thesis In terms of time, the thesis only limit researches on trend of land-use restructuring in the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas in Red River Delta from 2004 up to present. In terms of space, the thesis focuses on the Red River Delta provinces including 10 provinces and Hanoi city, excluding Quang Ninh. In terms of content, the thesis only researches the process of land-use restructuring on the number of area according to different uses for economic sectors, infrastructure development and urbanization. For the process of urbanization, the thesis only researches on land-use restructuring for residential land and urban public land. 4. Overview of research Until now the researches on land-use structure are only considered as small-scale studies , are scattered in the research subjects relevant and almost no work to study details, specific about land-use structure. Economics Vice Dortor Thesis of author Le Van Nap, 1994 research project "Application of simulation methods to select the optimal midland land-use structure, take Vinh Phuc and Ha Bac province as example". However, this research favors of using a simulation method, estimating, imagining a plan on specific land-use structure to assess the effecient of land-use and scope of studies just evaluates the productivity and output of land-use in agricultural production industry. Author Tran An Phong in "Assessing the current state of land-use in country in view of ecological and sustainable development" - Agricuture Publishing House, 1995 studied land for three years from 1992 to 1994, assessed the land-use and ecological point of view sustainable development in terms of dominant characteristics of soil fertility, current land-use, based on the division of ecological agriculture of land-use reasonably. Thesis Agricuture Vice Dortor "Review on service-oriented land planning to improve the efficiency of agricultural land-use in Dai Tu district, Thai Nguyen province" by Doan Cong Quy in 2001, the research direction is in favor of the application of ruleswizard land assessment by FAO, UNESCO proposed to carry out land evaluation of a scientific basis for district planning and land-use of this district, to facilitate socio-economic development in comprehensively and effectively. Agicuture Vice Dortor Thesis about "Review on land planned to improve the efficiency of agricultural land-use Gia Lam District Red River Delta" by Vu Thi Binh in 1995 also has similar study oritentation of the effects assumed on assessing land-use in agriculture production areas. So, we can say so far, these researches on land evaluation and new land-use structure only stop at assessing the ability of land-use in agriculture, almost no research pratices fully on land-use efficiency in all sectors of the economy The process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas and the impact of this process on society, the Economics Dortor Thesis of Pham Hung "Switch rural economic structure in the direction of industrialization and modernization in Southeast now "- Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics and in 2001, the Economics Dortor Thesis of Pham An Ninh 1999 on" Trends in restructuring agricultural economic sector in the process of industrialization and modernization in Dong Nai ", Economics Dortor Thesis of Nguyen Van Phat 2004 on "Restructuring economic sector in Thua Thien Hue towards industrialization and modernization " just stops at the principal research of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas: economic restructuring. As for research on the impact of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas, almost only studies on trend of shifting economic structure, employment structure, employment, capital structure, urbanization as Sociology Dortor Thesis "the relationship between population and employment in rural Red River delta in the process of industrialization and modernization" of Dang Xuan Thao 2000, Philosophy Vice Dortor Thesis of ZhengCardinal "Trend changes in class structure in the industrialization and modernization in country today" in 1996, Doctor Philosophy thesis of the author Nguyen Ngoc Son "Human resources in rural industrialization and modernization in our country - characteristics and development trends", book" Employment of farmers in Red River Delta in process of industrialization and modernization "by authors Bui Thi Ngoc Lan as editor- political theory publisher in 2007. So far, there are not any researches on the shift of land-use structure under influence of the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Therefore, the selection of research problem in this thesis is a new direction in course of my research, the selection of research really stems from practical needs. 5. The research methods This thesis uses research methods such as meta-analysis method, statistics, quantitative information collection, comparison analysis, assessing the situation to find the cause, forecasting, systematic analysis method, inductive-interpretive research method. 6. The new contribution of the thesis: New contributions in academic, theoretical aspects: - Agriculture and rural industrialization and modernization is not only an evitable trend in the process of rural development but also factor leading to the conversion of land-use purpose from agricultural production to non-agricultural business production, land for developing infrastructures and urban areas. In turns, the conversion of land-use purpose has important role in restructuring and distributing socio-economic activities towards the direction of agriculture and rural industrialization and modernization. - In the early stages of industrialization process, the conversion of land-use purpose is usually from agricultural production purpose to non-agricultural production purpose; then at the latter stages, it is about changing land-use structure within each industry and altering the land usage from the width- which is scale- to the depth- which is to improve land productivity. - The relationship between the proportion of land-use for each industry and the proportion of each industry’s contribution to economy is positive but not fixed. In fact, this ratio will change depending on each stage in industrialization process. In the early stages, the rate of change in the proportion of land is often faster than the rate of change in each industry contribution’s proportion; but then, the former decreases while the latter increases in the direction of growing industrial contribution and gradually shifting to raise the service sector and reduce agricultural sector. New findings, proposals drawn from the research, survey results of the thesis - This thesis points out that the industrialization and modernization process in Red River Delta over recent years has promoted restructuring land-use from agricultural purpose to non- agricultural purpose, especially in some provinces which has traditional strength in agricultural production. The growth rate in the proportion of land for developing industrial zones and service and trading areas was high, it also means that proportion of land for industry and service and trade in areas which had developed industries and trade service hold high proportion of contribution to economy. Therefore, in order to raise industrial and service- trading contribution to economic structure in Red River Delta region, it should increase land productivity of existing industrial and service land, without increasing acreage. Land-use for developing infrastructure is still low, especially for transport and health. The proportion of land-use for living and public activities in urban areas is not high but the growth rate of urban land is exceeding that of urbanization. - The reason for restructuring land-use is unreasonable and unable to promote effectively the process of agriculture and rural industrialization and modernization due to: the work of planning was inadequate; laws and policies about conversion of land purpose did not have solid economic foundation; plans for developing industrial zones in provinces was not good enough; did not take care seriously about infrastructure development. - Direction to 2020 for restructuring land-use for provinces located in Red River Delta region in the process of agriculture and rural industrialization and modernization are: For the best provinces in agriculture and rural industrialization and modernization process, they need to reduce and gradually stop the restructuring land-use from paddy cultivated purpose to industrial and trading- service purpose; need to concentrate in investing and exploring effectiveness and productivity of existing industrial land and trading- service land. For the less good provinces in agriculture and rural industrialization and modernization process, they need to rearrange the ineffective agricultural land, investing in infrastructure to attract industrial activities; do not change paddy cultivated land and land which is favorable for agricultural production into non- agricultural land. Plans for using land to develop infrastructure should be preferential. The process of transferring land for urban development should be suitable with procedure and the rate of urbanization. CHAPTER 1. SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF LAND-USE RESTRUCTURING IN THE INDUSTRIALIZATION – MODERNIZATION OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS 1.1 The concept of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas and land-use restructuring for industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas 1.1.1 Industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas 1.1.1.1 The concept of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas This section explains the concept of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas of various authors, from which builds a particular concept for the thesis. From the definition of industrialization and modernization in the Resolution of the Central Conference VII in 1994 to the concept in the book "The main measures to promote industrialization and modernization of agriculture, rural areas in the Red River Delta" by Prof. Dr. Nguyen Dinh Phan – as chief editor showed adherence of the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture, rural areas. Industrialization and modernization show two different aspects of approaches to the same process. Industrialization and modernization are not only similar, related to each other; but also different, independent of each other. By studying the rural area views on industrialization and modernization of agriculture of the various authors, the thesis draws particular concept is: Industrialization and modernization of agriculture is the process of changing traditional agriculture into modern agriculture from which to make fundamental changes in the nature of production, the structure of production, forms of production management. Industrialization and modernization of agriculture is the process of restructuring rural economy by increasing the percentage of value of labor and product of services and industry sectors; gradually reducing the value of labor and agriculture product; building social and economic infrastructure, planning rural development, protecting ecological environmental; reorganizating production and building appropriate relations of production; building democratic and intelligent rural areas, constantly improving the material and cultural life of people in rural areas. 1.1.1.2 The objective inevitablity of industrialization and modernization of rural and agriculture areas The inevitablity of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas reflects in: Firstly, in economics: agriculture is an important sector. Through industrialization and modernization, the growth of agriculture and rural economy will create the foundation for industrial region and services developing; Secondly, in society: agriculture and rural areas create employment for the majority of the country's population, reduce unemployment, under- employment, increase income, living standards and destroy poverty, decrease the gap between rural and urban areas, to ensure social justice; Thirdly, in politics: agriculture is the area to ensure food security, social and political stability. Industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas is indispensable to create the boom in productivity, qualification of agricultural product and forthly, in ecological environment, industrialization and modernization directs production in managing an appropriate land-use structure, greening barren hills, controlling erosion so the environment is protected. 1.1.2 Land-use structure and land-use restructuring 1.1.2.1 Concept of land-use structure The distribution in using land resources in developing sectors, fields in economy forms land-use structure. Land-use structure is the relationship between the rate of land-used in different purposes and the entire land in the process of socio-economic development. A land- use structure is always associated with specific space and time conditions and it is not a static and invariant system. A reasonable land-use structure must meet the requirements in accordance with the natural conditions, socio-economic development of each region, meet the requirements of process developing economic sectors and provide increasing socio-economic efficiency, shift towards progress to exploit advantages and potential of local economy. 1.1.2.2 Land-use restruturing Land-use restruturing is the process of movement, change of different types of land, which changes position, correlation and relationships, interactions between types of land under the influence of socio-economic factors and other conditions. This restructuring process requires a time-consuming and experiencing different sequential steps to achieve ultimate goal - an overall rational and harmonious combined constituent parts. Characterized of land-use restructuring is that land-use structure is formed and develops objectively, historical, social, not an arbitrary and rigid system but a system of parts is paired reasonably, flexibly and always moves, restructures with natural variation of the conditions, socio-economic and technological innovation; unclosed and increasingly associated with the process of rural economic restructuring, the process of labor division and international cooperation and land-use structure formed and perfected in competitive cooperation in the market mechanism with state management. 1.2 Relationship between land-use restructuring and industrialization and modernization of rural and agriculture areas In the first group of factors is the resources for industrialization and modernization, land is the main resource in terms of quantity and value. The land-use restructuring appears in all stages of the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. In the process of economic restructuring, the industry structure changes leading to demand for land-use in these sectors also varies. In the second group of factors affecting industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas, infrastructure is an important condition for the implementation of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. The infrastructure development in the process of industrialization and modernization will contribute to change the demand for infrastructure changing land-use struture. 1.2.1 Land-use structure and economic restructuring 1.2.1.1. Land-use structure and restructuring of economic sectors In the Industrialization and modernization process, any economic industry also has demand of land. Industrialization and modernization has changed the economic structure from mainly based on agriculture into based on industries and services. Industrial and services development is the cause of increasing demand for land of these industries and the growth and development of agriculture has pushed the development of non-agriculture activities and is the cause of land-use restructuring from agriculture producing to non-agriculture one. Besides, science, engineering and technology develop leading to higher agricultural production and food supply, the demand for land-use for agricultural production reduced creating redundant land area for agriculture and part of this area will be absorbed by the non- agricultural sectors. Relationship between land-use structure and economic structure is reflected that the economic restructuring renews social labor division with declining trends in agriculture, demand for agricultural land-use decreases and the contrary demand happens in industry and services To measure the relationship between land-use structure and economic structure, a system of indicators have been proposed in order to compare the proportion of the area and proportion of each sector's total production value, compared to the growth (reduction) land- use with growth rate of each sector's total production value to see the amount of land that the economic sector is using as well as the productivity of the land contributing to the total production value of each sector. - The formula to calculate the proportion of Land-use structure and economic structure: + Proportion of area of land for industries= %100x landarea Xlandarea (1.1 - 1.3) + Proportion of total production value in economic industries = %100x ctionvaluetotalprodu tionvalueotalproducXindustryt (1.4 - 1.6) - The formula to calculate the percentage increasing (decreasing) of land-used for industry and total production value of the economic sector: + Percentage increasing (decreasing) in land sector X = (1.7 - 1.9) + The rate of increasing total production value of sector X = (1.10- 1.12) 1.2.1.2 Land-use structure and restructuring sub-sectors in agriculture The process of land-use restructuring in internal agriculture has gone through three main period. The first period: the agricultural production with the type of production mainly for craft, backward, small-scale food production, catering mainly for life needs of producers; the second period: agricultural production diversification, besides food production also developing other crops and livestock. The third is agriculture continues to restrucutre towards agriculture based on trade, specialized in large-scale production and the production areas of specialization. To measure the relationship between land-use structure in internal agriculture and sub- sector restructuring in agriculture, the indicators are designed to compare the proportion of land area and proportion of each sub-sector of agriculture, compare constant increasing (decreasing) speed in land-use area with the rate of increasing total production value of each sub-sectors to see the amount of land sub-sectors using and productivity of each sub-sector. The formula to calculate proportion of land-use structure and total production value of sub- sector structure in agriculture is: - Proportion of land sub-sector agriculture: + Proportion of land sub-sector agricultureX = (1.13 - 1.17) - Proportion of primary industry agriculture: + Proportion of primary industry agriculture X = (1.18 - 1.22) 1.2.2 Non-agricultural land-use restructuring and infrastructure development Industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas develops socio- economic infrastructure, which changes demand well as land-use structure for the development of infrastructure such as transport, irrigation, health, education, culture, sports. On the other hand, infrastructure development is also the condition to implement industrialization and modernization. Formula to quantify the relationship between the area of land-use and infrastructure development are provided for the purpose of evaluating the number and speed of increasing land-use currently for infrastructure development as well as assessing the appropriate standard of infrastructure land that people are currently using. + Proportion of infrastructure area X= (1.23, 1.26, 1.28, 1.31, 1.34, 1.37, 1.40) + Increasing percentage of land area of infrastructure X= (1.24, 1.29, 1.32, 1.35, 1.38, 1.41) + The average land infrastructure X / people = (1.25, 1.30, 1.33, 1.36, 1.39, 1.42) 1.2.3 Land-use restruturing and urbanization Urbanization is the process of urban population growth making demand of urban land- use increasing. Urbanization is the process of expanding urban space, architectural space. The expansion of urban changes structure between urban land and rural land. To quantify the relationship between the structure of land-use and urbanization, a system of indicators are also given to compare the growth rate of population and residential land and urban public land - In terms of population: + Proportion of urban population (urbanization of population) = (1.43) + Rate of urban population growth = (1.44) - In terms of urban land: + The proportion of land area (CC land) urban= (1.45,1.47) + The rate of increase in land (public land) urban= (1.46,1.48) 1.3. Experience land-use restructuring in the process of industrialization and modernization of some countries and territories Experience from countries with relatively similar conditions with Vietnam in land-use restructuring process, Vietnam will have some lessons like ensure food security issues first and then continue making policies related to land-use restructuring; land-use restructuring necessarily derived from agriculture, taking agriculture as the foundation for the next steps in this process; as for land redundant from agricultural production sector, priority is given to allocate the export industry and rural cottage; increasing production and business activities of rural non-agricultural production to take advantage and attracting resources and labor, rural capital surplus to non-agricultural production activities; allocating land for infrastructure development during land-use restructuring. CHAPTER 2. REALITY OF LAND USE STRUCTURING IN THE PROCESS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS IN RED RIVER DELTA 2.1 Natural, economic, social conditions of Red River Delta Advantage of the location is having Hanoi, the center of the country, the focal point for traffic should be the starting point faster than other regions in the implementation process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Region also has great natural condition in food and fruit production. With high educational level, areas with good access to acquire science and technology and the application of science and technology in economic development, economic restructuring and land-use struture. The strength of the economy, production and business activities in all three economic sectors. In areas, having many traditional industries is an advantage to develop the rural insdustrial handicraft sector, implement effectively rural economic restructuring as well as regional land-use struture. The economic structure is gradually shifting to the share of agriculture accounting for less than 10% of the total total production value of economy, which facilitates the process of land-use restruturing to meet the needs of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Mineral resource areas with the potential for large-scale exploitation is the basis to land-use restruturing planning for the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. In the process of economic development and rural economic restructuring, Red River Delta has its limitations, difficulties such as: the economic structure of the region is mainly agricultural production, including rice production is the main, the average area of land per capita is low so the rural economic restructuring is urgent but jobs pressures, crop yields are in conflict with labor productivity, the goods production rate is lower than in other regions. High population density, low average land area per person are obstacles to the convert land for other purposes to serve the needs of industrialization and modernization. Economic restructuring was slow to limit speed of land-use restruturing. People are still less active, thought still relying on business practices in a number of local backward. The layout of the industrial zones has not been considered carefully in the general appearance of the whole region, infrastructure for industrial zones, urban areas are limited influence on the life of the people. The transition from agriculture to non-agriculture land is not considered carefully. 2.2 Reality of land-use restructuring in the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas in River Delta in recent years 2.2.1 Land-use struture and regional economic restructuring in Red River Delta 2.2.1.1 Land-use struture and economic restructuring of Red River Delta compared with the whole country Stituation of the proportion of area and total production value of the economic sectors of Red River Delta compared with the whole country in 2010 is described in the tables. The table shows the Red River Delta region has outstanding advantage of the use of land for agriculture purpose so opportunity cost of land-use restruturing from agricultural land to non-agricultural one is larger than the other regions. On the other hand, the productivity of using industrial and service&trading land is still low without prominent position in the non-agricultural sector. Therefore, the conversion of land to develop industry or service&trading in Red River Delta need considering more carefully. In short term, attention should be paid to investment and exploitation more efficient use of land forservice and trading and industry to enhance production efficiency and improve productivity of land-use. 2.2.1.2 Land-use restruturing and economic structure of Red River Delta Economic structure gradually shifted towards industry - service&trading - agriculture. Agricultural total production value has increased in size but proportion of total production value and proportion of land-use is declining. Although the proportion of industry decreases gradually, industry does not increase the size of actual width but still holds land conversion from agriculture to industrial development strongly. Service&trading has set target to be a fast growing industry, so land for developing business of service&trading on this stage also increases rapidly. However, due to the low proportion (less than 1%), and increases more than twice times, the proportion of the area is still very low. 2.2.2 Some conclusions drawn from the study of the relationship between land-use restruturing and economic structure of Red River Delta Through researching real relationship between land-use restruturing and economic structure of Red River Delta, the conclusions drawn are: - The trend of economic restructuring in Red River Delta is in compliance with the inevitable trend of the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas, the proportion of agriculture is low in economic structure. - Land-use struture Red River Delta has tended to move positively in the direction of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas with the scale and proportion of agricultural land declining, the proportion of land for industry and service&trading increasing gradually in land-use struture. This trend is consistent with the general rule, but the movement speed is relatively slow. - In land-use struture of Red River Delta, agricultural land is still accounted for mainly in land-use struture but tends to decrease. In the proportion of agricultural land area, types of area having most reduction is rice land, the proportion of area in use of other agriculture increases, particularly land for annual crops, perennial crops and fisheries. - Speed of economic restructuring over years is not similar and tends to decrease. Productivity of land-use for industry and service&trading are higher than agriculture many times. - Agriculture land-use productivity of Red River Delta is rather high whereas industrial and service&trading land-use productivity is low. Because agriculture land-use efficiency of this area is highest so the land-use purpose transition from agriculture to non-agriculture has more opportunity cost than other areas. - The land-use purpose transition from agriculture to non-agriculture of this area need thinking carefully and the focus of non-agriculture land using has purpose to strengthen investment, using the existing non-agriculture land fund to improve non-agriculture land-use efficiency. It is not necessary to planing more area for industry and service&trading. Stituation of haphazard planning of industrial zones and high empty rate in industrial zone in Red River Delta makes less effective use of industrial zones. The purpose conversion of land-use from agriculture to non-agriculture of the region should be considered carefully and the focus of the non-agricultural land-use must set target to increase investment, minimizing non-agricultural land to improve efficiency of current non-agricultural land fund but not planning of expanding service&trading and industrial land. 2.2.3 Land-use restruturing and economic structure in Red River Delta provinces Trend of land-use restruturing and economic structure in each province is divided into three separate groups. Group 1: The leading province in implementing industrialization and modernization in the region (Hanoi, Hai Phong); Group 2: The province is in the midst of the process of industrialization and modernization with fast and powerful speed (Vinh Phuc, Bac Ninh, Hai Duong); Group 3: the last province in the process of industrialization and modernization of the region, the process of new industrialization in the early stage is still agricultural in nature (Ha Nam, Nam Dinh, Thai Binh, Ninh Binh). Through analyzing situation of land-use restruturing of provinces in Red River Delta, it can be summed up some problems as following: Agriculture: The provinces has a relatively high proportion of agriculture (group 2), the rate declining of the proportion of agriculture and the share of agriculture land more quickly, reducing the proportion of agricultural land area has stronger impact on reducing proportion of agriculture compared to the provinces low proportion agriculture (group 1). Areas where the proportion of agriculture is the absolute proportion (the agricultural provinces, group 3) hardly appears the relationship between reducing the proportion of the agricultural land scale and changing proportion of total production value of agriculture. Industry: Trend of land-use restruturing and economic structure of industrial activities take place in two directions. Proportion of insdustrial land area increases rapidly in all provinces but industrial proportion decreases in the provinces of group 1, while the provinces of group 2, the economic structure is still positive shift toward industry- service&trading- agriculture. For the provinces of group 3, the proportion of total production value and the proportion of land area of industrial activities also increases. Service&trading: the provinces orientated of economic restructuring and service&trading- industry- agriculture belonging to group 1, the proportion of the total production value and the proportion of land area of service&trading sector growing fastest. The provinces of group 2 is focusing on the development of industry with the proportion of the total value of service&trading production decreases slightly, however, the proportion of land area has increased moderately. For the provinces of group 3, the proportion of the total value of service&trading production have increased slightly but the proportion of service&trading land increases at the lowest level compared to other provinces. Productivity of using land : Through research the process of land-use restruturing at provinces in Red River Delta, the general comments drawn is: Provinces in group 1 should not continue the conversion process of land-use purposes from agricultural to non-agricultural land due to efficiency of using industrial and service&trading land of provinces is still low. The provinces in group 2 should maintaine and stabilize remaining agricultural land, not expand the area of land for the development of non-agricultural sector, however, if necessary, continue conversing but consider carefully both land position for the conversion and the opportunity cost of the process of land-use purposes conversion; provinces in group 3 should continue the process of land-use purposes conversion from agriculture to industry and service&trading. In the future, Red River Delta need to limit further planning of industrial zones, should only exploit to fill the existing industrial zones quickly, focus on infrastructure investment to supply for already planned industrial zones to increase productivity and efficiency of land-use for industry of area. 2.2.4 Internal agricultural sector restructuring and agricultural land restructuring In recent years, agricultural economic structure has shifted in a positive direction, the proportion of total value of crop production sector tends to decrease, the proportion of total value of livestock and fisheries increases in agricultural production structure. Trend for province in group 3 that planting is still larger proportion compared with other provinces in terms of total production and area. For the provinces in group 2, although still high proportion but crops are reducing their role both in total value and production area and instead the increasingly important role of livestock in economic structure and land-use struture. However, the livestock industry is no need to use large areas of land but the structure of the earth is moving very slowly. To develop the fisheries sector, for coastal areas should take advantage of natural conditions and incentives in addition to increase the area of fisheries, it is necessary to increase the means of catching, preservation. For the inland provinces, the key conditions is increasing the water surface for fisheries. Provinces with low productivity should continue investment to exploit on existing aquatic land and need to carefully consider the scale of the new aquatic area. The selection of location in master planing to serve industrialization and modernization hasn't got enough attention. Much land area which has good soil for agriculture production had transited to other land-use purpose, especially to build industrial parks, which has low land-use efficiency, high opportunity cost. 2.3 Situation of land-use restruturing for the development of rural infrastructure Although infrastructure of Red River Delta is still missing and incomplete but has also developed in recent years and land for infrastructure of Red River Delta tend to increase. Land for transport is accounted for the highest proportion of land-use struture but has the slowest growth rate in infrastructure land, followed by the land for culture and sports. Type of land has fastest growth is land for energy and media transmission. Aquatic land tends to decrease gradually. However, due to declining agricultural land, the irrigation area structure / area of arable land is increasing rapidly. Although infrastructure of Red River Delta is regarded as the most developing compared to other parts of the country, the area of land devoted to growing infrastructure (except land for irrigation), but the average infrastructure area land per person of Red River Delta is lower than the requirements of the land-use regulations for infrastructure. Only one province achieves the very bottom in a few targets for land-use infrastructure. Type of land that the lower provinces reach furthest from norms of land-use in the provinces is land for healthcare. Land for healthcare area per capita of Red River Delta is lower than the norms of land-use planning pretty far and this will be the type of land to expand most and with the highest level in the future. Transportation is also a problem is posed for the planning of land-use, especially in large urban areas and this is the kind of infrastructure needed to expand more area in the future . 2.4 Situation of land-use struture shift according to the degree of urbanization Red River Delta region has the largest population size and highest population density in the country. The provinces have a higher rate of urbanization in both population and area of the local group 1, in other provinces, the urbanization rate is relatively uniform. The provinces in group 3 with the proportion of the urban population and land the lowest in the region. Through data analysis on urban land structure and population structure, some remarks are drawn as follows: The land-use criterions are imbalanced compared to the actual needs and norm of land-use in plan especially for land for construction of socio-economic infrastructure of the region. Land structure in urban and rural areas still have a gap compare with the structure of the urban and rural population. Only public land structure step ahead the urban and rural population structure , however, the scale of public land has yet to be determined in accordance with the land-use plan. In the process of urbanization, urban land structure move more slowly than urban public land structure and growth rate of residential and public land surpassed growth rate of urban population . However, in different locations, the speed of development has different levels . 2.5 Assessment land-use restructure in the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture rural Red River Delta 2.5.1 The results 2.5.1.1 Land-use restructure is the foundation for development and economic restructuring. On trend of land-use restructure and the economic structure : In the period 2004 - 2010, the Red River Delta economic structural shift in a positive way, consistent with the trend of industrialization and modernization of agriculture rural on going strong in our country. The economic structure of the region is relatively reasonable. The economic structure is always one step ahead shifting from agriculture to non-agricultural production sectors and after a time adapt,at last 'land-use structure' shift follow transformation of the economic restructure trend. However, land-use restructure play a role of a factor affected by economic restructuring trends, and then promoting factors, impact back to trends and speed restructuring economy. Agriculture has reduced in the proportion of the total value of production but the scale is still growing, the efficiency of agricultural production of the region is still increase. industrial sector but still the highest proportion in the economy, but this proportion is declining and make room for trade and services sector. Trends of land-use purpose conversion from agriculture to non-agriculture is still going strong. However, the speed shifting economic structure and local land-use restructure have a significant difference. Productivity in using land, the productivity of the agricultural land of the Red River Delta is higher than other areas but the effect of industrial and trade and services land is lower than the average of nation especially Southeast and the Mekong Delta. Therefore, the conversion of land-use from agricultural to non-agricultural areas should be considered carefully and the focus of the using of non-agricultural land must be set is the target to increase investment, exploitation of non-agricultural land-use to improve the efficiency of the existing non-agricultural land,shouldn't plan to expand trade and services and industrial land. However, the productivity of land-use at the local level have differ markedly so that the process switch land-use restructure in the different localities will go in different directions. On land-use restructure trends and economic structure within the agricultural sector: the total value of output of crops and livestock still account for a major proportion of the total value of agricultural production, fisheries account for only a proportion of small. the total value of crop production and land area still accounts for a major proportion in economic and land-use restructure structure but tend to decline. the total value of livestock production and land area accounts for a significant proportion in the structure of the total value of agricultural production and the proportion of it is increasing in trend. Livestock has low density in area, more productive than arable land, so the needs of conversion of land-use purpose from other types of agricultural land into land for livestock certainly is being set in the process of land- use restructure in all the provinces of the Red River Delta. 2.5.1.2 Land-use restructure has set the stage for development of social infrastructure Infrastructure Red River Delta has developed strongly in recent times. The proportion of land area and land / person for energy transmission and communication has increased at a faster rate. Red River Delta irrigation system was built relatively complete and stable agricultural production to better service for agriculture in the area, but the location of parts of the Red River Basin. However the scale and structure of irrigation land decreased but compared to the cultivated land, the irrigated area is still guaranteed. The scale and proportion of land area transportation, education and training,medical, culture and sports continued to increase over the years in all the provinces in the Red River Delta area. In urban centers, the proportion of land infrastructure have higher degree than the other provinces. However, compared with the norm of infrastructure land-use regulations for the Red River Delta, there is no local excess almost of the upper pole of infrastructure indicator. In many types of infrastructure lack much of land for traffic area , especially urban, health, sports in all provinces. In general, the trend of land-use restructure in the future of the Red River Delta province is stable proportion of the area of energy transmission infrastructure and communications, irrigation area, to increase the area in the infrastructure for education, culture, health, sports to meet and exceed the norms of land-use of these types of infrastructure as prescribed. 2.5.1.3 Land-use restructure has accelerated the process of urbanization and the formation of new modern urban areas. New urban was constructed, expanded and upgraded . Thus, in the process of urbanization, urban land structure in the Red River Delta is lower than the population structure. Only public land structure step ahead the urban and rural population structure , however, the scale of public land has yet to be determined in accordance with the land-use plan. Urban land structure move more slowly than urban public land structure and growth rate of residential and public land surpassed growth rate of urban population . However, in different locations, the speed of development has different levels . 2.5.2 The problem Beside the achievement during land-use restructure meet the needs of industrialization and modernization in agricultural and rural areas, the existence, shortcomings is still much. Firstly, the partition plan of socio-economic development the Red River Delta is not good. move speed is very slow. no synchronization between the different local. economic structure untapped the potential and the strength of the region's land, not really associated with land-use restructure of the region. Secondly,planning too much industrial park has taken away a lot of agricultural land of farmers make agricultural surplus labor to put the burden on infrastructure, life and employment to urban areas. On the other hand, industrial park planning not attract business, efficiency of industrial land-use is lower than other regions. Thirdly, the proportion of agriculture land, especially farm land, which has been transited to other land-use purposes hasn't got really effective. It is not contribute to total production value as high as the old industrial and trading & services that existed before 2004. The value of agricultural production is lost due to conversion of land use purpose is still great and this is the opportunity cost of the restructuring land use. Fourthly, the planning too much industrial parks and take more agriculture land from farmers created labor surplus and put the burden on infrastructure, on the life and work of the urban area. On the other hand, industrial parks are not attract business, industrial land-use efficiency is lower than other regions. Industrial land area increased significantly, while the proportion which contribute to total production value is not growing. The industrial park planning fall into abandoned, low fill rate. Fifthly, the industrial production developed but the speed is slow and unstable. Trade and services sector has grown, but the speed is very slow in terms of total value of production and land-use. Agricultural activities has fragmentary nature, there is little centralized specialized production model . Sixthly, the land-use restructure, especially the recovery of agricultural land is causing political instability in a number of local social, where conversion policies do not adequately for people. Sevenly, land acquisition for the development of non-agricultural sector and land-use restructure is increasing the gap between rich and poor in the rural area. Because it is not prepared well in all aspects so part of the farmers whose land was procured are unemployed or underemployed, compensation is not used for the right purposes, waste or low efficiency, internal conflict in family and social problems have opportunities to arise and develop . Eighthly, land for cultural, educational, medical, has not been satisfactory and reasonable layout, many shrinking due to encroachment to use for other purposes. Ninthly, although urban land area has grown rapidly in recent times but still can not meet the needs of urban land use and urbanization rate. Urban residential and public land area still unbalanced compared to the population and indicators of urban land using. This is one of the main causes that make up the urban land rush is the cause of instability in the real estate market in particular, in the whole economy in general. 2.5.3 The cause of the problem - Planning land-use , urban development , residential spread, lacking of detailed planning; unstable often have to adjust, the legality of the plan is being violated in the implementation from both citizens and state agencies. Because of the demand socio-economic development have to continue to convert agricultural land for the purpose of expanding and developing industrial, services, constructing infrastructure and developing urban zones areas, Which sometime is force majeure. However, this change which has not been considered carefully in the whole region in the general . The renovating, building of urban and rural population is still lacks of economic, technical plan. - In land use planning, the selection of the location has not been adequate attention, not attention choice areas which locate in non favor location for development of agriculture production, in oder to transite to other land-use purposes but still convert all kinds of good land, fertile soil to use for other purposes so total agriculture production value significantly affected while the high opportunity cost. - The transition of land from agriculture to other purposes in some areas have not been considered carefully in the general appearance of the whole region is a problem which need to be amended. The planning of industrial zones, export processing zones and urban land in agriculture land in general and rice land in particular, is not reasonable and not link to the land using demand of industrial zones. Industrial zones are often located close to the traffic obstruction, which cause congestion and traffic accidents. Many agriculture land area in general and rice land in particular are near the industrial zones, export processing zones which cause environmental pollution. Agricultural land lost impact on jobs and the lives of farmers. Post-recovery activities was not enough. - Due to the topography, agricultural land plots are small and scattered, difficult to create large-growing region in the direction of industrialization. - It was difficult to access to funding of agricultural producers to switch into producing large-scale specialized . - The cause of the prolonged complaints during land-use restructure is because the local agency used to base on administrative power, enact land recovery decision as a mandate to force people to follow. - Using chemicals in agricultural production activities has been the reason of reducing the number of many types of beneficial organisms, declining biodiversity, emergence of resistant pests All these measures are more or less impact on the environment. - Because of the formation and development of farms which combine perennial crops and livestock, poultry and seafood that is still lack of planning makes some specific region were polluted . CHAPTER 3. DIRECTION AND SOLUTION TO SHIFTING LAND-USE STRUCTURE SERVING THE PURPOSES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION IN RED RIVER DELTA REGION 3.1. Direction, objectives of industrialization and modernization of Red River Delta 3.1.1. Directions to implement industrialization and modernization of Red River Delta Economic restructuring of Red River Delta, service&trading becomes sector occupying the largest proportion in the region's economy as well the biggest growth rate in the three sectors - agriculture, industry and trade. Industry is the second largest proportion in the economy. The development of these industries and cottage industries need to focus on developing rural industries strongly with the advantages of the traditional village producing handicraft. Agriculture, reduces on the proportion but still increases in scale of value produced in the economy, maintaining its role as the second granary of the country. Red River Delta must develop to ensure food security for the whole North. Infrastructure, urban infrastructure and rural development are increasingly invested and built in a coordinated and modern way. The communication network system is linked to connect urban and rural areas. Information and communications infrastructure system, power, water supply network and other public facilities to meet the requirements of socio-economic development and the increasing needs of the people. Urbanization, continuing extending urban in terms of area and population to accelerate urbanization process, increase urban land-use, especially residential land and public land. 3.1.2.The goal of implementing industrialization and modernization of Red River Delta by 2020. The overall objective of the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas in Red River Delta is the high-speed economic development, economic structure increasingly shifting toward a more rational structure, infrastructure development meeting requirements of production and people's life. Economic restructuring must be tied to land-use restructuring, to create conditions for economic growth. 3.1.2.1 The objective of socio-economic development of the region by 2020 - Population projections to 2020: 20137.85 thousand people (100%), of which: + Urban Population: 10919.90 thousand, accounting for 54.23% of the population. + Rural Population: 9217.95 thousand, accounting for 45.77% of the population. - The increase in gross domestic product (GDP) for the period 2011 - 2020 an average per year of 11-13%, of which: + Industry: 12-14%. + Services: 12-14%. + Agriculture: 2 - 3% - The economic structure of GDP by 2020 (100%): + Industry - Construction: 43.5%. + Services: 51.1%. + Agriculture: 5.4% - Region's GDP accounted for 25 -26% of the country, including: + Industry - Construction: 22.7%. + Services: 28.4%. + Agriculture: 15.6% - GDP (at constant prices of 1994) reaches 316,531 billion VNð (of which agriculture, forestry, fisheries: 18,006 billion VNð; industry, construction: 152,380 billion VNð and services: 146,146 billion VNð). - GDP per capita (constant prices): 1,897.4 USD; 3.09 times as compared to 2005 and by 108% of the average GDP per capita. {2, appendix} - The economic structure shifted towards increasing the proportion of industry and services, reducing the proportion of agriculture 3.1.2.2 Goals developing infrastructure - As for transport, upgrade and build new roads to meet the needs of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas - As for the construction of infrastructure and urban development, the Red River Delta focuses on increasing investment to build irrigation systems, dykes and synchronous infrastructure, develop modern civilized urban and rural areas. For urban development, the Red River Delta will form new urban chain, modernize big cities such as Hanoi, Hai Phong, Ha Long, Nam Dinh and other cities, towns. Building the system of small and medium-sized satellite towns to reduce pressure focused on large urban population, associated with the construction of new countryside. 3.2 Orientation and objective of land-use restrucutring supplying for requirements of industrialization and modernization of Red River Delta by 2020 3.2.1 Orientation of land-use restrucutring supplying for requirements of industrialization and modernization of Red River Delta by 2020 Economic restructuring trends of the Red River Delta in the period 2011 - 2020 is agriculture increasing in size but continuing to reduce the proportion in the economy, the service&trading sector developing with the fastest speed and becoming the largest proportion, economic structure tilting to the non-agriculture sector with a share of nearly 95%. To meet the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas and achieve growth targets, land-use structure need to exercise to suit with the socio-economic conditions of the region. To meet the requirements of industrialization and modernization, land-use area in industrial and services activities continues to increase faster. For agriculture, review and revise the planning of industrial, urban and service fields to protect rice land strictly and limited to maximum conversion of rice to ensure national food security and contribute to world food security. Fisheries in the Red River Basin need to develop rapidly, comprehensively, integratedly and sustainably; exploitating coupled with aquaculturing, developing sustainably in three areas: freshwater-brackish-saline. Infrastructure, infrastructure development direction is to further strengthen the types of land for building infrastructure, especially land for transporting to reach the level of land-use for each type of facility in frastructure. Urban areas, besides two urban grade I Hanoi and Haiphong, the following grade-II cities were determined to invest in infrastructure: including Nam Dinh, Hai Duong, Thai Binh, Ninh Binh, Hung Yen, Phu Ly, Chi Linh, Bac Ninh, Viet Tri, Tam Diep. Plus, a series of satellite cities around Hanoi such as Mieu Mon, Hoa Lac, Xuan Mai, Son Tay, Vinh Yen, Soc Son will form. 3.2.2. Objetive of land-use restrucutring supplying for requirements of industrialization and modernization of Red River Delta by 2020 3.2.2.1 Land-use structure Economic sectors: Table 3.2: Objectives of economic restructuring and land-use restructuring by 2015 Unit: % Proportion of land area 2015 Proportion of land area 2020 Province Agricultur e Industr y Service& Trading Agricultur e Industr y Service&Tr ading Hanoi 55.94-56.3 2.76 0.93 60 – 60.5 2.76 1.09 Hai Phong 53.7-53.84 3.6 1.14 52.5-53.5 3.36 1.25-1.3 Vinh Phuc 69 2.45 0.9 65.5-67.5 2.45 1 Bac Ninh 58.15-58.5 5.06 0.5 58.15-58.5 5.06 0.5 Hai Duong 63.5-63.6 2.84 0.6 62.5-63 2.84 0.6 Hung Yen 62.8-63.15 2.01 0.41 62 2.01 0.41 Ha Nam 64.5 2.47 0.54 64.5 2.47 0.6 Nam ðinh 68.5 1.11 0.50 68.5 2.51 0.75 Thai Binh 60-62 0.71 0.44 60-62 1.81 0.44 Ninh Binh 64.5-66 1.72 0.78 64.5-66 1.72 0.78 Source: Author's calculations + Cultivation Table 3.3: Trends in shifting total production value of cultivation and the land area for cultivating in Red River Delta period 2011 - 2015 Unit: % Proportion of total production value of cultivation Proportion of the land area for cultivation Province 2010 2015 2010 2015 Red River Delta 58.66 52.74 77.11 75.50 Hanoi 56.11 54.85 80.77 79.23 Hai Phong 58.02 51.61 59.99 58.84 Vinh Phuc 45.22 31.83 58.04 54.53 Bac Ninh 52 45.66 88.15 87.29 Hai Duong 64.65 59.83 80.88 78.62 Hung Yen 57.95 49.54 91.31 90.47 Ha Nam 58.76 50.89 79.13 80.18 Nam ðinh 60.73 52.34 82.63 81.63 Thai Binh 61.38 55.22 83.3 78.71 Ninh Binh 68.78 65.62 63.3 59.06 Source: Author's calculations + Livestock sector Table 3.4: Trends in shifting total production value of livestock and the land area for livestock in Red River Delta period 2011 - 2015 Unit: % Proportion of total production value of livestock Proportion of the land area for livestock Province 2004- 2010 2010 2015 2004- 2010 2010 2015 Red River Delta 6.03 36.47 40.78 0.12 0.17 0.26 Hanoi 1.49 41.85 42.91 0.2 0.33 0.47 Hai Phong 8.25 39.01 44.90 0.09 0.17 0.23 Vinh Phuc 17.39 47.46 59.88 0.03 0.05 0.07 Bac Ninh 7.95 43.25 48.93 0.14 0.15 0.25 Hai Duong 5.52 31.25 35.19 0.02 0.03 0.04 Hung Yen 10.2 38.9 46.19 0.15 0.18 0.29 Ha Nam 9.31 37 43.65 0.36 0.36 0.62 Nam ðinh 11.03 36.19 44.07 0.04 0.11 0.14 Thai Binh 8.14 35.15 40.96 0.09 0.09 0.15 Ninh Binh 3.83 29.1 31.84 0.07 0.12 0.17 Source: Author's calculations + Fisheries sector Table 3.5: Trends in shifting total production value of fisheries and the land area for fisheries in Red River Delta period 2011 - 2015 Unit: % Proportion of total production value of fisheries Proportion of the land area for fisheries Province 2004- 2010 2010 2015 2004- 2010 2010 2015 Red River Delta 3.43 13.3 15.75 1 8.59 9.30 Hanoi 2.27 6.98 8.60 0.7 5.69 6.19 Hai Phong 1.41 21.65 22.66 1.16 14.21 15.04 Vinh Phuc 1.77 5.99 7.25 1.55 4.15 5.26 Bac Ninh 5.02 11.79 15.38 0.81 10.28 10.86 Hai Duong 5.21 12.19 15.91 0.96 8.77 9.46 Hung Yen 3.23 7.01 9.32 0.88 8.33 8.96 Ha Nam 2.46 9.05 10.80 1.41 12.5 13.50 [...]... modernization of agricultural and rural areas From research the situation of the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural area and process of restructuring land-use is going strong in the Red River Delta, the thesis points out the existence, limitations of the process of restructuring land-use in the area by research and explain the cause of the problems On the basis of theoretical . the process of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Increasingly strong competition between land-use for agriculture and non-of agriculture purposes, the trend of. size of actual width but still holds land conversion from agriculture to industrial development strongly. Service&trading has set target to be a fast growing industry, so land for developing. share of agriculture land more quickly, reducing the proportion of agricultural land area has stronger impact on reducing proportion of agriculture compared to the provinces low proportion agriculture