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Tài liệu tiếng Anh thương mại Chap008 Transportation
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin CHAPTER 8: Transpor tation CHAPTER 8: Transpor tation 8-2 • Transport functionality and participants • From regulation to a free market system • Transportation modal structure • Specialized transportation service • Transportation economics and pricing • Transportation pricing • Documentation • Product pricing and transportation Overview of transportation 8-3 • Product movement is the movement of inventory to specified destinations – Restrictive element—in-transit inventory is “captive”, usually inaccessible during transportation – Flexible element—inventory can be diverted during shipment to a new destination • Transportation consumes time, financial, and environmental resources – Transportation is more than 60% of the cost of logistics – One of largest consumers of oil and gas in US – Impacts traffic congestion, noise and air pollution Transport functionality primarily consists of product movement services 8-4 Transport also functions as storage services for products while in a vehicle • In-transit inventory is captive in the transport system – Managers strive to reduce in-transit inventory to a minimum • Product can also be stored in vehicles at origin or destination (trailers, trucks, railcars, etc) – Usually more expensive than traditional warehousing • Must pay rental or demurrage charges on vehicles used for storage • Diversion occurs when a shipment destination is changed after a product is in transit 8-5 Two fundamental transport principles • Economy of scale is the cost per unit weight decreases as the size of the shipment increases – At least until you totally fill the carrying vehicle! – Cost decreases because the fixed cost of the carrier is allocated over a larger weight of shipment • Economy of distance is the cost per unit weight decreases as distance increases – Often called the tapering principle – Longer distances allow fixed cost of the carrier to be spread over more miles, lowering the per mile charge • Goal is to maximize the size of the load and distance shipped while still meeting service expectations 8-6 Transport participants • Shipper • Consignee (Receiver) • Carrier and Agents • Government • Internet • Public 8-7 Major relationships among transportation participants Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Figure 8.1 Relationship Among Transportation Participants 8-8 Transportation infrastructure supports the flow of our nations economy Table 8.1 The Nations’ Freight Bill ($ billions) 8-9 • Shipper and consignee have a common interest in moving goods from origin to destination within a given time at the lowest cost • Carriers desire to maximize their revenue for movement while minimizing associated costs • Agents (brokers and freight forwarders) facilitate carrier and customer matching • Government desires a stable and efficient transportation environment to support economic growth • Public is concerned with transportation accessibility, expense, and standards for security, safety and the environment Role and perspective of participants 8-10 • The Internet now provides the vital communications links between the transactional participants (shipper-carrier-consignee) – Replacing phone and fax technologies • Web-based enterprises provide information marketplaces – Freight matching – Fuel, equipment, parts and supplies purchases Role of the Internet in transportation [...]... Social regulation which takes measures to protect public safety and environment – – Department of Transportation (DOT) (1966) has active role in hazardous material safety and driver safety Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act (1990) took precedence over state and local regulations 8-11 History of transportation regulation • In 1800’s, rise of steamships and railroads created immense wealth... http://www.metacafe.com/watch/1659007/i_35_bridge_collapse/ 8-27 Transportation service is achieved by combining modes • Traditional carriers are firms that provide service using only one of the five basic transport modes – • Package service uses intermodal transportation (ground and air) to handle small shipments or parcel deliveries – • E.g trucking firm or an airline E.g USPS, FedEx, or UPS Intermodal transportation combines two or... for them – • E.g garment industry in New York Brokers—intermediaries that coordinate transportation arrangements for shipper, consignees and carriers, operating on a commission basis Sampling of Non-operating Intermediaries 8-35 Transportation operations involves the following major topics Video on Ethics and future of Transportation (9:00 min.) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_SXW7v97tQ Video on future... Act – Only U.S.-built ships operating under a U.S flag with U.S crews can ship goods directly from a U.S port to another U.S port 8-14 Transportation structure • Consists of rights-of-way, vehicles, and carriers operating within five basic modes • A mode identifies basic transportation method or form – – – – – Rail Highway Water Pipeline Air 8-15 Table 8.1 Nation’s freight bill 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000.. .Transportation regulation by the government focuses on • Economic regulation seeking to make transportation equally accessible and economical to all without discrimination – – • Government created infrastructure (roads, canals, ports) Intended to... regulation of interstate transportation – • (e.g Commodore Vanderbilt and the railroad “barons” ) To stop the railroad monopolies Other regulatory acts passed from 1906 to 1973 placed motor carriers, shipping, air transport and pipeline transport under ICC oversight • By 1970, ICC had oversight on 100% of rail and air, 80% of pipeline, 43% of trucking and 6% of water carrier operations 8-12 Transportation deregulation... 1.3% 1.6% 82.6% 12 15 18 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 57.3% 829 929 964 6.4% 6.2% 5.9% 16.4% 1,417 1,453 1,502 10.9% 9.6% 9.2% 6.0% 13,018 15,061 16,269 Rail Intermodal Air Water Pipeline Total Source: U.S Freight Transportation Forecasts to 2021, American Trucking Association, Inc., 2010, p 25 8-17 Table 8.3 Domestic shipments by mode and revenue Mode Freight Volumes and Revenue (Billions of Dollars) Mode Share... 24 1.4% 1.7% 2.1% 151.1% Air 20 29 40 3.0% 3.2% 3.6% 99.5% Water 10 13 15 1.5% 1.5% 1.3% 51.5% Pipeline 41 46 51 6.2% 5.1% 4.5% 24.6% 665 903 1,123 Truck Rail Rail Intermodal Total Source: U.S Freight Transportation Forecasts to 2021, American Trucking Association, Inc., 2010, p 25 8-18 Rail mode has historically handled the largest number of ton-miles within continental US • • Track mileage has declined... by Federal government 8-21 Pipeline mode accounts for about 68 percent of all crude and petroleum ton-mile movements in US • Have the highest fixed cost and lowest variable cost of all modes • Unique transportation mode – – – • Can operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week No emissions No empty container or vehicle to return Not flexible, and limited to liquids and gases 8-22 Air mode is the newest and... partly due to its relative ranking across characteristics Table 8.5 Relative Operating Characteristics by Mode Lowest rank is best Note: Lower is better 8-26 Infrastructure in crisis – US needs a National Transportation Plan • United States aggressively invested in highway construction after World War II – • August 1, 2007 a major bridge span of interstate I-35 over the Mississippi River collapses – • However, . market system • Transportation modal structure • Specialized transportation service • Transportation economics and pricing • Transportation pricing • Documentation • Product pricing and transportation Overview. relationships among transportation participants Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Figure 8.1 Relationship Among Transportation Participants 8-8 Transportation. supplies purchases Role of the Internet in transportation 8-11 Transportation regulation by the government focuses on • Economic regulation seeking to make transportation equally accessible and economical