CURRENTTRENDSAND CHALLENGESINRFID  EditedbyCornelTurcu              Current Trends and Challenges in RFID Edited by Cornel Turcu Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Davor Vidic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Eric Strand, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published July, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Current Trends and Challenges in RFID, Edited by Cornel Turcu p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-356-9 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com   Contents  Preface IX Part 1 RF/RFID Backgrounds 1 Chapter 1 Radio Frequency Background 3 Tales Cleber Pimenta, Paulo C. Crepaldi and Luis H. C. Ferreira Chapter 2 Main RF Structures 17 Tales Cleber Pimenta, Paulo C. Crepaldi, Luis H. C. Ferreira, Robson L. Moreno and Leonardo B. Zoccal Chapter 3 RF CMOS Background 37 Tales Cleber Pimenta, Robson L. Moreno and Leonardo B. Zoccal Chapter 4 Structural Design of a CMOS Voltage Regulator for an Implanted Device 53 Paulo C. Crepaldi, Luis H. de C. Ferreira, Tales C. Pimenta, Robson L. Moreno, Leonardo B. Zoccal and Edgar C. Rodriguez Part 2 Antennas/Tags 85 Chapter 5 RFID Technology: Perspectives and Technical Considerations of Microstrip Antennas for Multi-band RFID Reader Operation 87 Ahmed Toaha Mobashsher, Mohammad Tariqul Islam and Norbahiah Misran Chapter 6 Low-Cost Solution for RFID Tags in Terms of Design and Manufacture 113 Chi-Fang Huang Chapter 7 Conductive Adhesives as the Ultralow Cost RFID Tag Antenna Material 127 Cheng Yang and Mingyu Li VI Contents Chapter 8 Key Factors Affecting the Performance of RFID Tag Antennas 151 Yung-Cheng Hsieh, Hui-Wen Cheng and Yu-Ju Wu Chapter 9 Troubleshooting RFID Tags Problems with Metallic Objects Using Metamaterials 171 Mª Elena de Cos and Fernando Las-Heras Chapter 10 High Performance UHF RFID Tags for Item-Level Tracing Systems in Critical Supply Chains 187 Luca Catarinucci, Riccardo Colella, Mario De Blasi, Luigi Patrono and Luciano Tarricone Part 3 Readers 209 Chapter 11 Design and Implementation of Reader Baseband Receiver Structure in a Passive RFID Environment 211 Ji-Hoon Bae, Kyung-Tae Kim, WonKyu Choi and Chan-Won Park Chapter 12 RFID Readers for the HDX Protocol - A Designer’s Perspective 229 Dan Tudor Vuza and Reinhold Frosch Part 4 Protocols and Algorithms 255 Chapter 13 F-HB + : A Scalable Authentication Protocol for Low-Cost RFID Systems 257 Xiaolin Cao and Máire P. O’Neill Chapter 14 RFID Model for Simulating Framed Slotted ALOHA Based Anti-Collision Protocol for Muti-Tag Identification 279 Zornitza Prodanoff and Seungnam Kang Chapter 15 Using CDMA as Anti-Collision Method for RFID - Research & Applications 305 Andreas Loeffler Chapter 16 An Unconditionally Secure Lightweight RFID Authentication Protocol with Untraceability 329 Hung-Yu Chien, Jia-Zhen Yen and Tzong-Chen Wu Chapter 17 Application of Monte Carlo Method for Determining the Interrogation Zone in Anticollision Radio Frequency Identification Systems 335 Piotr Jankowski-Mihułowicz and Włodzimierz Kalita Chapter 18 Iterative Delay Compensation Algorithm to Mitigate NLOS Influence for Positioning 357 Koji Enda and Ryuji Kohno Contents VII Chapter 19 Efficient Range Query Using Multiple Hilbert Curves 375 Ying Jin, Jing Dai and Chang-Tien Lu Part 5 Case Studies/Applications 391 Chapter 20 The Study on Secure RFID Authentication and Access Control 393 Yu-Yi Chen and Meng-Lin Tsai Chapter 21 Attacks on the HF Physical Layer of Contactless and RFID Systems 415 Pierre-Henri Thevenon, Olivier Savry, Smail Tedjini and Ricardo Malherbi-Martins Chapter 22 Tag Movement Direction Estimation Methods in an RFID Gate System 441 Yoshinori Oikawa Chapter 23 Third Generation Active RFID from the Locating Applications Perspective 455 Eugen Coca and Valentin Popa Chapter 24 Optimization of RFID Platforms: A Cross-Layer Approach 477 Ramiro Sámano-Robles and Atílio Gameiro  Preface  Radio‐frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses communication throughradiowavestotransferdatabetweenareaderandanelectronictagattached to an entity for the purpose of identification, tracking and surveillance. Unlike other identification technologies such as barcodes, RFID technology offers several key benefits such as no line‐of‐sight necessity, robustness, speed, bidirectional communication, reliability in tough environments, bulk detection, superior data capabilities, etc. Because of this, RFID has become particularly successful for a wide area of applications where traditional identification technologies are inadequate for recent demands: inventory tracking, supply chain management, automated manufacturing,healthcare,etc. AstheRFIDtechnologyisbeingspreadandappliedto real world system, RFID systems have received considerable attention from researchers,engineersandindustrypersonnel.Asaresultofyearsofresearch,alotof literature has been published on the design and use of the RFID systems, covering a wide range of topics: hardware and software, protocols and algorithms,applications, etc. ThisbookpresentssomeofthemostrecentresearchresultsofRFIDusersinterestedin exchanging ideas on the present development issues of and future trends in RFID technology. It consists in a collection of 24 chapters distributed in 5 parts: RF/RFID Backgrounds, Antennas/Tags, Readers, Protocols and Algorithms, and finally, Case studies/Applications. The book starts with some background chapters related to Radio Frequency (Chapter 1),mainRFstructures(Chapter2)andRFCMOS(Chapter3).Also,thissectioncontains a chapter that deals with structural design of a CMOS voltage regulator for an implanteddevice(Chapter4). Thesecondsectionofthebookfocusesonantennasandtags.First,someperspectives and technical considerations of microstrip antennas for multi‐band RFID reader are presented (Chapter 5). Also, the high gain dual‐band antennas and limitations  have been described. Chapter6 includes low‐cost solution forRFID tags interms of design and manufacture considering that applying the traditional printing technologies to produce the antennas will lower the cost of the antenna part. Chapter 7 deals with conductive adhesives such as the ultralow cost RFID tag antenna material and X Preface includes results which are based on the screen printing method, which is very representativeatthestageoflabprototyping.Chapter8isatrueexperimentalresearch in nature and aims to investigate the process consistency and accuracy of printing RFID tag antennas via the screening printing method with a conductive  ink, silver‐ based (Ag) ink, on PET, PVC, and Wet Strength paper. Chapter 9 presents a novel CPW‐fed‐slotantennaonartificialmagneticconductor(AMC)combinationprototype suitable to be used in 5.8 GHz RFID tags on metallic objects. The last chapter of this section(Chapter10)proposes aguidelineforthedesignofanewkindofRFIDtagtobe usedineachstepofthepharmaceuticalsupplychain.Itdescribesthemainfeaturesof thepharmaceuticalscenario, mainly focusingonitem‐leveltracingsystemsandRFID devices’performance. The third section of the book is dedicated  to RFID readers. In Chapter 11 the authors presenta demodulationstructuresuitableforareader baseband receiver inapassive RFID environment. Chapter 12 introduces a new reader obtained by adding HDX functionality to an existing FDX reader, together with some design issues that influencereaderperformance. After the chapters focusing on readers design, the following chapters present certain aspects relatedto protocols and algorithms. InChapter 13 the authors propose a new scalable authentication protocol for low‐cost RFID systems, for which features are presented,bothfromthetag’sandreader’sperspective.Chapter14focusesonanRFID model  for simulating framed slotted ALOHA based anti‐collision protocol for multi‐ tag identification. Chapter 15 describes the implementation of direct sequence code divisionmultipleaccesschannelaccessmethodsforthe UHF‐RFID uplink.Chapter16 illustrates an unconditionally secure lightweight RFID authentication protocol with untraceability. Chapter 17 deals with the application of Monte Carlo method for determiningtheinterrogationzoneinanti‐collisionRadioFrequency.InChapter18, in order to mitigate the influence of the NLOS propagation, the authors propose an iterative delay compensation algorithm based on NEWTON algorithm which improves the accuracy of positioning items using the DCF and  shift vector compensationalgorithm.Finally,inChapter19,anefficientspatialrangequerymethod is designed for compensating the lost spatial relationship by the linear mapping mechanisms. The experiments conducted on real data sets demonstrate that the proposedapproachisefficientandscalable. The fifth section of the book includes 5 chapters that describe several RFID applications and studies. Chapter 20 presents some studies on secure RFID authentication and access control, while Chapter 21 shows an overview of attacks on the HF physical layer of contactless and RFID systems. Chapter 22 proposes an effective tag movement direction detection method. Chapter 23  presents a distance measurementandpositionestimationapplicationinordertoevaluateaWSNsystem. Finally,in Chapter 24,cross‐layer designispresented as anattractive tool tooptimize RFID platforms. The proposed framework for design of RFID platforms can be [...]... 1   1 a1 Ei 1 (18 ) S 21 E b  2  r2 a1 Ei 1 Similarly, S12 and S22 can be obtained by measuring the incident, the reflected and the transmitted signals at the output when the input is terminated in Z0 Since the input is terminated by Z0 there is no reflection The values of S12 and S22 are: S12  b1 Er 1  a2 Er 2 (19 ) S22  b2 Er 2   2 a2 Ei 2 12 Current Trends and Challenges in RFID S 11 corresponds...  2r (1  R ) (1  R ) 1 R2  (1  R ) (1  R ) (13 ) R2 1  i2 (1  R )  (1  R ) (1  R ) R R2 1   i2  ( R  1) (1  R )2 (1  R )2 2 R    1  2  r    i    R 1  1 R Similarly, expression (12 ) into:   r  1 2    i    2 2 1 1   2 X X (14 ) When the two parametric equations (13 ) and (14 ) are drawn on a complex coordinate, they build the Smithchart Equation (13 ) forms... convenient plotting ΓL than plotting ZL The reflection coefficient can become even more convenient by normalizing it to Z0, as: ZL 1 Z Z 1  0  ZL Z 1 1 Z0 (8) 6 Current Trends and Challenges in RFID On the same way, normalizing (6) results in: Z 1  1  (9) Considering the normalized real and imaginary parts of both Γ and Z then: Z  R  jX  1   1   r  j i  1   1   r  j i (10 ) After some... (17 ) b1  Er 2 / Z0 The normalization by Z0 is very convenient since the square of a and b corresponds to the power of the incident and reflected waves S 11 and S 21 can be obtained by measuring the incident, the reflected and the transmitted signals at the input when the output is terminated in Z0 Once the output is terminated by Z0 there is no reflection The values of S 11 and S 21 are: S 11  b1 Er 1. .. S12 and S 21 inside the Smith chart indicate that damping signal between ports, whereas plots outside the chart indicate amplification [1] As the frequency increases, the S-Parameters plots in the Smith chart move clockwise Given the value of S 11, the circuit impedance can be found from (6), as:  1  S 11  ZL  Z0    1  S 11  (23) 3.2 Application example The S 11 and S 21 parameters can be obtained... of h 11 (port 1 impedance) can be obtained directly from the relationship of V1 and I1 when V2 is set to zero A voltage source is set to zero by shortening its terminals The value of h 21 (current gain from port 1 to port 2) is obtained from the relationship of I1 and I2 also when V2 is set to zero By the same way, h12 (voltage gain from port 2 to port 1) can be obtained from the relationship of V1 and. .. S-Parameters The input reflection coefficient S 11 from expression (18 ) can be modified as: S 11   1  ZL  Z0 ZL  2 1 ZL  Z0 ZL  Z0 (20) This expression, using the concepts of voltage division, corresponds to: S 11  1  2 ZL V  1  2 1  1 ZL  Z0 VS ( 21) Here, ZL corresponds to the input impedance of the two-port circuit The value of the input to output gain, S 21 is given as: S 21  2 V2 VS (22)... voltages and currents The S-parameters takes advantage of the fact that there is no reflection in a line terminated in its characteristic impedance Therefore, it is necessary a circuit representation for Sparameters, where source and the load terminations are Z0, as shown in Fig 6 The S-parameters equations are: b1  s 11 a1  s12 a2 b2  s 21 a1  s22 a2 (16 ) where a1  Ei 1 / Z0 a2  Ei 2 / Z0 b1  Er 1 /... inductive behavior of the circuit, among other information 14 Current Trends and Challenges in RFID Fig 10 S 11 parameter of the circuit from Fig 8, in a Smith chart Fig 11 S 11 parameter of the circuit from Fig 8, in a dB chart Unfortunately, it is not always possible to analyze S-parameters using Smith chart One such case is S 11 that is usually larger than 1 for active circuits If it is larger than one,... bellow 5HGz and an inductive behavior for higher frequencies [1] The same parameters could be plotted in a standard dB format, as shown in Fig 11 The graph of Fig 10 provides more information and insight than the graph of Fig 11 The last one provides only the magnitude, whereas the first one provides both the imaginary and real part, so that it is possible to infer a capacitive and/ or inductive behavior . be manipulated as: 2222 2 222 2 222 2 2 222 2 22 2 22 22 21 21 (1 ) 2 (1) (1 ) 1 2 (1 ) (1 ) 1 (1 ) 2 (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 1 2 (1) (1 ) (1 ) rri ri rriri rriri rriri rri rr i r RR R R RRR R R RRR R R R RRR RR R RR. convenient by normalizing it to Z 0 , as: 0 0 1 1 1 1 L L Z Z Z Z Z Z       (8) Current Trends and Challenges in RFID 6 On the same way, normalizing (6) results in: 1 1 Z    . CURRENT TRENDS AND CHALLENGES IN RFID  EditedbyCornelTurcu              Current Trends and Challenges in RFID Edited by Cornel Turcu Published by InTech Janeza