B.M. Caruta Editor B.M. Caruta Editor NANOMATERIALS N R ew esearch N R ew esearch NANOMATERIALS Contributors J. C. Li B. Martorana L. Nicolais Sung Park P. Perlo J.C. Pivin Min Zhi Rong Weon-Pil Tai Bernd Wetzel Ming Qiu Zhang Levent Aktas M. Cengiz Altan G. Carotenuto Sudha Dharmavaram Klaus Friedrich Youssef K. Hamidi Q. Jiang Jae-Chun Lee Ju-Hyeon Lee NOVA Nanomaterials: New Research B.M. Caruta NOVA 9 791594 543691 I SBN 1 - 59454 - 369 - 0 NANOMATERIALS: NEW RESEARCH NANOMATERIALS: NEW RESEARCH B.M. CARUTA EDITOR Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York Copyright © 2005 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available upon request ISBN: 978-1-60692-340-5 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.  New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Wear Resistant Thermosetting Polymer Based Nanocomposites 1 Ming Qiu Zhang, Min Zhi Rong, Bernd Wetzel and Klaus Friedrich Chapter 2 Use of Ion Beams to Produce or Modify Nanostructures in Materials 81 J.C. Pivin Chapter 3 Nanostructured Sno 2 :Tio 2 Composite and Bilayered Thin Films: Humidity Sensor 115 Weon-Pil Tai Chapter 4 Synthesis of ZnO Nanopowder by Solution Combustion Method and its Photocatalytic Characteristics 129 Sung Park, Jae-Chun Lee and Ju-Hyeon Lee Chapter 5 Al-Based Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Alloys 169 Q. Jiang and J. C. Li Chapter 6 Quantitative Analyses of Nanoclay Dispersion in Molded Epoxy Disks: Effects of Mixing Temperature 197 Levent Aktas, Sudha Dharmavaram, Youssef K. Hamidi and M. Cengiz Altan Chapter 7 Synthesis of Thiol-Derivatized Gold and Alloyed Gold- Silver Clusters with Controlled Morphology 219 G. Carotenuto, B. Martorana, P. Perlo and L. Nicolais Index 237 PREFACE Materials science includes those parts of chemistry and physics that deal with the properties of materials. It encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals; ceramics; polymers and composites. Materials science is often referred to as materials science and engineering because it has many applications. Industrial applications of materials science include processing techniques (casting, rolling, welding, ion implantation, crystal growth, thin-film deposition, sintering, glassblowing, etc.), analytical techniques (electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, calorimetry, nuclear microscopy (HEFIB) etc.), materials design, and cost/benefit tradeoffs in industrial production of materials. This book presents new research directions in the very new field of nanomaterials. In: Nanomaterials: New Research ISBN: 1-59454-369-0 Editor: B.M. Caruta, pp. 1-79 ©2005 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Chapter 1 WEAR RESISTANT THERMOSETTING P OLYMER BASED NANOCOMPOSITES Ming Qiu Zhang 1 * , Min Zhi Rong 1 , Bernd Wetzel 2 and Klaus Friedrich 2 1 Materials Science Institute, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China 2 Institute for Composite Materials (IVW), University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany ABSTRACT Thermosetting resins are finding increasing use in a wide range of engineering applications because of their on-the-spot processing characteristics, good affinity to heterogeneous materials, considerable creep and solvent resistance, and higher operating temperature. For example, they have been frequently incorporated with various inorganic particles as the binder to formulate wear resistant composite materials. The tribological properties of these composites, however, are factually far from the specifications demanded by consumers for various working conditions, especially in the case of protective coatings that should shield the substrates against mechanical wear. This is due to both the poor interfacial adhesion around the particle boundaries and the heterogeneous dispersion of the particles. Since the predominant feature of nanoparticles lies in their ultra-fine dimension, a large fraction of the filler atoms can reside at the interface and can lead to a strong interfacial interaction when the nanoparticles are well dispersed on a nanometer level in the surrounding polymer matrix. As the interfacial structure plays a critical role in determining the composites’ properties, nanocomposites coupled with a great number of interfaces are expected to provide unusual properties, and the shortcomings induced by * Prof. Ming Qiu ZHANG; Materials Science Institute; Zhongshan University; Guangzhou 510275; P. R. China; Tel./Fax: +86-20-84036576; E-mail: ceszmq@zsu.edu.cn [...]... exterior nanoparticles, the agglomerates will maintain their friable structure in the composite and can hardly provide properties improvement at all [36] 1.3 New Solutions As convinced by the previous scientific achievements, the development of a new technique is always the most important methodology to overcome the difficulties With respect to the above-mentioned strong tendency for nanoparticles to... which is factually detrimental to the coating applications Sekiguchi et al [18] studied the effects of species of conventional solid lubricants (PTFE, MoS2, and graphite) on the tribological properties of newly synthesized thermosetting resins, i.e condensed polycyclic aromatic (COPNA) resin The results indicated that the most effective filler for wear reduction is graphite, while the friction coefficient . Applications Composite materials have been employed in a vast range of applications because they offer combinations of properties unattainable with metals, ceramics or polymers alone. Especially. the entrapped hard grits removed from the rubbing composites. Nevertheless, incorporation of particulates was proved to be an effective way to modify polymers for tribological applications,. Wetzel and Klaus Friedrich 4 the composites’ properties, nanocomposites coupled with a great number of interfaces could be expected to provide unusual properties, and the shortcomings induced