[...]... will not yield an efficient approach since we would again compute the two cumulative credit/debit sums A much better strategy consists of storing intermediate calculations in containers by using variables, as explained next 1.6.1 Variables for storing intermediate values In Java, variables are all typed Java belongs to the large category of typed programming languages This means that we need to specify the... the programming language In its simplest form, consider the following “shortest” Java program: F Nielsen, A Concise and Practical Introduction to Programming Algorithms in Java, Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science, DOI 10.1007/978-1-84882-339-6 1, c Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2009 4 1 Expressions, Variables and Assignments Program 1.1 My first Java program — A minimalist approach c l a s s... 308d] Table 1.1 Primitive data types of Java We can also compactly declare and initialize variables at once as follows: 7 8 There is also the less used byte and short primitive types that we voluntarily omit in this book Java uses the UNICODE standard for coding characters using 16 bits (2 bytes) This allows programmers to encode a wide range of characters including Chinese/Korean and Japanese kanji... first Java programs 1.2.1 A minimalist program When learning any new programming language, it is traditional to start by first looking at what programmers call the basic skeleton of any program This skeleton lets them gain some understanding of the language syntax and presents the necessary wrapping code First programs look often mystic, if not weird, since they reveal at once some of the key syntax components... editor1 and store this file under filename MyFirstProgram .java Extensions java means that the file is a Java source code The name of the file should bear the name appearing after the class keyword – Compile the program by typing at the console: javac MyFirstProgram .java This will generate a compiled file, called the bytecode, bearing the name MyFirstProgram.class Check in the directory2 that this file was created... recursive factorial function 3.4 Koch’s mathematical recursive snowflakes 3.5 Sierpinski’s triangle fractal obtained by the program Sierpinski .java 65 69 72 76 78 4.1 A way to visualize arrays in Java, explained for the array declaration and assignment: int [] v ={2,3,1,2,7,1}; 89 4.2 Visualizing the structure of a ragged array in the global memory ... multidimensional arrays and retrieving their dimensions 95 Writing to the output the arguments of the invoked main function 97 Array of strings in main 98 Sequential search: Exhaustive search on arrays 99 Binary search: Fast dichotomic search on sorted arrays 100 Permuting strings and Java s pass-by-reference 101 Bug in array declaration... we introduce the minimalist program that forms the skeleton common to all programs, and explain the programming cycle of writing, compiling, editing and executing code We provide an overview of the key concepts of typed language and describe the primitive types of Java Finally, we present the syntax of arithmetic operators and give details on basic input/output operations for writing our first programs... this program and store it under filename HelloWorld .java – Compile this program by typing in the console: javac HelloWorld (implicitly meaning javac HelloWorld .java) A bytecode HelloWorld.class is produced in the same directory The bytecode is not human readable, only machine readable! Try to open the file and look at the strange sequence of symbols that encode this compiled program At this stage, it should... "a && b=" ) ; System out p r i n t l n ( expr2 ) ; } } Compiling and running this program, we get the following console output: a| |b=true a& &b=false Boolean expressions and their role in program workflows will be presented in the next chapter 1.3.2 Mathematical functions In Java, mathematical functions including trigonometric sine and cosine functions and constants are all encapsulated into the Math . studying in all areas of computing and information science. From core foundational and theoretical material to final-year topics and applications, UTiCS books take a fresh, concise, and modern approach. Sierpinski .java 78 4.1 A way to visualize arrays in Java, explained for the array declaration and assignment: int [] v ={2,3,1,2,7,1}; 89 4.2 Visualizing the structure of a ragged array in the global memory. Dowek Principles of Programming Languages 978-1-84882-031-9 Frank Nielsen A Concise and Practical Introduction to Programming Algorithms in Java 123 Frank Nielsen École Polytechnique Paris France Sony Computer