[...]... adjustments, after a few days of exposure up to about 6 months It may involve cardiovascular and endocrine adjustments In a hot climate this may consist of increased blood volume, which improves the effectiveness of vasodilation, enhanced performance of the sweat mechanism, as well as the readjustment of thermal preferences 20 Introduction to Architectural Science: The Basis of Sustainable Design Behavioural... subtended by unit area (r 2) of the surface at the centre of a sphere of unit radius (r) (see also Fig 2.5) As the surface area is 4 r2, the centre point will have a total of 4 sr (per analogiam: the radian is an angular measure, a unit where the arc length is equal to the radius; as the circumference of a circle is 2 r, the complete circle is 2 radians) 1.18 Globe thermometer The MRT cannot be measured... measure of the ability to emit radiation, relative to the ‘black body’, the perfect emitter For an ordinary surface ϭ for the same wavelength (or temperature) of radiation, but many surfaces have selective properties, e.g high absorptance for solar (6000°C) radiation but low emittance at ordinary temperatures (Ͻ100°C), e.g.: 6000 Ͼ 60 12 Introduction to Architectural Science: The Basis of Sustainable Design. .. quite), to avoid confusion, it is indicated by duplicate scales on either side, outside of the body of the psychrometric chart, which are used with a straight edge (Fig 1.9) If enthalpy is the diagonal distance of the status point from the 0°C and 0 RH point, then the horizontal component is the HS and the vertical component is the HL Specific volume of air at any condition is also shown on the chart... change of state (from solid to liquid or liquid to gaseous) without any change in temperature This is measured in J/kg, e.g for water: latent heat of fusion (ice to water) at 0ЊC ϭ 335 kJ/kg latent heat of evaporation at 100ЊC ϭ 2261kJ/kg at about 18ЊC ϭ 2400 kJ/kg At a change of state in the reverse direction the same amount of heat is released Thermodynamics is the science of the flow of heat and of. .. of its relationship to mechanical work The first law of thermodynamics is the principle of conservation of energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed (except in sub-atomic processes), but only converted from one form to another Heat and work are interconvertible In any system the energy output must equal the energy input, unless there is a ϩ/Ϫ storage component The second law of thermodynamics states... getting used to the dominant conditions, accepting the prevailing conditions as ‘normal’ The adjustment of seasonal preferences can be quite significant, even over a period of a month Extensive studies showed that the ‘neutrality temperature’ (the median of many peoples’ votes) changes with the mean temperature of the month, as Tn ϭ 17.8 ϩ 0.31ϫ To. av (1.9) where To. av is the mean temperature of the month... should be the designer’s aim to ensure the required indoor conditions with little or no use of energy, other than from ambient or renewable sources Therefore the designer’s task is 1 to examine the given conditions (site conditions, climate, daylight and noise climate) 2 to establish the limits of desirable or acceptable conditions (temperatures, lighting and acceptable noise levels) 3 to attempt to control... (H) is the heat content of the air relative to 0°C and 0 humidity It is measured in kJ/kg, i.e the heat content of 1 kg air It has two components: sensible heat (HS) taken up to increase the DBT (approximately 1.005 kJ/kg K) and latent heat (HL) i.e the heat that was necessary to evaporate liquid water to form the moisture content of the air As the constant enthalpy lines almost coincide with the WBT... resistance (Ra Ϫ a, in m2K/W) which is the sum of component resistances: resistances of the surfaces and of the body of the element (wall, roof, etc.), e.g for a wall of two layers: RaϪa ϭ Rsi ϩ R1 ϩ R2 ϩ Rso (1.2) The R-value of any homogeneous layer is its thickness (b4 for breadth) in m, divided by the conductivity of its material: Rϭ b (1.3) The reciprocal of this resistance is conductance, C in . alt="" Introduction to ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE The Basis of Sustainable Design This page intentionally left blank Introduction to ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE The Basis of Sustainable Design . (Continued) 4 Introduction to Architectural Science: The Basis of Sustainable Design 1.46 The shadow-angle protractor. 36 1.47 Plan of a pair of vertical devices (fi ns) and their shading. is released. Thermodynamics is the science of the flow of heat and of its relationship to mechanical work. The first law of thermodynamics is the principle of conservation of energy. Energy