Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development CARD Project Report 027/06/VIE Improvement of operator skills and technology in small rural sawmills in Vietnam  Domesticmarketrequirementsforsawntimber (sizesandgrades),evaluatequalityaspects   By   PhanDucChien,PhilipBlackwellandPeterVinden April 2010 ProjectReport 027/06VIE ImprovementofoperatorskillsandtechnologyinsmallruralsawmillsinVietnam. Domesticmarketrequirementsforsawntimber Page2of12 (sizesandgrades),evaluatequalityaspects Table of Content 1. Domestic wood market of Vietnam 3 2. Forest products industry and timber processing technology 4 3. Timber supply of Vietnam 5 3.1. Forest land of Vietnam 5 3.2. Domestic timber production 6 3.3. Sawn wood production and trade 7 3.4. Furniture production and trade 8 3.5. Wood based panel production and trade 8 3.6. Pulp and paper production and trade 9 3.7. Wood chip production and trade 10 3.8. Vietnam’s timber use and imports 10 3.9. Timber imports 11 ProjectReport 027/06VIE ImprovementofoperatorskillsandtechnologyinsmallruralsawmillsinVietnam. Domesticmarketrequirementsforsawntimber Page3of12 (sizesandgrades),evaluatequalityaspects 1. Domestic wood market of Vietnam Domestic wood consumption in 1993 was estimated as follows: Sawmills used more than 2 million m3 round wood; MDF producers used 70,000 m3, and particle board manufacturers used 140,000 m3. National demand for wood was mainly satisfied through natural forest exploitation and imported wood while plantation forests (consist of rubber) played only a limited role due to the small amount of saw logs produced by plantations. The wood processing industry in Vietnam plays an important role in increasing the value of products produced by the forestry sectors. Forestry products in Vietnam are diverse and include many classes, from products having undergone minimal processing such as sawn timber, flooring, plywood and chipboard to more processed products for direct consumption such as tea chests, beds, wardrobes, sofas and other furniture. Table 1 shows wood industry capacity and production in Vietnam for the period 2001- 2005. Sawn timber remains the most important product by volume although the production of woodchips is also considerable. Since 2005 there has been significant growth in the production of wood furniture in Vietnam and this is likely to increase as long as supply remains. For most products, however, installed capacity exceeds production due to a shortfall in supply resulting from diminishing timber extraction in Vietnam over the past decade. Table 1: Average annual wood industry capacity and production in Vietnam 2001-2005 Product Capacity Production Sawn timber 4,000,000 m 3 2,165,000 m 3 MDF 144,000 m 3 84,000 m 3 Plywood 150,000 m 3 60,000 m 3 Paper 970,000 m 3 30,000 m 3 Pulp 682,000 t 642,000 t Wood furniture - 1,042,000 m 3 products Wood chips - 1,800,000 bone dry tonnes Mine pole, scaffold - 80,000 m 3 (Source: Vietnam association of timber and forest products, 2005) Table 2 shows that national consumption in 2005 exceeded that in 2003 for almost all wood products and that the value of exports increased at a much higher rate reflecting the focus on value addition and increase in the export of furniture. ProjectReport 027/06VIE ImprovementofoperatorskillsandtechnologyinsmallruralsawmillsinVietnam. Domesticmarketrequirementsforsawntimber Page4of12 (sizesandgrades),evaluatequalityaspects Table 2: Volume of wood consumption in 2003 and 2005 Consumption 2003 2005 Consumption of domestic wood and export (‘000m 3 ) 7,420 10,063 Large size timber in industrial sector and civil construction 4,561 5,373 Small timber for panels and wood chips for export 1,649 2,032 Small timber for producing wood pulp, 1,150 2,568 Mine poles 60 90 Value of exported forestry products (million US$) 721 1,700 Wood products 567 1,500 NTFPs 154 200 Fuel-wood consumption (million m 3 ) 25 25 2. Forest products industry and timber processing technology Currently there are 1,200 timber processing enterprises in Vietnam of which 24% are state owned, 10.4% are joint ventures and 65.6% are non-state owned enterprises. The technology used in Vietnam’s wood processing industry has progressed in recent years although there is still a big gap in comparison with the most advanced countries. In the future, if there is no renewal of equipment or update in technology, it will be hard for wood products from Vietnam to compete in international markets. The total capacity of the saw milling industry is estimated to be 3 to 4 million m 3 per year. In 2003, MDF production capacity was 54,000 m 3 although recently, a factory with 60,000 m 3 capacity was established. Particle board production capacity was estimated at 80,000m 3 in 2003 and in 2001, 6 plywood factories were in operation. Most of the country’s sawmills are small and produce only 1000 to 2000 m 3 /per year. In general, investment in capital is low and the mills can only meet limited demand for products that are of insufficient quality for higher paying markets. The mills do, however, employ many labourers and take advantage of people’s available time outside of harvesting periods. Timber processing technology includes many different areas covering the full spectrum of forest products production from harvesting to finishing of highly processed products. The production of sawn wood in the past was commonly done using crosscut saws and band saws. Both types of saw are, however, slow, have low capacity and are inefficient in terms of wood loss. During recent years, vertical electrically controlled hole saws have been increasingly used and many countries have applied digital technology to design a cutting map before sawing. This technology has, however, not been applied in Vietnam. With respect to timber drying, there are four methods that are generally available (1) Freeze drying, (2) heat drying, (3) steam drying and (4) ‘air drying. Steam drying is the most commonly used method in Vietnam. In general, investments in wood and forest products processing equipment have been insufficient in Vietnam and innovation has fallen behind, especially in the Northern region. Proportions of consumption accounted for by different processes and products are as follows: ProjectReport 027/06VIE ImprovementofoperatorskillsandtechnologyinsmallruralsawmillsinVietnam. Domesticmarketrequirementsforsawntimber Page5of12 (sizesandgrades),evaluatequalityaspects • Saw milling and wood preliminary treatments account for approximately 40% of the total processing capacity, including domestically manufactured band saws and disk saws as well as one-sided planers, moulding machines and drills the majority of which are imported from Taiwan, China, Czech and Japan. • Equipment for refining and finishing timber to produce furniture account for about 50% of the total processing capacity and includes three and four side-planers, one or two-axis milling machines, tenon milling machines, multi-bullet drillers, polishing machines, lathes and drying-rooms. In recent years, most establishments have imported comprehensive assemblies and high-tech equipment from Japan, France, Taiwan and South Korea. • Lines for producing panels accounts for 10% of the total processing capacity. Some lines are synchronous but many use dated technology and only lines installed since 1995 utilise modern technology and equipment. • Total processing capacity is around 4 million m 3 round timber per year, but only 2 million m 3 per year are actually processed. Increasing investments have been made in the pulp and paper industry. However, in general, Vietnam’s paper manufacturing facilities are small scale and use dated technology. These factories also cause a lot of pollution, especially those producing non-wood pulp, and paper produced in Vietnam is of low quality and cannot compete with imported paper either for quality or price. Recently, new investments have enabled purchase of new technology but product quality hasn’t met the export requirements and other factors also need to be dealt with. Currently there are nearly 300 paper production facilities in Vietnam but the total capacity is under 20,000 tonnes. The scale of a company necessary to be competitive is about 10 times higher than the current average capacity. For example, new facilities in Thailand, China and Indonesia have capacities of over 500,000 tonnes. In 2003, Vietnam produced nearly 640,000 tonnes of pulp and consumed approximately 2.6 million m 3 wood. Major raw materials for these companies are wood-pulp, waste paper and bamboo and in 2003 the estimated proportions consumed were: 80% wood pulp and 20% non-wooden pulp and waste paper. Demand for wood pulp imports has been gradually increased due to increased requirements for higher quality inputs. 3. Timber supply of Vietnam 3.1. Forest land of Vietnam In 2005 the Government of Vietnam categorized 19.02 million ha as Forest Land. This area is broken down into three land use classifications: Production Forest covering 7.1 million ha, Protection Forest covering 9.47 million ha, and Special-Use Forest covering 2.32 million ha. The Production Forest area is dedicated to supplying timber from natural forests and from plantations. In 2006, Vietnam’s government has reclassified the national forest land. There are 16.24 million ha that have been categorized as forest land. Moreover, area for production forest has received a priority in reclassification. As stated in Vietnam Forestry Development Strategy 2006-2020, 8.4 million ha or 51.72% of the national forest land have been defined as production forest. Meanwhile, protection forest has ProjectReport 027/06VIE ImprovementofoperatorskillsandtechnologyinsmallruralsawmillsinVietnam. Domesticmarketrequirementsforsawntimber Page6of12 (sizesandgrades),evaluatequalityaspects received less attention than previous time. The area of protection forest has reduced from 9.47 million ha to 5.68 million ha. The largest areas of Production Forest are located in the Northeast, North Central, and Central Highland areas, which together comprise around 75 percent of the total Production Forest area. Of the total Production Forest area 3.1 million ha were classified as natural forest and 1.4 million ha as plantation forest, leaving 2.6 million ha as unused land, which presumably implies lack of forest cover. The Government’s goal is to increase the area of forest cover, from 12.6 million ha in 2005 to 15.6 million ha by 2020, largely by increasing the planted forest area within Production Forests from 4.48 million ha to 7.78 million ha. To achieve this, the Government has implemented a number of policies to encourage rural farmers to plant trees. These include policies on forest land allocation, benefit sharing, restructuring of state forest enterprises, forest land classification, establishment of wood processing units, and removal of barriers that prevent planters from selling their timber. 3.2. Domestic timber production To address a long-term deforestation trend, the Government implemented a series of measures to drastically decrease logging. In 1992 the government imposed an export ban on logs and sawn wood, followed by a partial logging ban in 1997, and by a severe curtailing of the annual allowable cut (AAC) to only 300,000 m3 per year in 1999 (Barney 2005). By 2003, legal harvesting of natural forests had totally ceased in northern Vietnam, in the Red River delta, and in the south-eastern Mekong Delta (Brown and Durst 2003). However, analysts point out that actual harvests greatly exceed the AAC. For example, Waggener (2001) estimates total removals of large diameter (>30cm) wood at 1.35 million m3. This is includes timber from illegal harvests attributable to commercial harvesting operations, from small-scale operators, and from land clearing for cash cropping (Barney 2005). In tandem with reducing harvests of natural forests, Vietnam embarked on a program to aggressively increase the supply of wood from timber plantations. The Five Million Hectare Reforestation Program (5MHRP) was launched in 1998 and includes reforestation of degraded land, improved forest law enforcement, and natural regeneration of logged over areas. New planting is constrained by a lack of suitable land, and the 5MHRP has had to focus on the northern region where there are few industrial scale wood processing factories (PTMFPV 2008). According to MARD, by 2020, plantations will be able to supply 20 million m3 of timber (PTMFPV 2008). Domestic timber production has increased at around 10% annually since 2000 (see the data in Table 3 below). This has been achieved by a dramatic increase in production from timber plantations, which has more than offset the reduction in timber from natural forests. While the volume of logs harvested from natural forests has declined from 1.8 million m3 in 1997 to 180,000 m3 in 2008. The volume of logs from plantations increased from 1.9 million m3 to 3.38 million m3 over the same period. ProjectReport 027/06VIE ImprovementofoperatorskillsandtechnologyinsmallruralsawmillsinVietnam. Domesticmarketrequirementsforsawntimber Page7of12 (sizesandgrades),evaluatequalityaspects Table 3. Harvested logs from natural forests Unit: m3 1991- 1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 3.583.000 2.248.000 1.275.000 150.000 150.000 180.000 250.000 (Source: Department of Forestry, 2009) Every year, ten thousands hectares of Vietnam’s natural forest are being cut for different purposes, such as hydro power plant, irrigation, agriculture or other industrial plantations (rubber, pepper …). Actually, there is a million cubic metres of logs that have been taken from the converted area. However, there is no document recorded about the harvested volumes. In this report, estimated volumes of logs taken from the converted area are given below. Table 4. Converted area of natural forest and the harvested logs Year Area (ha) Volume of harvested logs (m3) 2003 22.235 1.111.750 2004 24.916 1.245.800 2005 15.973 798.650 2006 18.449 922.450 2007 11.461 573.050 2008 21.189 1.059.450 Source: Department of Forest Protection, 2009 The North-eastern region produces the largest volume of plantation logs, followed by the Mekong Delta and North Central regions. In 2008, the Northeast produced 943,000 m3 or 30% of the harvested logs; the Mekong delta region produced 608,000 m3 or 18.7% of the harvested logs; and the North Central region produced 560,000 m3 or 17.2% of the harvested logs. The six most important log producing provinces are Tuyen Quang, Yen Bai, Quang Ngai, Phu Tho, Gia Lai and Binh Dinh. In 2008, these six provinces produced 1.1 million m3, or 33.4% of Vietnam’s logs. The shift from natural forests to plantations has brought about a change in the composition of logs produced. Firstly, there has been a shift from native species to exotic planted species. It is estimated that 75% of logs harvested from plantations are Acacia spp. or Eucalyptus spp. The proportion of Acacia spp. logs is likely to dominate in the future, as most new planting is done with Acacia. Secondly, the average diameter of logs has decreased. Field data from Phu Tho Province indicate that Acacia and Eucalyptus plantations are generally harvested seven or eight years after planting when most logs have a diameter under 25 cm. 3.3. Sawn wood production and trade Most sawmills in Vietnam are privately owned and, although accurate data are missing, the total number of units probably exceeds ten thousand. Most of the sawmills were established after 2003, and annual processing capacities range from one hundred m3 to several thousand m3 per unit. Recorded production and installed capacity have increased significantly over the past decade to reach 5.3 and 6.0 million m3 respectively (Table5). Actual figures are probably larger as some production and capacity is likely to be unrecorded. Table 5: Sawn wood production by ownership, and total capacity, 1995 to 2008 (1000 m3) ProjectReport 027/06VIE ImprovementofoperatorskillsandtechnologyinsmallruralsawmillsinVietnam. Domesticmarketrequirementsforsawntimber Page8of12 (sizesandgrades),evaluatequalityaspects Year State owned companies Private companies Companies with foreign investment Total production Total installed capacity 1995 500 1,092 14 1,606 - 2000 244 1,519 1 1,764 2,500 2001 186 1,849 1 2,036 2,500 2002 86 2,580 1 2,667 3,000 2003 75 3,171 45 3,291 3,500 2004 83 2,918 8 3,009 3,700 2005 66 3,162 3 3,231 4,000 2006 60 4,239 24 4,323 5,000 2007 53 4,371 17 4,441 5,500 2008 51 5,263 15 5,329 6,000 Source: Draft of Forestry Development Strategy 2006 – 2020, 2006, GSO 2009 3.4. Furniture production and trade Furniture manufacture for the export market dominates Vietnam’s wood processing industry. Since 2000, Vietnam’s furniture sub-sector has changed from being comprised of small-scale enterprises producing for the domestic market, into export oriented industrial scale production and Vietnam has become the fourth largest global producer of furniture. Vietnam’s lower wage scale relative to its neighbours drives production and export growth and has helped attract foreign investment in this sector. It is likely that Vietnam’s accession to the WTO will strengthen the growth opportunities of Vietnam’s furniture industry (ITT0 2007). Wood product in general is one of Vietnam’s top exports, ranking fifth behind crude oil, textiles, footwear and seafood. Exports increased on average 43 percent annually between 2000 and 2008 to reach an estimated US$ 2.8 billion in 2008. Vietnam has around 1,900 companies producing furniture. Furniture factories are mainly located in three areas: the Ho Chi Minh City-Dong Nai- Binh Duong economic triangle which is the largest high-end wood processing complex of the country; the Central Highlands (Tay Nguyen) and the southern central region; and Hanoi and its surroundings (VET 20/10/2006). According to Vietnam Economic Times, wood processing employed 170,000 workers in 2006. Some processing firms are large scale, are listed on a public stock exchange, and may include foreign financing (VET 11/06/2007). Of 421 companies with foreign investment, 183 (43 percent) had investors from Taiwan (MPI 2008). Vietnamese wood furniture and handicrafts are shipped to over one hundred countries and territories around the world (VET 20/10/2006), but the United States, the European Union and Japan together comprise over 80 percent of the market. Exports to the United States, which in 2007 made up 42 percent of the market, were boosted by a bilateral trade agreement signed with the Unites States in 2001. 3.5. Wood based panel production and trade Domestic use of wood based panels far exceeds domestic supply and a large portion of MDF, particleboard and plywood used in Vietnam’s construction sector is imported. In 2008, domestic consumption of MDF, particleboard and plywood totalled 245,700 m3 and only around 46% of this was produced domestically. The ProjectReport 027/06VIE ImprovementofoperatorskillsandtechnologyinsmallruralsawmillsinVietnam. Domesticmarketrequirementsforsawntimber Page9of12 (sizesandgrades),evaluatequalityaspects Government plans for a major expansion in wood based panel production and the Forestry Development Strategy states that by 2010, there are to be 21 particleboard factories with a total capacity of 538,000 m3 of product per year and 10 fiber-board factories with a total capacity of 375,000 m3 of product per year. Table 6: Wood based panel consumption, imports, capacity, and production 2003, 2005, and 2008 1. MDF (m3) 2003 2005 2008 Consumed volume 40,100 49,100 182,200 Imported volume 10,100 13,300 105,000 Domestic production capacity 54,000 80,000 169,000 Domestic produced volume 30,000 35,800 77,000 2. Particle board (m3) 2003 2005 2008 Consumed volume 80,000 95,500 102,000 Imported volume 20,000 31,500 45,000 Domestic production capacity 80,000 80,000 80,000 Domestic produced volume 60,000 64,000 57,000 3. Plywood (m3) 2003 2005 2008 Consumed volume 11,000 13,000 35,000 Imported volume 11,000 13,000 18,000 Domestic production capacity 0 0 70,000 Domestic produced volume 0 0 45,500 4. Panel board (m3) 2003 2005 2008 Consumed volume 120,000 Imported volume 7700 Domestic production capacity 230,000 Domestic produced volume 200,800 Source: Draft of Forestry Development Strategy 2006 – 2020; GSO, 2008; and others 3.6. Pulp and paper production and trade MARD (2006) lists 64 paper and board producers, concentrated in the Northeast, Red River Delta, and Southeast regions. The dominant player in Vietnam’s pulp and paper sector is the state-owned Vietnam Paper Corporation (Vinapimex), which in 2005 had 20 subsidiaries with a total annual production capacity of 171,000 tonnes (Paperloop, cited in Barney 2005). The largest Vinapimex producer is Bapaco, located in Bai Bang near Hanoi. The mill began production in 1982 and produces mainly printing and writing paper, predominantly for domestic consumption. The mill has one pulp line with an annual production capacity of 70,000 air-dried tonnes and two paper lines with a total capacity of 100,000 tpa. Two other major pulp mills owned by Vinapimex are Tan Mai and Dong Nai near HCMC and together, these three mills account for 50 percent of Vietnamese production (ADB 2000). The remainder of the sector is composed of around 37 mills owned by provincial governments or by the private sector. These mills tend to be small scale with production capacities generally less ProjectReport 027/06VIE ImprovementofoperatorskillsandtechnologyinsmallruralsawmillsinVietnam. Domesticmarketrequirementsforsawntimber Page10of12 (sizesandgrades),evaluatequalityaspects FAO data show a leap in total paper and paperboard production between 1998 and 2004 after which total output remained constant at close to 900,000 tonnes through 2006. The largest share of production consists of the category that encompasses wrapping paper, packaging paper, and board. According to Vietnam Economic Times, the pulp and paper sector is poised for aggressive expansion in the period 2006 to 2010. The Viet Nam Paper Association’s goal is an expansion in annual pulp production capacity to 1 million tonnes and 2 million tonnes in paper production capacity. The Association estimates that USD 1.15 billion will be mobilized for construction of new pulp and paper mills, and an additional USD 710 million will be used for expansion of existing mills. Much of this funding is likely to come through joint venture arrangements (VET 26/10/2006). In early 2007, the Viet Nam Paper Association projected a national production of 1.13 million tonnes of paper and 905,000 tonnes of pulp for the year (VET 24/01/2007). Most pulp and paper production in Vietnam serves the domestic market and paper exports reached only 30,000 tonnes in 2006 (FAO 2008). The only significant exporter appears to be Bapaco, which according to company representatives exports around 20,000 tonnes of paper per year. Vietnam’s pulp and paper producers are unable to match the prices set by the major Indonesian and Thai producers, such as APP, APRIL, Phoenix/Siam Pulp and Advance Agro. 3.7. Wood chip production and trade In the past decade the production of wood chips for export markets has increased. Wood chip production capacity has increased from an estimated 635,000 BDT in 2005 (Barney 2005) to 1.8 million tonnes in 2009 (MARD 2009). The diversion of wood chips from the national pulp and paper industry to export markets appears to be the result of inefficiencies in national pulp production sector (Roda and Rathi 2006). Also, unlike round-wood and semi-processed wood products, chips and particles are exempt from export taxes. This all leads to exporting chip mills being able to pay higher mill-gate prices than the domestic pulp mills. According to Barney (2005) wood chip mills in Vietnam are usually joint ventures between provincial forestry departments and foreign partners. Wood chip producers tend to have long term supply contracts with their foreign joint venture owners, which include Japanese, Korean and Taiwanese firms. According to FAO data, Japan has been the main importer of wood chips and particles from Vietnam over the past decade; however, since 2003 China’s share of imports has been increasing steeply and if this trend has continued after 2006 is likely that China has replaced Japan as the main market. Korea is a minor market for Vietnamese wood chips, and other countries’ imports are not of a significant level. In 2006, a significant fraction of exports went to ‘unspecified’ countries. These may or may not include Japan and China. 3.8. Vietnam’s timber use and imports Furniture production has emerged as a major industry in Vietnam and as a major consumer of sawn wood. Other important products include wood based panels, pulp and paper, and wood chip production. In 2008, Vietnam’s wood industry used 11 [...]... data presented Handicraft and Wood Industry Association of Ho Chi Minh City Domestic market requirements for sawn timber   (sizes and grades), evaluate quality aspects Page 11 of 12  Project Report  027/06VIE  Improvement of operator skills and technology in small rural sawmills in Vietnam.   Table 8 Ten main wood material suppliers of Vietnam s wood industry in 2007 and 11 month of 2008 Unit: Mil... 027/06VIE  Improvement of operator skills and technology in small rural sawmills in Vietnam.   million m3, of which 57% was used for sawn wood for producing outdoor and indoor furniture and for construction timber, 18% was used for particle board production, MDF and woodchips, 24% was used for pulp and paper production, and 1% was used for mining (Table 7) Table 7: Total volume of logs used in Vietnam, ... Sources: Forestry development strategy of Vietnam, 2006 – 2020; GSO, 2007 and 2008, FOMIS 2006, and interviews 3.9 Timber imports A conspicuous feature of Vietnam s timber manufacturing sector is that the volume of timber used far exceeds that which is supplied by the country’s forests and existing plantations According to MARD, Vietnam s 1.4 million ha of plantations can yield 30.6 million m3 of timber, ... Chin Laos New Malaysi Myanma Taiwa Thailan a a Zealand a r n d 2007 49 73 104 85 46 135 52 44 63 40 49 101 106 43 152 57 25 53 11 months of 2008 Source: Handicraft and Wood Industry Association of Ho Chi Minh City, 2009 Table 9 Value of imported timber and material for wood processing in Vietnam Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Value (mil 522 667 760 1.022 1.095 US$) Source: VIFORES, 2009 Domestic market requirements for sawn timber ... volume of logs used in Vietnam, sources and end uses (2003, 2005 and 2008) 2003 2005 2008 1 Total volume of logs used (mill m3) - Domestic logs - Imported logs 2 End uses - Volume used for outdoor and indoor furniture, and sawn wood for construction - Volume used for particle board, MDF and woodchips - Volume used for paper and pulp production - Volume used for mining 8.8 55% 45% 10 49% 51% 11 47% 53%... the paper and flooring industries The balance is made up of timber imports ITTO notes that a substantial portion of Vietnam s processed wood products are derived either from round-wood imports from neighbouring countries such as Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar, from round or sawn wood imports from regional trading partners such as Malaysia or Indonesia, or as sawn wood from further afield According to data... timber and material for wood processing in Vietnam Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Value (mil 522 667 760 1.022 1.095 US$) Source: VIFORES, 2009 Domestic market requirements for sawn timber   (sizes and grades), evaluate quality aspects Page 12 of 12  US A 97 107 . 027/06VIE Improvement of operator skills and technology in small rural sawmills in Vietnam.  Domestic market requirements for sawn timber  Page8 of 12 (sizes and grades), evaluate quality aspects Year. 027/06VIE Improvement of operator skills and technology in small rural sawmills in Vietnam.  Domestic market requirements for sawn timber  Page10 of 12 (sizes and grades), evaluate quality aspects FAO. 027/06VIE Improvement of operator skills and technology in small rural sawmills in Vietnam.  Domestic market requirements for sawn timber  Page12 of 12 (sizes and grades), evaluate quality aspects Table