cadaver dog handbook forensic training and tactics for the recovery of human remains

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cadaver dog handbook forensic training and tactics for the recovery of human remains

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[...]... types of search contexts, the patterned nature of the human remains depositions, the specific types of training aids and exercises needed, and the types of handler skills that must be developed © 2000 By CRC Press LLC There has been a recent increase in interest and demand for training and handling information, as well as for standardization and professionalization of training and handling methods The. .. scent pool and the dog (wind direction and speed, dog location relative to body) Temperature (above freezing and below approximately 90°F) Whether the handler guides the dog to the correct area (handler skill) Whether the handler correctly interprets the dog s behavior In other words, the dog s efforts are only as good as the quality of the pre-search investigation, and the handler’s skills; and they are... capabilities of cadaver dog searches; and (3) provide a reference for other disciplines involved in evidence/body search and recovery OVERVIEW OF BOOK TOPICS AND ORGANIZATION This handbook is organized to meet a range of needs Chapters 2, 3, and 4 focus on the basics of understanding scent, canine olfaction, and the ABC’s of training and training equipment Chapters 5 and 6 are focused on the forensic context,... complexity of the process To the working handler of cadaver dogs, you will better understand areas of training and working the dog that you never quite fully understood before To my fellow trainers, it provides the official outline on how we get from green dog and handler to finding cadavers in the field Lloyd D Williams Master Trainer © 2000 By CRC Press LLC CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION SETTING THE STAGE One of the. .. members, among others The coordination of search and evidence/body recovery efforts requires complex strategies, cooperation, and an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each team member’s potential contribution It is for these reasons we have produced this handbook, specifically to (1) provide a standard training and handling manual; (2) correct misunderstandings about both the limits and capabilities... search dog units who perform cadaver searches PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK Although the training and handling of cadaver dogs shares some characteristics with other evidence dog training and handling, many aspects are unique Specifically, there are differences between (1) air scent versus tracking dog and (2) human decomposition scent detection versus other scents Additionally, there are differences in the particular... pattern of increasing concentration to its source at the apex of the scent cone Interruptions to and enhancements of the spread of molecules from the source may distort the scent cone For example, wind currents may move scent molecules far from their source, and objects in the environment may trap the molecules and prevent them from moving The model of the ideal scent cone and the principles of environmental... medicine, and 20 years of experience in medico-legal death investigation Marcella H Sorg, Ph.D., DABFA, a forensic anthropologist since 1977, and a past-president of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology, has focused multidisciplinary research attention on outdoor scenes, including the interpretation of the postmortem interval, the recovery of human remains, and the role of cadaver dogs Marcia... handling a cadaver dog for the Connecticut State Police and instructing at the Maine Police Academy Andy had his own ideas on training, which proved over the years to become the norm for all canine handlers His easy-going nature fit nicely with the positive methods of canine training During my career with the Maine State Police, administering and training for the canine unit from 1979 to 1986, one of the. .. including the demands of professionalism and the legal issues surrounding cadaver dog searches Chapters 7 and 8 present the factors involved in handling a search request and an overview of search context types Chapter 9 introduces the basics of postmortem processes, including decomposition, disarticulation, and the effects of a variety of taphonomic agents on human remains Chapters 10, 11, and 12 present . demand for train- ing and handling information, as well as for standardization and professionalization of training and handling methods. The misapplica- tion and incorrect handling of cadaver dogs. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rebmann, Andrew J . Cadaver dog handbook : forensic training and tactics for the recovery of human remains /Andrew J . Rebmann, Edward . Press Forensic Training and Tactics for the Recovery of Human Remains CADAVER DOG HANDBOOK Andrew Rebmann Edward David Marcella H. Sorg © 2000 By CRC Press LLC © 2000 By CRC Press LLC Library of

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  • CADAVER DOG HANDBOOK

    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    • DEDICATION

    • TABLE OF CONTENTS

    • ABOUT THE AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

    • PREFACE

    • CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

      • SETTING THE STAGE

      • DEFINITION OF CADAVER DOGS

      • A BRIEF HISTORY OF CADAVER DOGS

      • PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK

      • OVERVIEW OF BOOK TOPICS AND ORGANIZATION

    • CHAPTER 2. DOG BASICS

      • THE WORKING DOG

      • DOG NOSES AND DOG BRAINS

      • SCENT CONE THEORY

      • “LIVE” SCENT VERSUS “DEATH” SCENT

      • SCENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT

        • DECOMPOSITION ODOR FORMS A SCENT POOL

        • WIND CARRIES SCENT AWAY FORMING A SCENT CONE

        • BARRIERS CAUSE SCENT TO FORM SECONDARY SCENT POOLS AND SECONDARY SCENT CONES

        • WATER MOVES SCENT AWAY FROM THE SOURCE

        • SCENT CONE DISTORTION IS PRODUCED BY VARIABLE WINDS

        • SCENT VOIDS CAN BE PRODUCED IN WATER OR ON LAND

      • LIMITS OF CADAVER DOGS AND SCENT DETECTION

    • CHAPTER 3. TRAINING THE CADAVER DOG

      • Training Principles

        • TRAINING PROGRESSION

        • GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR TRAINING AND PRACTICE

        • TRAINING SCENARIOS

        • ONGOING TRAINING REGIME

        • FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

        • FINAL NOTE AND CAUTION

      • A Dog and a Dolphin: Training without Punishment

        • READING THE DOG

      • SELECTION OF A DOG TO TRAIN

      • HANDLER CHARACTERISTICS NEEDED

      • OVERVIEW OF TRAINING

      • TRAINING BASICS

      • SHAPING BEHAVIOR

    • CHAPTER 4. TRAINING MATERIALS

      • CREATING AND HANDLING TRAINING AIDS

        • SCENT SOURCES

          • Natural Scent: Human Flesh

          • Natural Scent: Human Blood

          • Natural Scent: Soil Samples

          • Natural Scent: Adipocere

          • Artificial Scent: Putrescine (1,4 – Diaminobutane) and Cadaverine (1,5 – Diaminopentane)

          • Artificial scent: Sigma Pseudo™ Corpse I (for early detection) Sigma Pseudo™ Corpse II (for post-putrefaction detection) Sigma Pseudo™ Distressed Body (detection of nonresponsive live victims)

        • SCENTED TRAINING AIDS

        • STORAGE CONTAINERS

        • TRAINING CONTAINERS

          • Scent Tube

          • Scented Toys

        • EQUIPMENT AND SET-UP NEEDED FOR IMPRINTING PHASE

        • EQUIPMENT NEEDED AS TRAINING PROGRESSES

    • CHAPTER 5. PROFESSIONAL ISSUES

      • STANDARDIZATION AND CERTIFICATION

      • ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT

      • LEVELS OF CERTAINTY AND CONCLUSIONS REACHED

      • RECORD KEEPING

        • TRAINING RECORDS

        • SEARCH REPORTS

        • RESUME

      • EVALUATING THE QUALIFICATIONS OF AN UNKNOWN DOG/HANDLER TEAM

      • TESTIFYING IN COURT

      • QUALIFYING THE DOG/HANDLER TEAM AS AN EXPERT WITNESS

    • CHAPTER 6. LEGAL ISSUES

      • INTRODUCTION

      • LICENSURE AND VACCINATION

      • EXERCISING “DUE CARE”

        • NEGLIGENCE

        • STRICT LIABILITY

        • JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY

      • SEARCH, SEIZURE, AND WARRANTS

      • PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR CANINE SEARCHES IN GENERAL

      • IMPLICATIONS FOR CADAVER DOG SEARCHES

    • CHAPTER 7. HANDLING A SEARCH REQUEST

      • RECORD KEEPING REGARDING REQUESTS

      • EVALUATING THE FEASIBILITY OF THE SEARCH

      • EVALUATING THE APPROPRIATENESS OF USING A PARTICULAR HANDLER OR CANINE

      • SCHEDULING A SEARCH: SEASON, TIME, WEATHER

      • PROMISES AND DELIVERABLES

      • WHEN TO SAY NO

    • CHAPTER 8. THE SEARCH

      • INTRODUCTION

      • TYPES OF CANINE CADAVER SEARCHES

        • RECOVERY EXPANSION SEARCH

        • FOCUSED SPECULATIVE SEARCH

        • NON-FOCUSED SPECULATIVE SEARCHES

      • FORENSIC CONTEXTS

        • UNPREMEDITATED HOMICIDE

        • PREMEDITATED HOMICIDE

        • SERIAL MURDERS

        • SEARCH PARAMETERS

        • SUICIDE

        • ELDERLY PERSONS SUFFERING FROM DEMENTIA

      • PHYSICAL CONTEXTS

      • USE OF TECHNICAL LOCATION AND MAPPING AIDS

        • AIDS TO LOCATION

          • Maps

          • Compasses

          • Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) Receivers

        • SEARCH APPLICATIONS

          • Establish a Search Baseline and Anchor Point

          • Box the Compass Needle

          • Mark the Baseline

          • Construct the Initial Outside Corridor Line

          • Construct the Backline

          • Define the Corridor Width

          • Begin the Search

          • Document Alerts and Finds

          • Mapping Scattered Remains

      • USE OF REMOTE SENSING AND OTHER TECHNIQUES

        • HUMAN OBSERVATION

        • SOIL PROBE

        • OTHER METHODS FOR VENTING SOIL

        • METAL DETECTOR

        • AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY WITH AND WITHOUT THERMAL IMAGING

        • OTHER TECHNIQUES

      • THE CRIME SCENE

        • SCENE COMMAND

        • EVIDENCE PRESERVATION

    • CHAPTER 9. BEHIND THE SCENES: TAPHONOMY

      • POSTMORTEM PROCESSES

        • DECOMPOSITION AND SKELETONIZATION

        • DISARTICULATION

        • SCAVENGER MODIFICATION

      • SEARCH STRATEGIES FOR DISARTICULATED REMAINS

      • WORKING WITH THE ANTHROPOLOGIST

    • CHAPTER 10. AT THE SCENE

      • INTRODUCTION

        • GENERAL STEPS INVOLVED AT THE SCENE

      • ON-SITE GUIDELINES

        • DEFINE THE SEARCH AREA FOR THE HANDLER(S)

        • ACCLIMATING THE DOG

        • MOTIVATING THE DOG

        • PERIODIC REINFORCEMENT

        • DOCUMENTING THE SEARCH

    • CHAPTER 11. LAND SEARCHES

      • SEARCH PLANNING

      • CONDUCTING THE SEARCH

      • SPECIAL SEARCH SITUATIONS

        • SPOT SEARCHES

        • HASTY SEARCHES

      • GRID SEARCHES

        • ROADSIDES

        • LANDFILLS

        • SWAMPS

        • WILDERNESS AND FOREST STRATEGIES

          • Hunters: Game Trails and Stands

          • Hikers: Hiking Trails and Natural Hazards

          • Other Lost Subjects: Open Grid and Large Area Search

        • DISARTICULATED REMAINS

          • Discovery by Pet Dogs

          • Discovery by Hunters or Hikers

        • DISMEMBERED BODIES

          • Accidental Dismemberment

          • Deliberate Dismemberment

        • SCENT LINE-UPS

          • Procedure for Scent Line-ups

      • ADAPTING TO SPECIAL TERRAIN AND SITE CIRCUMSTANCES

        • CHANGES IN ELEVATION

        • CONTOUR SEARCHING

        • DRAINAGE PATTERNS

        • WELLS

        • DIFFICULT TO EXPLAIN ALERTS

    • CHAPTER 12. WATER SEARCHES

      • TRAINING

        • TRAINING MATERIALS

        • TRAINING STEPS USING A SCENT CAPSULE

        • TRAINING USING A SCENT PUMP

        • TRAINING USING A DIVER

      • BACKGROUND INFORMATION—TYPES OF DROWNING

        • DRY DROWNING

        • WET DROWNING

        • SEARCH STRATEGY TIP

        • EYEWITNESS

        • SEARCH EXAMPLE

      • DECOMPOSITION PROCESS

        • FIRST STAGE

        • SECOND STAGE

        • THIRD STAGE

        • EXCEPTIONS

      • WORKING A WATER SEARCH

        • SELECTION OF BOATS

        • BOAT TYPES

      • WORKING A SEARCH AREA

        • GENERAL SUGGESTIONS

        • SUGGESTIONS FOR WORKING RIVERS

          • Upstream Against the Wind

          • Upstream With the Wind

          • Downstream Against the Wind

          • Downstream With the Wind

        • SUGGESTIONS FOR WORKING LAKES

        • WATER CONDITIONS

        • RECOVERY

        • “FALSE” ALERTS

        • MARKER BUOYS

        • CLOTHING AND OTHER DEBRIS

        • DEAD, WET CRITTERS

        • HANDLER CUEING THE DOG

      • Acknowledgments

    • BIBLIOGRAPHY

      • BOOKS AND ARTICLES

      • VIDEOTAPES AND OTHER REFERENCES

    • APPENDIX A. RESOURCES

      • SELECTED TRAINING AIDS AND EQUIPMENT

      • CONTINUING EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES

      • PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

    • APPENDIX B. REPORT EXAMPLES

      • K-9 SEARCH REPORT

      • EXAMPLE OF RECOVERY EXPANSION SEARCH REPORT

    • APPENDIX C. RESUME EXAMPLES

      • HANDLER RESUME

        • EXAMPLE A

        • EXAMPLE B

      • CANINE RESUME EXAMPLE

      • TRAINING RECORD EXAMPLE

    • GLOSSARY

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