Advanced Knowledge Application in Practice edited by Igor Fürstner SC I YO Advanced Knowledge Application in Practice Edited by Igor Fürstner Published by Sciyo Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2010 Sciyo All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by Sciyo, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Lipovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright ravl, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published December 2010 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.sciyo.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from publication@sciyo.com Advanced Knowledge Application in Practice, Edited by Igor Fürstner p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-141-1 SC I YO.CO M WHERE KNOWLEDGE IS FREE free online editions of Sciyo Books, Journals and Videos can be found at www.sciyo.com Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Preface IX An Advanced and Automated Neural Network based Textile Defect Detector 1 Shamim Akhter and Tamnun E Mursalin Wear Simulation 15 Sören Andersson On-line Optodynamic Monitoring of Laser Materials Processing 37 Janez Diaci and Janez Možina Properties of Hard Carbon Coatings Manufactured on Magnesium Alloys by PACVD Method 61 Marcin Golabczak Simulation of Cold Formability for Cold Forming Processes 85 Kivivuori, Seppo Onni Juhani Investigation and Comparison of Aluminium Foams Manufactured by Different Techniques 95 Rossella Surace and Luigi A.C. De Filippis Application of Fractal Dimension for Estimation of the Type of Passenger Car Driver 119 Andrzej Augustynowicz, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eng., Hanna Sciegosz Dr. Eng. and Sebastian Brol, Dr. Eng. Advanced Technologies in Biomechanics Investigations for the Analysis of Human Behaviour in Working Activities 131 Mihaela Ioana Baritz and Diana Cotoros Polar Sport Tester for Cattle Heart Rate Measurements 157 Marjan Janzekovic, Peter Vindis, Denis Stajnko and Maksimiljan Brus Realization of a Control IC for PMLSM Drive Based on FPGA Technology 173 Ying-Shieh Kung and Chung-Chun Huang Contents Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Adaptive Control for Power System Stability Improvement 195 Jožef Ritonja General Theory and Practice of Basic Models in the Building of Hydroacoustical Antennas 211 Zvonimir Milošić Readout System for Medium-Sized Experiments 243 Stanisław Kistryn Swarm Robotics: An Extensive Research Review 259 Yogeswaran M. and Ponnambalam S. G. Virtual Reality Control Systems 279 Tomislav Reichenbach, Goran Vasiljević and Zdenko Kovačić Real-Time Control System for a Two-Wheeled Inverted Pendulum Mobile Robot 299 Nawawi, Ahmad and Osman From Telerobotic towards Nanorobotic Applications 313 Riko Šafarič and Gregor Škorc Aid for the Blind to Facilitate the Learning Process of the Local Environment by the Use of Tactile Map 327 Rajko Mahkovic Cornea Contour Extraction from OCT Radial Images 341 Florian Graglia, Jean-Luc Mari, Jean Sequeira and Georges Baikoff Advances in Phytoremediation Research: A Case Study of Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC. 353 Woranan Nakbanpote, Natthawoot Panitlertumpai, Kannika Sukadeetad, Orapan Meesungneon and Wattchara Noisa-nguan VI The world economy of today is more integrated and interdependent than ever before. The fact that in many industries historically distinct and separate markets are merging into one global market leads towards an environment that offers more opportunities, but is also more complex and competitive than it used to be. One of the main factors that drive today’s economy is technology. If technology is defi ned as a practical application of knowledge and the aim is to become really competitive on the global market, there is a need for something more, thus a cutting edge practical application of knowledge would be necessary what the most advanced technology currently available is - high tech. If the classifi cation of high-tech sectors is taken into consideration, it can be noticed that the research activity takes place not only in the so-called high-tech societies such as the United States, Japan, Germany, etc., but also in other regions. This book is the result of research and development activities, covering concrete fi elds of research: • Chapter one introduces a methodology for classifi cations of textile defects • Chapter two describes some possibilities for predicting wear in real contacts • Chapter three presents several applications of laser processing for on-line process monitoring • Chapter four introduces the process of deposition of carbon fi lms • Chapter fi ve lists the formability testing methods • Chapter six investigates aluminum foams • Chapter seven estimates the type of car driver • Chapter eight investigates the human biomechanics in working activities • Chapter nine presents cattle heart rate measurements • Chapter ten discusses a control method for permanent magnet linear synchronous motor • Chapter eleven introduces a control method for power systems • Chapter twelve shows a model in the building of hydro acoustical antennas • Chapter thirteen introduces a readout system for experiments • Chapter fourteen gives a review on swarm robotics • Chapters fi fteen and sixteen present control possibilities in robotics • Chapter seventeen shows a telerobotic application Preface • Chapter eighteen presents an aid for the blind in the learning process • Chapter nineteen introduces a new approach for contour detection of the cornea • Chapter twenty presents recent research results in phytoremediation October 20, 2010 Editor Igor Fürstner Subotica Tech – College of Applied Sciences Subotica, Serbia X [...]... fatigue; instead, we will focus our attention on sliding wear To illustrate the wear process, a typical wear curve obtained in a pin-on-disc testing machine using a flat-ended cylindrical pin rubbing against a disc under any condition is shown in Figure 8 Fig 8 A schematic wear curve from a pin-on-disc test with a flat ended cylindrical pin A typical wear process always starts with a short running -in period... a function 2.3 Sliding wear in a rolling and sliding contact Predicting the amount of wear is generally thought to be rather difficult and uncertain This section however addresses this task, outlining some possibilities for predicting wear in rolling and sliding contacts, and thus in the general case, the wear in most type of contacts If the rolling and sliding contacts are running under boundary or... active in rolling and sliding contacts, it is interesting to analyse to what extent the stick zone, represented by the elastic deformation, influences the friction and wear in a contact The results show that in many cases the effect of elastic deformation on friction and wear can be neglected Fig 5 Two discs: The basic principle for determining the sliding distance in a rolling and sliding contact 22 Advanced. .. Elements Department at KTH began to investigate whether sliding is actually the main source of wear in rolling and sliding contacts We first studied this question in relation to gears, but have also simulated other contacts In a rolling and sliding contact in a gear, the sliding distance per mesh is fairly short The sliding distance of a contact point on a gear flank against the opposite flank is geometrically... of pin-on-disc tests have inspired me and others to simulate friction and wear in rolling and sliding contacts of different types, and the results have been verified by experiments This work has also improved our understanding of what occurs in contacts 21 Wear Simulation The single point observation method can be illustrated by the type of pin-on-disc experiment shown in Figure 1 A point on the pin... surface against a dry, filled Teflon liner It is often necessary to lubricate contacts in order to obtain a reasonable operating life For boundarylubricated case hardening contact surfaces running under mild conditions, the value may be 1 ⋅ 10−18 m2/N However, it is easy to get severe conditions in lubricated contacts, in which case the wear will increase about 100 times In order to maintain mild conditions... automated machine (i.e combination of two leaser beams and production machine), illustrated in Fig 1 The main purpose of this chapter is to present an advanced and automatic Textile Defect Detector as a first step for a future complete industrial Quality Information System (QIS) in textile industries of Least Development Countries (LDC) The chapter is organized as follows: 2 • • • • Advanced Knowledge Application. .. performed simulations of friction and wear in rolling and sliding contacts for a long time The modelling principles the group has successfully used are based on 1) the single-point observation method and 2) treating wear as an initial-value process Wear in rolling and sliding contacts can be of different types If a surface is subject to high, repeated dynamic loading, surface fatigue may occur, and pits... wheels and the load In the first paper we published about wear in gears, we introduced what we called the ‘single point observation method’ [3] (explained in Fig 5) We later found that this method is generally applicable, and have used it since then You will now find the same principle being used under different names in other well-known papers, but we have chosen to stay with our original term Fig 4 a)... sliding distance points on the contact surfaces are different, the single point observation method has been found to be a very useful general method for understanding and modelling many friction and wear processes This method was developed and successfully used in many projects at KTH Machine Design in Stockholm The theoretical application of the method was based on formulas for the sliding distances in . Advanced Knowledge Application in Practice edited by Igor Fürstner SC I YO Advanced Knowledge Application in Practice Edited by Igor Fürstner Published by Sciyo Janeza Trdine 9, 51000. 2010 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.sciyo.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from publication@sciyo.com Advanced Knowledge Application in Practice, . Advanced Knowledge Application in Practice 2 • Section 2 describes relevant previous efforts in the fields, such as textile fabric inspection systems, computer vision and machine learning