Preparation course for the University Entrance Exam  (Material collected and adapted from many coursebooks) TABLE OF CONTENTS  Unit 1 : TENSES 1 Unit 2: SEQUENCES OF TENSES IN ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME 11 Unit 3 : THE PASSIVE 14 Unit 4: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 15 Unit 5 : WISH CLAUSES 18 Unit 6 : REPORTED SPEECH (Câu tƣờng thuật) 20 Unit 7 : RELATIVE CLAUSES (Mệnh đề quan hệ) 28 Unit 8: CLEFT SENTENCES 32 Unit 9 : PHRASAL VERBS 33 Unit 10: MODAL VERBS 36 Unit 11 : PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT 36 Unit 12: CONNECTORS 38 Unit 13 : STRUCTURES OF “USE” 39 Unit 14: ARTICLES 40 Unit 15: QUESTIONS 41 Unit 16: PREPOSITIONS 42 Unit 17: EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY 49 Unit 18: POSITIVE & NEGATIVE AGREEMENT 50 Unit 19: CLAUSES AFTER AS IF, AS THOUGH, 51 Unit 20: INVERSION (đảo ngữ) 52 Unit 21 : WORD FORM 55 Unit 22: ADJECTIVES 57 Unit 23: SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT 60 Unit 24: NOUN CLAUSES 63 Unit 25: BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS 64 Unit 26: NON- FINITE VERBS 66 EXERCISES 69 1 Unit 1 : TENSES Summary of Verb tenses Simple present Present continuous Present perfect Present perfect continuous 1. nhận xét,cảm xúc ở hiện tại 2. chân lý 3. thói quen hằng ngày every…,always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely= seldom, never… * He/ She/ It + V-es/ -s ( +-es: -o,-ch,-x,-ss, -sh, -z) * I/ We/ You/ They + V 0 1. chuyện đang xảy ra ở hiện tại (right) now, at the moment, at this time, 2. câu mệnh lệnh: Look! He‟s swimming. 3. chuyện sắp xảy ra ở tương lai gần. He‟s going to HCM city tomorrow. * I am He/she /It is + V-ing We /You /They are 1. chuyện vừa xảy ra: JUST 2. chuyện xảy ra trong quá khứ một hay vài lần, không xác định rõ thời gian: ever, never,already,yet, recently, (or) several times… 3. chuyện quá khứ, biết rõ thời gian, nhưng thời gian đó chưa qua hết lúc nói: today, this ( week) 4. chuyện từ quá khứ đến hiện tại : since, for * He /she /It has I /We /You/ They have + V3/-ed Tương tự Present Perfect tense, nhưng để nhấn mạnh sự liên tục của hành động. Simple past Past continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect continuous 1. chuyện quá khứ, biết rõ thời gian nhưng cắt đứt với hiện tại: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last…,…ago , in 2002… 2. thói quen 1. chuyện đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm hay một khoảng thời gian xác định rõ trong quá khứ: while, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last…….,…ago, in 2002…+point or period of time * I / He/ She/ It was+ 1. chuyện xảy ra trước một thời điểm hay một hành động khác trong quá khứ.before, after, by the time, by (+ point of time in the past) * Had + V3/-ed Tương tự past perfect tense, nhưng để nhấn mạnh sự liên tục của hành động. 2 trong quá khứ: USED TO + infininitive * V2/-ed V-ing We /You/ They were Simple future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect continuous 1. chuyện xảy ra trong tương lai biết rõ thời gian: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next…, in (3 months), later, soon, in 2010. Note: không dùng Will/ Shall sau before, after, when, while, as soon as, until, since,if * Will + Vo 1. chuyện đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm hay một khoảng thời gian xác định rõ trong tương lai: while, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next…, in (3 months), later, soon, in 2010…+ point or period of time. *Will + be + V-ing 1. chuyện đang xảy ra trước một thời điểm hay một hành động khác trong tương lai: before, after, by the time, by (+ point of time in the future) Tương tự future perfect tense, nhưng để nhấn mạnh sự liên tục của hành động. SOME NOTES : I. PRESENT TIME BASIC CONTRASTS: PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS 1. Present simple generally refers to: - Facts that are always true. Ex: Water boils at 100 degree Celsius. - Habits. Ex: British people drink a lot of tea. - States. Ex: I don‟t like gangster films. 2. Present continuous generally refers to actions which are in progress at the moment. - These can be temporary. Ex: I‟m staying in a hotel until I find a flat. - They can be actually in progress. Ex: The dog is sleeping on our bed! - Or they can be generally in progress but not actually happening at the moment. Ex: I‟m learning to drive. 3. State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs =>describe a continuing state, so do not usually have a continuous form. Typical examples are: 3 believe, belong, consist, contain, doubt, fit, have, know, like, love, matter, mean, need, own, prefer, seem, suppose, suspect, understand, want, wish. 4. Some verbs have a stative meaning and a different active meaning. Typical examples are: Be, depend, feel, have, measure, see, taste, think, weigh Compare these uses: state event Jack is noisy. Deirdre has a Porsche. I think I like you! This fish tastes awful! I feel that you are wrong. This bag weighs a ton! It depends what you mean. Jill‟s being noisy. We‟re having an interesting conversation! David‟s thinking about getting a new job. I‟m just tasting the soup. I‟m feeling terrible. We‟re weighing the baby. Bill, I‟m depending on you to win this contract for us. The differences here apply to all tense forms, not just to present tense forms. Other uses of present continuous 1. Temporary situations Ex: Are you enjoying your stay here? 2. Repeated actions Ex: My car has broken down, so I am walking to work these days. 3. Complaints about annoying habits Ex: You are always making sarcastic remarks about my cooking! Other possible adverbs are: constantly, continually, forever. 4. With verbs describing change and development Ex: - The weather is getting worse! - More and more people are giving up smoking. Other uses of present simple 1. Making declarations Verbs describing opinion and feeling tend to be state verbs. Ex: a. I hope you‟ll come to my party. b. I bet you don‟t know the answer! c. I hereby declare this hospital open! 2. Headlines These are written in a “telegram” style, and references to the past are usually simplified to present simple. Ex: Ship sinks in midnight collision. 3. Instructions and itineraries Instructions and recipes can be written in present simple instead of inimperative forms. This style is more personal. Ex: First you roll out the pastry. Itineraries are descriptions of travel arrangements. Ex: On day three we visit Stratford-upon-Avon. 4. Summaries of events 4 Plots of stories, films etc., and summaries of historical events use present (and present perfect) verb forms. May 1945: The war in Europe comes to an end. …At the end of the play both families realize that their hatred caused the deaths of the lovers… 5. “Historic present” in narrative and funny stories In informal speech, it is possible to use what we call the “historic present” to describe past events, especially to make the narration seem more immediate and dramatic. Ex:….So then the second man asks the first one why he has a banana in his ear and the first one says… II. FUTURE TIME Basic contrasts: WILL, GOING TO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS 1. Will : known as the predictive future, and known facts or what we suppose is true. I‟ll be late home this evening. The company will make a profit next year. This can also take the form of an assumption. That‟ll be Jim at the door (This means that I suppose it is Jim.) 2. Will : used to express an immediate decision. I‟ll take this one. 3. Going to: describe intentions or plans. At the moment of speaking the plans have already been made. I‟m going to wait here until Carol gets back. - also used to describe an event whose cause is present or evident. - Look at that tree! It‟s going to fall. - Compare the following with the Will examples above: - I‟m going to be late this evening. I‟ve got lots of paperwork to finish off. - The figures are good. I can see the company is going to make a profit this year. - Decisions expressed with going to refer to a more distant point in the future. 4. Present Continuous describes fixed arrangments, especially social and travel arrangments. A time reference is included. Note the strong similarity to the Going to future. I am having a party next week and I am going to have a party next week are communicating the same message. FUTURE CONTINUOUS 1. This describes an event which will be happening at a future point. Come round in the morning. I‟ll be painting in the kitchen. 2. It can also describe events which are going to happen anyway, rather than events which we choose to make happen. I won‟t bother to fix a time to see you, because I‟ll be calling into the office anyway several times next week. 3. In some contexts, future continuous also sounds more polite than Will. Will you be going to the shop later? If you go, could you get me some milk? 4. It can also be used to refer to fixed arrangments and plans. The band will be performing live in Paris this summer. 5 FUTURE PERFECT 1. This has both simple and continuous forms and refers to time which we look back at from a future point. In two years‟s time I‟ll have finished the book. By the end of the month, I‟ll have been working for this firm for a year. 2. It can also be used to express an assumption on the part of the speaker. You won‟t have heard the news, of course. (I assume you have not hear the news.) Other ways of referring to the future 1. Is/ are to be Used to describe formal arrangments. All students are to assemble in the hall at 9:00. 2. Be about to, be on the point of, be due to, just/ just about to Be about to, be on the point of both refer to the next moment. I think the play is about to start now. Be due to refers to scheduled times. Ann‟s flight is due to arrive at 6:20. (or is due at 6:20) Just can be used to describe something on the point of happening. Hurry up! The train is just leaving/ just about to leave. 3. Present simple and present perfect Present simple is used to refer to future time in future time clauses. When we get there, we‟ll have dinner. Present perfect can also be used instead of present simple when the completion of the event is emphasized. When we‟ve had a rest, we‟ll go out. 4. Prsent simple is also used to describe fixed events which are not simply the wishes of the speaker. Tom retires in three years. Similar;y, calendar references use the present simple. Christmas is on a Tuesday next year. Other future refernces 1. Hope This can be followed by either present or future verb forms. I hope it doesn‟t rain. I hope it won‟t rain. 2. Other verbs followed by Will Most verbs of thinkinh can be followed by will if there is future reference. These include: think, believe, expect, doubt. I expect the train will be late. I doubt whether United will win. III. PAST TIME Basic constracts: past simple and past continuous 1. Past simple generally refers to: - Completed actions I got up, switched off the radio, and sat down again. - Habits 6 Every day I went to the park. - States - In those days, I didn‟t like reading. 2. Past continuous generally refers to: - Actions in progress (often interrupted by events) I was drinking my coffee at the time. While I was opening the letter, the phone rang. - Background description in narrative I entered the office and looked around. Most people were working at their desks, but Jane was staring out of the window and pretending to write something at the same time. - Chaning states The car was getting worse all the time. One of the headlights was gradually falling off, and the engine was making more and more funny noises. - Repeated actions – criticism With a frequency adverb, this use is similar to the use of present continuous to express annoyance. When Jane was at school, she was always losing things. 3. Past continuous is not used to describe general habitual actions, without the sense of criticism mentioned above. Past simple is used for this meaning. When I lived in London, I walked through the park every day. Past perfect simple and continuous 1. We use the past perfect when we are already talking about the past, and we want to go back to an earlier past time. ( “past in the past”). By the time I got to the station, the train had left. Compare this with: The train left five minutes before I got to the station. When we talk about a sequence of past events in the order that they happened, we more commonly use the past simple, especially with quick, short actions. 2. past perfect continuous the same contrasts between past simple and past continuous (see previous section) can be made in past perfect verb forms for events further back in the past. I had been living in a bed-sitter up to then. While I had been talking on the phone, Jimmy had escaped. The whole place was deserted, but it was obvious that someone had been living there. They‟d been cooking in the kitchen for a start, and they hadn‟t bothered to clear up the mess. Used to and would 1. used to this often contrasts with the present. The contrast may be stated or understood. There is no present tense form “use to” I used to go swimming a lot.( but I don‟t now). The negative form is either: I didn‟t use to or I used not to (rare for some speakers). 2. would This describes repeated actions, not states. It describes a habitual activity which was typical of a person or a time period. 7 Every week he‟d buy has mother a bunch of flowers. (habitual activity). I used to like cowboy films. Where we use would to describe a habitual activity, used to is also possible. Every week he used to buy his mother a bunch of flowers. Unfulfilled past events 1. these describe events intended to take place, but which did not happen. I was going to phone you, but I forgot. I was thinking of going to Italy this year, but I haven‟t decided. I was about to do it, but I started doing something else. Jack was to have taken part, but he fell ill. 2. the contrasting past event is often understood, but not stated. How are you? I was going to phone you….(but I didn‟t) IV. PRESENT PERFECT PPESENT PERFECT SIMPLE 1. present perfect simple refers to: recent events, without a definite time given. The recentness may be indicated by just. We‟ve missed the turning. I‟ve just seen a ghost! Indefinite events, which happened at an unknown time in the past. No definite time is given. Jim has had three car accidents. (up to the present) Indefinite events which may have an obviuos result in the present. I‟ve twisted my ankle. (that‟s why I‟m limping). With state verbs, a state which lasts up to the present. I‟ve been jogging every morning for the last month. 2. Contrast with past simple Past simple is used with time expressions which refer to definite times. The time may be stated or understood. Compare: I‟ve bought a new car. (indefinite time) I bought a new car last week. (definite time) I bought the car after all. (implied definite: the car we talked about). Choice between past simple and present perfect for recent events may depend on the attitude of the speaker. This in turn may depend on whether the speaker feels distant in time or place from the event. I‟ve left my wallet in the car. I „m going back to get it. Here the speaker may be about to return, and feels that the event is connected with the present. I left my wallet in the car. I „m going back to get it. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1. Present perfect continuous can refer to a range of meanings, depending on the time expression used and the context. - a state which lasts up to the present moment. I „ ve been wating for you for three hours! - an incomplete activity I‟ ve been cleaning the house but I still haven‟t finished. - to emphasize duration 8 I „ve been writing letters all morning. - a recently finished activity I‟ ve been running. That „s why I look hot. - a repeated activity - I‟ ve been taking French lessons this year. 2. contrast with present perfect simple there may be little contrast when some state verbs are used. How long have you lived here? How long have you been living here? Some verbs (especially sit, lie, wait and stay) prefer the continuous form. There may be a contrast between completion and incompletion, especially if the number of items completed is mentioned. Completed: emphasis on achievement I‟ve ironed five shirts. Incomplete, or recently completed: emphasis on duration I‟ve been ironing my shirts. 3. time expressions with present perfect Meaning with present perfect verb forms is often associated with certain time expressions. Contrast with past simple may depend on the choice of time expression. Past simple: referring to a specific finished time. Yesterday, last week, on Sunday Present perfect: with “indefinite” time expressions meaning “up to now”, since 1968, already. Many time expressions are not associated with a specific verb form, since they refer both to finished time or time up to the present, depending on the speaker‟s perspective. I haven‟t seen Helen recently. I saw Jim recently. Other examples: Sue lived in France for two years. Finished Jim has been working here for three months. Unfinished What did you do today? Finished What have you done so far today? Unfinished Peter never knew his father. Finished I‟ve never eaten Japanese food. Unfinished V. PASSIVE 1 1. Verbs with two objects: Verbs which have two objects can be made passive in two ways. I was handed a note. A note was handed to me. Other common verbs of this type are bring, give , lend, pass, pay, promise, sell, send, show, tell. 2. Verbs with object and complement Some verbs have a noun or adjective which describes their object. We elected Jim class representative. [...]... Have and get something done, need doing 1 have/ get something done This typically describes a service performed for us by someone else I‟ve just had/got my car serviced I have / get it done every winter It can also describe something unfortunate that happen to someone We had / got our car broken into last month Get is more likely to be used than have when: a there is a feeling that something must be done... + dreamed + of + V-ing … doctor  She dreamed of becoming a doctor Chấp nhận I steal this car I do something S + admitted + V-ing that car Phủ I don’t do nhận something I don’t steal this car S + deny + V-ing khăng  he denied stealing that car Cương quyết,  he admitted stealing I will help you now I will do something S + insisted on + V-ing …  He insisted on helping me then khăng Tất cả các động... which is the same as the past simple e.g If I were you, I'd change my job If I worked in that factory, I'd soon change thing (But I don't work in that factory) If I spoke French, my job would be a lot easier (fbut I don't speak French)  The third conditional is used to (1) talk about things in the past happening differently from the way they really happened e.g If you'd been a bit more careful, you... Relative Pronouns (Đại từ quan hệ)  WHO : thay thế cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ người (làm chủ từ), sau WHO là động từ E.g I thanked the woman She helped me I thanked the woman who helped me  WHOM : thay thế cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ người (làm túc từ), sau WHOM là chủ từ E.g The man was Mr Jones I saw him The man  whom I saw was Mr Jones WHICH : thay thế cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ vật E.g The book is mine It is... chính bằng một hoặc hai dấu phẩy * Khơng được thay Who, Whom, Which bằng THAT trong mệnh đề khơng hạn định * Trước các danh từ được theo sau bởi mệnh đề quan hệ khơng hạn định thường có: - Các từ xác định (this, that, these, those…………….) - Các tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their …………) - Danh từ là tên riêng (Mr Wilson, Lan…… ) E.g Professor Wilson is an excellent lecturer He teaches Chemistry  Professor... to (Future) 1 Must not = mustn‟t -> Unchanged ( ngăn cấm) 2 Need not = needn‟t -> didn‟t have to -> would not have to (future) e.g - He said to me, “You must do this now.”  He told me that I had to do that then - He said to me: “You must do this tomorrow.”  He told me that I would have to do that the next day - He said: “You must not smoke here”  He said I mustn‟t smoke there B Simple past 21 Chỉ... past infinitive Smith is believed to have left England last week Past reporting verb People thought Sue had paid too much Sue was thought to have paid too much The police thought that the thief was still in the house The thief was thought to still be in the house 3 past reference with two objects Everyone knows the portrait was paited by an Italian The portrait is known to have been painted by an Italian... Unit 4: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES A There are three main types of conditional These are usually described as the first, second and third conditionals e.g If you phone me, I'll pick you up at the park If I were Tom, I would help you If she had come here last night, she would have known this news Types  Possible Conditions If – clause If + S + V(s/es)  Present - Unreal conditions If + S + Ved/2 Main clause... The man was Mr Jones I saw him The man that I saw was Mr Jones c/ The book is mine It is on the table The book  that is on the table is mine WHOSE (của…) : thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu, danh từ sở hữu, sau nó là danh từ E.g I know the man His bicycle was stolen I know the man whose bicycle was stolen 2/ Relative Adverbs (Trạng từ quan hệ)  When : thay thế cho các trạng từ chỉ thời gian (then, in that... (Mệnh đề hạn định )  Mệnh đề hạn định cần thi t để bổ nghĩa cho tiền từ (Antecedent)- từ đứng trước nó, khơng thể bỏ được E.g The professor is an excellent lecturer He teaches Chemistry The professor who teaches Chemistry is an excellent lecturer 2/ Non-resttrictive Clauses (mệnh đề khơng hạn định) * Mệnh đề khơng hạn định có tính chất bổ sung, khơng cần thi t nên có thể bỏ đươc * Mệnh đề khơng hạn . measure, see, taste, think, weigh Compare these uses: state event Jack is noisy. Deirdre has a Porsche. I think I like you! This fish tastes awful! I feel that you are wrong. This bag weighs. suppose is true. I‟ll be late home this evening. The company will make a profit next year. This can also take the form of an assumption. That‟ll be Jim at the door (This means that I suppose it. going to phone you, but I forgot. I was thinking of going to Italy this year, but I haven‟t decided. I was about to do it, but I started doing something else. Jack was to have taken part,