BIOSENSORSFORHEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAND BIOSECURITY  EditedbyPierAndreaSerra             Biosensors for Health, Environment and Biosecurity Edited by Pier Andrea Serra Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Mirna Cvijic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Vladimir Wrangel, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published June, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Biosensors for Health, Environment and Biosecurity, Edited by Pier Andrea Serra p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-443-6 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com   Contents  Preface IX Part 1 Biosensor Technology and Materials 1 Chapter 1 Fluorescent Biosensors for Protein Interactions and Drug Discovery 3 Alejandro Sosa-Peinado and Martín González-Andrade Chapter 2 AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor Based Sensors for Bio-Applications 15 Fan Ren, Stephen J. Pearton, Byoung Sam Kang, and Byung Hwan Chu Part 2 Biosensor for Health 69 Chapter 3 Biosensors for Health Applications 71 Cibele Marli Cação Paiva Gouvêa Chapter 4 Nanobiosensor for Health Care 87 Nada F. Atta, Ahmed Galal and Shimaa M. Ali Chapter 5 Evolution Towards the Implementation of Point-Of-Care Biosensors 127 Veronique Vermeeren and Luc Michiels Chapter 6 GMR Biosensor for Clinical Diagnostic 149 Mitra Djamal, Ramli, Freddy Haryanto and Khairurrijal Chapter 7 Label-free Biosensors for Health Applications 165 Cai Qi, George F. Gao and Gang Jin Chapter 8 Preparation and Characterization of Immunosensors for Disease Diagnosis 183 Antonio Aparecido Pupim Ferreira, Cecílio Sadao Fugivara, Hideko Yamanaka and Assis Vicente Benedetti VI Contents Chapter 9 Biosensors for Detection of Low-Density Lipoprotein and its Modified Forms 215 Cesar A.S. Andrade, Maria D.L. Oliveira, Tanize E.S. Faulin, Vitor R. Hering and Dulcineia S.P. Abdalla Chapter 10 Multiplexing Capabilities of Biosensors for Clinical Diagnostics 241 Johnson K-K Ng and Samuel S Chong Chapter 11 Quartz Crystal Microbalance in Clinical Application 257 Ming-Hui Yang, Shiang-Bin Jong, Tze-Wen Chung, Ying-Fong Huang and Yu-Chang Tyan Chapter 12 Using the Brain as a Biosensor to Detect Hypoglycaemia 273 Rasmus Elsborg, Line Sofie Remvig, Henning Beck-Nielsen and Claus Bogh Juhl Chapter 13 Electrochemical Biosensor for Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) 293 Mohammadali Sheikholeslam, Mark D. Pritzker and Pu Chen Chapter 14 Electrochemical Biosensors for Virus Detection 321 Adnane Abdelghani Chapter 15 Microfaradaic Electrochemical Biosensors for the Study of Anticancer Action of DNA Intercalating Drug: Epirubicin 331 Sweety Tiwari and K.S. Pitre Chapter 16 Light Addressable Potentiometric Sensor as Cell-Based Biosensors for Biomedical Application 347 Hui Yu, Qingjun Liu and Ping Wang Chapter 17 Sol-Gel Technology in Enzymatic Electrochemical Biosensors for Clinical Analysis 363 Gabriela Preda, Otilia Spiridon Bizerea and Beatrice Vlad-Oros Chapter 18 Giant Extracellular Hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus: Excellent Prototype of Biosensor and Blood Substitute 389 Leonardo M. Moreira, Alessandra L. Poli, Juliana P. Lyon, Pedro C. G. de Moraes, José Paulo R. F. de Mendonça, Fábio V. Santos, Valmar C. Barbosa and Hidetake Imasato Contents VII Mitochondria as a Biosensor for Drug-Induced Toxicity Chapter 19 – Is It Really Relevant? 411 Ana C. Moreira, Nuno G. Machado, Telma C. Bernardo, Vilma A. Sardão and Paulo J. Oliveira Electrochemical Biosensors to Monitor Chapter 20 Extracellular Glutamate and Acetylcholine Concentration in Brain Tissue 445 Alberto Morales Villagrán, Silvia J. López Pérez and Jorge Ortega Ibarra Surface Plasmon Resonance Biotechnology Chapter 21 for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test 453 How-foo Chen, Chi-Hung Lin, Chun-Yao Su, Hsin-Pai Chen and Ya-Ling Chiang Mammalian-Based Bioreporter Targets: Protein Expression Chapter 22 for Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Detection in the Mammalian Cellular Background 469 Dan Close, Steven Ripp and Gary Sayler Part 4 Biosensors for Environment and Biosecurity 499 Engineered Nuclear Hormone Receptor-Biosensors for Chapter 23 Environmental Monitoring and Early Drug Discovery 501 David W. Wood and Izabela Gierach Higher Plants as a Warning to Ionizing Chapter 24 Radiation:Tradescantia 527 Teresa C. Leal and Alphonse Kelecom  Preface  Abiosensorisdefinedasadetectingdevicethatcombinesatransducerwithabiologi‐ callysensitiveandselectivecomponent.Whenaspecifictargetmoleculeinteractswith thebiologicalcomponent,asignalisproduced,attransducerlevel,proportionaltothe concentrationofthesubstance.Thereforebiosensorscanmeasurecompoundspresent intheenvironment,chem icalprocesses,foodandhumanbodyatlowcostifcompared withtraditionalanalyticaltechniques.  This book covers a wide range of aspects and issues related to biosensor technology, bringing together researchers from 16 different countries. The book consists of 24 chapterswrittenby76authorsanddividedinthreesections.Thefirstse ction,entitled Biosensors Technology and Materials, is composed by two chapters and describes emergingaspectsoftechnologyappliedtobiosensors.Thesubsequentsection,entitled BiosensorsforHealthandincludingtwentychapters,isdevotedtobiosensorapplica‐ tionsinthemedicalfield.Thelastsection,composedbytw ochapters,treatsoftheen‐ vironmentalandbiosecurityapplicationsofbiosensors.  Iwanttoexpressmyappreciationandgratitudetoallauthorswhocontributedtothis book with their research results and to InTech team, in particular to the Publishing ProcessManagerMs.MirnaCvijicthataccomplisheditsmi ssionwithprofessionalism anddedication. Editor PierAndreaSerra UniversityofSassari Italy [...]... essential 11 Fluorescent Biosensors for Protein Interactions and Drug Discovery downstream cellular effects (O'Neil and DeGrado 19 90; Weinstein and Mehler 19 94; Zhang and Yuan 19 98; Zielinski 19 98; Carafoli and Klee 19 99; Berridge, et al 2003), and the conformation of the protein which drastically change according to the calcium levels into the cell to regulate physiological processes (Fig 5), therefore.. .Part 1 Biosensor Technology and Materials 1 Fluorescent Biosensors for Protein Interactions and Drug Discovery Alejandro Sosa-Peinado1 and Martín González-Andrade2 1Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 2Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México 1 Introduction The powerful ability of proteins to bind selectively its ligand... 41( 8): 2475-2484 Medintz, I L and J R Deschamps (2006) Maltose-binding protein: a versatile platform for prototyping biosensing Curr Opin Biotechnol 17 (1) : 17 -27 Nagase, T., E Nakata, et al (2003) Construction of artificial signal transducers on a lectin surface by post-photoaffinity-labeling modification for fluorescent saccharide biosensors Chemistry 9 (15 ): 3660-3669 14 Biosensors for Health, Environment. .. J Biol Chem 2 81( 14): 9407-9 417 Tsukiji, S., M Miyagawa, et al (2009) Ligand-directed tosyl chemistry for protein labeling in vivo Nat Chem Biol 5(5): 3 41- 343 Tsukiji, S., H Wang, et al (2009) Quenched ligand-directed tosylate reagents for one-step construction of turn-on fluorescent biosensors J Am Chem Soc 13 1(25): 9046-9054 Vallee-Belisle, A and K W Plaxco (2 010 ) Structure-switching biosensors: inspired... rapid for signal detection, and reagent free, altogether, these characteristics will determine if the designed biosensor could be able to monitor in real time in either cell environment or in a immobilized device (Looger, Dwyer et al 2003; ValleeBelisle and Plaxco 2 010 ; Plaxco and Soh 2 011 ) In general there are some advantage and limitations for these type of biosensors (Table 1) 5 Fluorescent Biosensors. .. magnetic biosensors and mass spectrometry (MS) have been employed (Burlingame, Boyd and Gaskell 19 96, Jackson and Chen 19 96, Anderson, Bowden and Pickup 19 96, Chen et al 2003, Li et al 2005, Zhang et al 2006, Huber, Lang and Gerber 2008, Sandhu 2007, Zheng et al 2005b) Depending on the sample condition, these methods may show variable results in terms of sensitivity for some applications and may not... Fluorescent Biosensors for Protein Interactions and Drug Discovery 13 Dagher, R., C Pigault, et al (2006) Use of a fluorescent polarization based high throughput assay to identify new calmodulin ligands Biochim Biophys Acta 17 63 (11 ): 12 5 012 55 Dattelbaum, J D., L L Looger, et al (2005) Analysis of allosteric signal transduction mechanisms in an engineered fluorescent maltose biosensor Protein Sci 14 (2): 2842 91. .. Sci 11 (11 ): 2655-2675 de Lorimier, R M., Y Tian, et al (2006) Binding and signaling of surface-immobilized reagentless fluorescent biosensors derived from periplasmic binding proteins Protein Sci 15 (8): 19 36 -19 44 Deuschle, K., S Okumoto, et al (2005) Construction and optimization of a family of genetically encoded metabolite sensors by semirational protein engineering Protein Sci 14 (9): 2304-2 314 Douglass,... in a broad range of light wavelength from the uv light to the visible range, and 6 Biosensors for Health, Environment and Biosecurity Fig 1 Localization for fluorescent labeling A, at the binding site, B, in allosteric site, and C, two fluorophore incoporation for FRET, when the distance between two signals changed by a conformational change several of these probes are commercially available (Toronto... phenothiazines and related tryclic antidepressants (Douglass, Salins et al 2002) Recently Gonález-Andrade and col, has been designed a alternative biosensing assay for CaM inhibitors by chemical modification of bromobimane at position 12 4 (Gonzalez-Andrade, et al 2009; Figueroa, et al 2 010 ), that allowed to determine the IC50 and Kd of the CaM inhibitors in a same fluorescent assay Fig 6 12 Biosensors for Health, . BIOSENSORS FOR HEALTH,  ENVIRONMENT AND BIOSECURITY  EditedbyPierAndreaSerra             Biosensors for Health, Environment and Biosecurity Edited by Pier Andrea. Vallee- Belisle and Plaxco 2 010 ; Plaxco and Soh 2 011 ). In general there are some advantage and limitations for these type of biosensors (Table 1) . Fluorescent Biosensors for Protein Interactions and.  Preface IX Part 1 Biosensor Technology and Materials 1 Chapter 1 Fluorescent Biosensors for Protein Interactions and Drug Discovery 3 Alejandro Sosa-Peinado and Martín González-Andrade Chapter