CHAPTER 11 – ARTICLES INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES  INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A, AN, SOME  introducing a Noun  Use A/AN to introduce a singular count noun for the first time. THERE IS/THERE ARE often begins a sentence or clause that introduces a noun with an indefinite article. For example: Woman: Did you see a little boy walk by here five minutes ago. Police officer: I’m not sure. What does he look like? Woman: He has brown hair, and there’s a big soccer ball on his sweatshirt.  Use SOME or no article to introduce plural count nouns or noncount nouns. For example: I need some batteries for my camera.( I need batteries for my camera.) I called for some information. (I called for information.)  Sometimes the speaker does not have a specific noun in mind. For example: 1. A: I’m looking for a new car, but I don’t know what kind. B: Are you looking for a big car or a small car?  DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE  identifying a Noun (Use THE to refer to a noun that both you and a listener can identify. This is possible when you and the listener share information about the noun.)  Use the definite article THE to talk about a noun for the second time. For example: 1. I bought Koji a sweater and a watch for his birthday. However, the sweater doesn’t fit and the watch doesn’t work!  Use the definite article THE for objects that you can see or hear. For example: 1. Could you pass the butter, please? 2. That must be a big fire. I can hear the sirens from here!  Use the definite article THE when the speaker and the listener have a specific noun because they share common information. For example: 1. A: Oh, no! The copy machine is broken again! B: I can’t believe it! 2. Please wash the car . (Father to son) 3. Have you finished the report? (Boss to Employee)  Use the definite article when other information in the sentence identifies the noun. For example: 1. Turn off the light near the door. 2. Please hand me the book about England.  Use the definite article with certain nouns (store, doctor, hospital, movies, bank, park, TV, telephone) that are familiar to you and a listener in everyday life. For example: 1. A: I’m going to the doctor this morning. Can I borrow your car? B: Sure. 2. A: Hello. I’m here to see Ms. Stephens. B: I’m sorry, she’s on the telephone. Would you like to sit down and wait?  Use the definite article for a noun that is unique. (the only one) For example: 1. The earth revolves around the sun. 2. Tokyo is the capital of Japan. CHAPTER 12: QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS GENERAL QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS A - GENERAL QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS WITH COUNT NOUNS: many, several, a few, few B – GENERAL QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS: a great deal of, much, a little, little C – GENERAL QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS WITH COUNT NOUNS AND NONCOUNT NOUNS: a lot of = lots of, plenty of, some, any, no  MANY vs. MUCH: Use MANY in affirmative, negative statements and questions. Use MUCH in negative statements and questions. MUCH is not usually used alone in affirmative statements. Use A LOT OF instead. For example: 1. I have many friends. / I don’t have many friends./ Do you have many friends? 2. We don’t get much rain here. / Do you get much rain here? / We get a lot of rain here.  A FEW/FEW vs A LITTLE/ LITTLE: + A FEW and A LITTLE give a positive idea; they indicate that something exists, is present. + FEW and LITTLE give a negative idea; they indicate that something is largely absent.  Expressing NONE: Use NO, NOT ANY to express NONE. NO is used in affirmative statements, but it has a negative meaning. NOT ANY is used to form a negative statement. For example: 1. There is no sugar in this dessert. ( There isn’t any sugar in this dessert.) 2. There are no eggs in this recipe. ( There aren’t any eggs in this recipe.)  Emphasizing Amounts: + Use TOO and SO before MANY/MUCH to emphasize a larger amount. TOO usually has a negative meaning. For example: 1. There are so many choices on this menu. Isn’t it wonderful? 2. There are too many choices on this menu. I can’t decide what to eat. 3. She’s made so much money this year. She’s happy about it. 4. She’s made too much money this year. She’ll have to pay a lot in taxes. + Use ONLY before A FEW or A LITTLE to emphasize an even smaller amount. Use QUITE with A FEW (not A LITTLE) to emphasize a larger amount. For example: 1. Only a few houses are available. (There are a small number of houses.) 2. Quite a few houses are available. (There are a large number of houses.) 3. Would you like some milk in your coffee? Only a little, please. SPECIFIC QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS  Expressing specific amounts: + Specific quantity expressions can be used with plural count nouns or noncount nouns. Plural Count nouns: a box of matches, a cup of raisins Nouncount nouns: a box of cereal, a cup of sugar. + Specific quantity expressions make noncount nouns countable. One bowl of milk six ounces of beef two cans of soup four gallons of gas + The expression a piece of can be used with a number of noncount nouns to express a specific amount. A piece of cake/bread/furniture/clothing/advice/news… + Some different types of specific quantity expressions. Containers: a carton of eggs/milk a jar of mayonnaise a bag of potato chips A can of soda a box of cereal Portions: A slice of bread a piece of candy/cake a bowl of soup A glass of milk a cup of coffee Groups: A bunch of bananas a dozen eggs a herd of cattle a flock of birds A school of fish Measurements: A quart/gallon of juice an inch/foot/yard of cloth a cup/teaspoon/tablespoon of salt an ounce/pound of butter Shapes: A grain of rice/sand a pile/stack of leaves a drop of water a stick of butter . like to sit down and wait?  Use the definite article for a noun that is unique. (the only one) For example: 1. The earth revolves around the sun. 2. Tokyo is the capital of Japan. CHAPTER 12 :. TV, telephone) that are familiar to you and a listener in everyday life. For example: 1. A: I’m going to the doctor this morning. Can I borrow your car? B: Sure. 2. A: Hello. I’m here to see Ms. Stephens. . CHAPTER 11 – ARTICLES INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES  INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A, AN, SOME  introducing a Noun  Use A/AN to introduce a singular count noun