: 'Be' Verbs A verb shows action or a state of being. I go home. Home is my place to rest. I like the smell of my house. I feel totally relaxed. Home refreshes me. At home, I get ready for a new day. "Be" verbs indicate a state of being. Verbs must match subjects. • I am a doctor. • He is sleepy. • We are here. Negative sentences need ‘not' after the verb. • I am not a doctor. • He is not sleepy. • We are not there. The verb comes first in interrogative sentences. • Am I a doctor? • Is he sleepy? • Are we there? "Are not" (is not) can be shortened to "aren't" (isn't). • He isn't sleepy. • We aren't there. Remember the variations of "be" verbs: Present Negative Interrogative I am I am not Am I? You are You are not (aren't) Are you? He is He is not (isn't) Is he? She is She is not (isn't) Is she? It is It is not (isn't) Isn't it? We are We are not (aren't) Are we? You are You are not (aren't) Are you? They are They are not (aren't) Are they? ĐỘNG TỪ "TO BE" -THÌ HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN VỚI TO BE Đây là động từ cơ bản nhất trong tiếng Anh, nhưng lại là một động từ đặc biệt. Học xong động từ TO BE, bạn sẽ bắt đầu biết cách đặt ra vô số câu nói với những gì ta đã học từ đầu đến giờ như Đại Từ Nhân Xưng, Tính Từ Sở Hữu, Đại Từ Sở Hữu, Danh Từ Số Ít, Danh Từ Số Nhiều, Mạo Từ Bất Định A và AN cùng với một số tính từ cơ bản bạn sẽ được cung cấp ở cuối bài này. Trong thì hiện tại đơn, động từ TO BE có tất cả 3 biến thể là AM, IS và ARE. Ta dùng các biến thể đó tương ứng với chủ ngữ nhất định , như sau: * AM: Dùng cho chủ ngữ duy nhất là I I AM (viết tắt = I'M ) * IS: Dùng cho chủ ngữ là ngôi thứ ba số ít, bao gồm HE, SHE, IT và bất cứ danh từ số ít nào SHE IS (viết tắt = SHE'S ) HE IS (viết tắt = HE'S ) IT IS (viết tắt = IT'S ) THE DOG IS… PETER IS… THE TABLE IS … * ARE: Dùng cho chủ ngữ là YOU, WE, THEY, và bất cứ chủ ngữ số nhiều nào YOU ARE (viết tắt =YOU'RE ) WE ARE (viết tắt = WE'RE ) THEY ARE (viết tắt = THEY'RE ) YOU AND I ARE… HE AND I ARE … THE DOG AND THE CAT ARE * Khi nào ta phải dùng thì hiện tại đơn của động từ TO BE? - Khi ta muốn giới thiệu tên hoặc địa điểm, hoặc tính chất, trạng thái của một người, con vật hoặc sự kiện trong hiện tại. * Với Thì Hiện Tại Đơn của động từ TO BE, ta có thể đặt được những câu như thế nào? - Vốn từ càng nhiều, bạn càng đặt được nhiều câu. Về kiểu câu, bạn sẽ đặt được những câu như vài thí dụ sau: Tôi là bác sĩ. Cô ấy là sinh viên. Bà tôi rất già. Cái cây viết ở trên bàn. Em mệt không? Nó không thành thật Con gái bạn rất đẹp. *Công thức Thì Hiện Tại Đơn của động từ TO BE: Từ giờ trở đi bạn hãy nhớ, khi học công thức một thì nào, ta luôn học 3 thể của nó: Thể khẳng định: là một câu nói xác định, không có chữ “KHÔNG” trong đó. Chủ ngữ + AM / IS / ARE + Bổ ngữ Thí dụ: I AM A TEACHER. (Tôi là giáo viên). HE IS A STUDENT. (Anh ấy là sinh viên) SHE IS A SINGER. (Cô ta là ca sĩ) Thể phủ định: là một câu nói phủ nhận điều gì đó, có chữ “KHÔNG” ngay sau chủ ngữ. Chủ ngữ + AM / IS / ARE + NOT + Bổ ngữ +Cách viết tắt: I AM NOT = I'M NOT IS NOT = ISN'T ARE NOT = AREN'T Thí dụ: HE IS NOT HANDSOME. (Anhấy khôngđẹp trai) YOU ARE NOT STUPID. (Bạn không có ngu) Thể nghi vấn: là một câu hỏi : AM / IS / ARE + Chủ ngữ + Bổ ngữ ? Thí dụ: IS HE HANDSOME = Anh ấy đẹp trai không? AM I TOO FAT? = Tôi có quá mập không vậy? IS SHE PRETTY? = Cô ấy đẹp không hả? IS HE RICH? = Ông ta giàu không vậy? ARE YOU OK? = Bạn có sao không vậy? Lưu ý: Bổ ngữ có thể là một ngữ danh từ, có thể là một tính từ, có thể là một trạng ngữ. Thí dụ: Bổ ngữ là danh từ: I AM A YOUNG TEACHER. = tôi là một giáo viên trẻ (A YOUNG TEACHER là một ngữ danh từ). Bổ ngữ là tính từ: I AM YOUNG = tôi trẻ. (YOUNG là tính từ) Bổ ngữ là trạng ngữ: I AM AT HOME = tôi đang ở nhà (AT HOME là trạng ngữ, chỉ nơi chốn) EXERCISE 1: Chose the correct form of the verb to be - am/is/are. 1. It cold today. 2. I at home now. 3. They Korean. 4. There a pen on the desk. 5. My name Nikita. 6. We from Ukraine. 7. That right. 8. I OK, thanks. 9. Clara and Steve married. 10. She an English teacher. Fill in the blanks with the right subject / personal pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they): 1. Angelina Joli is American. isn't French. 2. Brad Pitt is American, too. isn't German. 3. Brad and Angelina aren't French. are American. 4. My friend and I are high school students. aren't primary school students. 5. The Statue of Liberty is in New York. isn't in Washington. Fill in the blanks with the right form of to be ( am, are or is): 1. you the new student? 2. Yes, I . 3. Leila and Nancy students. 4. Nancy Australian . 5. My sister and I students. 6. The girls tired. 7. These women beautiful. 8. The tea delicious. 9. Nadia and Leila friends. 10. The newspaper cheap. Choose the correct answer (negative or affirmative form of to be): 1. Is Julia Robert French? No, she French. 2. What about Robert de Nero? Is he an American actor? Yes, he . 3. Are New York and Los Angeles Spanish Cities? No, they Spanish cities. 4. Is Big Ben in Paris? No, it in Paris. 5. Is Mount Everest in Africa? No, it in Africa. It is in Asia. Fill in the blanks with the right subject / personal pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they): 1. Angelina Joli is American. She isn't French. 2. Brad Pitt is American, too. He isn't German. 3. Brad and Angelina aren't French. They are American. 4. My friend and I are high school students. We aren't primary school students. 5. The Statue of Liberty is in New York. It isn't in Washington. Fill in the blanks with the right form of to be (am, are or is): 1. Are you the new student? 2. Yes, I am . 3. Leila and Nancy are students. 4. Nancy is Australian . 5. My sister and I are students. 6. The girls are tired. 7. These women are beautiful. 8. The tea is delicious. 9. Nadia and Leila are friends. 10. The newspaper is cheap. Choose the correct answer (negative or affirmative form of to be): 1. Is Julia Robert French? No, she is not French. 2. What about Robert de Nero? Is he an American actor? Yes, he is . 3. Are New York and Los Angeles Spanish Cities? No, they are not Spanish cities. 4. Is Big Ben in Paris? No, it is not in Paris. 5. Is Mount Everest in Africa? No, it is not in Africa. It is in Asia. LESSON 6: SIMPLE PRESENT The simple present tense in English is used to describe an action that is regular, true or normal. We use the present tense: 1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time period. • I take the train to the office. • The train to Berlin leaves every hour. • John sleeps eight hours every night during the week. 2. For facts. • The President of The USA lives in The White House. • A dog has four legs. • We come from Switzerland. 3. For habits. • I get up early every day. • Carol brushes her teeth twice a day. • They travel to their country house every weekend. 4. For things that are always / generally true. • It rains a lot in winter. • The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace. • They speak English at work. Verb Conjugation & Spelling We form the present tense using the base form of the infinitive (without the TO). In general, in the third person we add 'S' in the third person. Subject I / you / we / they he / she / it The spelling for the verb in the third person differs depending on the ending of that verb: 1. For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third person. • go – goes • catch – catches • wash – washes • kiss – kisses • fix – fixes • buzz – buzzes 2. For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -IES. • marry – marries • study – studies • carry – carries • worry – worries NOTE: For verbs that end in a vowel + Y, we just add -S. • play – plays • enjoy – enjoys • say – says Negative Sentences in the Simple Present Tense To make a negative sentence in English we normally use Don't or Doesn't with all verbs EXCEPT To Beand Modal verbs (can, might, should etc.). • Affirmative: You speak French. Negative: You don't speak French. You will see that we add don't between the subject and the verb. We use Don't when the subject is I, you,we or they. • Affirmative: He speaks German. Negative: He doesn't speak German. [...]... order to construct a basic question in English using Do or Does Do/Does Sub Do I / yo Does he / *Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live,... conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc Examples of Negative Sentences with Don't and Doesn't: • You don't speak Arabic • John doesn't speak Italian • We don't have time for a rest • It doesn't move • They don't want to go to the party • She doesn't like fish Questions in the Simple Present Tense To make a question in English we normally use Do... to construct a basic negative sentence in English in the Present Tense using Don't or Doesn't Subject I / you / we / they he / she / it * Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. .. French? When the subject is he, she or it, we add DOES at the beginning to make the affirmative sentence a question Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the question We will see the reason why below We DON'T use Do or Does in questions that have the verb To Be or Modal Verbs (can, must, might, should etc.) Word Order... example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc Examples of Questions with Do and Does: • Do you need a dictionary? • Does Mary need a dictionary? • Do we have a meeting now? • Does it rain a lot in winter? • Do they want to go to the party? • Does he like pizza? Short Answers with Do and Does In questions that use do/does it is possible to give short answers to direct questions as follows: Sample... English we normally use Do or Does It has no translation in Spanish though it is essential to show we are making a question It is normally put at the beginning of the question • Affirmative: You speak English Question: Do you speak English? You will see that we add DO at the beginning of the affirmative sentence to make it a question We use Dowhen the subject is I, you, we or they • Affirmative: He speaks...When the subject is he, she or it, we add doesn't between the subject and the verb to make a negative sentence Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the negative sentence We will see the reason why below Negative Contractions Don't = Do not Doesn't = Does not I don't like meat = I do... chocolate? Does she like chocolate? Does it have four wheels? However, if a question word such as who, when, where, why, which or how is used in the question, you can not use the short answers above to respond to the question . without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part. Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For. without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part. Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For. (aren't) Are they? ĐỘNG TỪ " ;TO BE& quot; -THÌ HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN VỚI TO BE Đây là động từ cơ bản nhất trong tiếng Anh, nhưng lại là một động từ đặc biệt. Học xong động từ TO BE, bạn sẽ bắt đầu biết cách