THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY: Its Design And Operation A Practical Guide for Planners of Industrial, Medical, or Education Facilities Sigurd J Rosenlund William Andrew Inc THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY: ITS DESIGN AND OPERATION THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY: ITS DESIGN AND OPERATION A Practical Guide for Planners of Industrial, Medical, or Educational Facilities by Sigurd J Rosenlund ~p L :.:.!::J NOYES PUBLICATIONS Park Ridge, N_ JersBY, U.s.A Copyright © 1987 by Sigurd J Rosenlund No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the Publisher Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 86-31183 ISBN: 0-8155-1110-8 Printed in the United States Published in the United States of America by Noyes Publications Mill Road, Park Ridge, New Jersey 07656 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rosenlund, Sigurd J The chem ical laboratory Includes index Chemical laboratories Design and construction Chemical laboratories Management I Title [DNLM] : Chemical industry Facility Design and Construction Laboratories organization & administration QD 51 R814c] QD51.R57 1987 542'.1 86-31183 ISBN 0-8155-1110-8 Preface It is my hope that this book will fill a gap on the technical library shelf by offering help to those involved with either planning new laboratories or expanding existing ones It is based on over thirty years of laboratory experience, including day to day operation, design of new facilities, supervision of construction, and consultation I have witnessed the fruits of good planning and the unfortunate consequences where planning was inadequate Who can profit from such a book? The supervising chemist who must define the needs of a new laboratory will find many practical suggestions So will the administrator looking for ways to justify a facility that will not become outdated in a few years The designer or engineer will be better able to see things from a client's viewpoint, as will the contractor in charge of certain aspects of construction The doctor or dentist setting up a laboratory facility next to the office will discover suggestions for making the best use of limited space The supplier of laboratory furniture and equipment will find new ways to advise his customers Finally, the young chemist who finds himself charged with starting up a new operation will have the reference I wished for when I was in that position many years ago Above all, this book is intended to be a practical guide to laboratory planning It will not go into the more sophisticated v vi Preface areas of science and technology, Instead, it will deal with a broad variety of more common matters, some of which may be overlooked or underestimated by the laboratory planner Perhaps an explanation should be offered here for my use of "he" throughout the book in referring to the person in charge of daily laboratory operation This pronoun is used in its traditional sense to refer to either a man or a woman The newer "he or she," while more accurate, considering the many women in charge of laboratories today, is also more cumbersome and has been avoided for that reason I would like to thank all those who have given their time and thoughtful comments Benjamin F Naylor, chemistry professor emeritus of San Jose State University, read the manuscript in its early stages and contributed valuable information on educationallaboratories Alan C Nixon, past president of the American Chemical Society, along with other members of Calsec Consultants, Inc., offered helpful suggestions from their diversified experiences Numerous laboratory personnel guided me through their facilities, and distributors of laboratory products kept me informed about their latest products Plumbers, electricians, and others in the building trades had many practical hints Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Barbara, for her encouragement, suggestions, and countless hours of editing Sigurd J Rosenlund January 1987 NOTICE To the best of the Publisher's knowledge the information contained in this book is accurate; however, the Publisher assumes no responsibility nor liability for errors or any consequences arising from the use of the information contained herein Final determination of the suitability of any information, procedure, or product for use contemplated by any user, and the manner of that use, is the sole responsibility of the user The book is intended for informational purposes only Expert advice should be obtained at all times when implementation is being considered Due caution should be exercised in the handling of equipment and construction of facilities Contents INTRODUCTION 1 PRELIMINARY PLANNING Listing Operations Estimating Space Requirements Work Bench Space Free-Standing Equipment Arguments for Additional Space Educational Laboratory Requirements Fume Hoods Analytical Balances Other Equipment Planning for the Future Storage Areas Industrial, Medical, and Research Laboratories Educational Laboratories Reagent Storage Glassware Instruments Preparation Space Repair and Maintenance Equipment Check-Out Laboratory Location Safety Considerations Efficiency Needs Environmental Considerations vii 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 15 viii Contents Vibration Sunlight Noise Access to Utilities Zoning Regulations 15 15 16 16 16 LABORATORY LAYOUT Limitations Making the Scale Drawing Room Organization Work Patterns Work Bench Dimensions Bench Configuration Storage Cabinets and Shelves Heat-Producing Equipment Toxic and Flammable Materials Analytical Balances Sample Receiving Office Space Workers' Area Supervisor's Area Furniture Dimensions Safety Shower Completing the Layout 17 18 18 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 UTILITY REQUIREMENTS 27 27 28 29 Hot and Cold Water Deionized Water Distilled Water Gas Electric Power Sewer Connection Compressed Air and Vacuum Ventilation Heating and Cooling LABORATORY SAFETY Safety Awareness Sources of Safety Information Dealing with Authorities Ventilation Systems Flammable Materials 25 30 30 31 32 32 35 36 36 38 39 42 43 Contents Chemical Spills Safety Shower and Eyewash Station Chemical Storage Fire Protection Earthquake Preparedness Mechanical Hazards Equipment Doors Utility Failures Electricity Water Pressure Gas How to Handle Utility Failures Personal Protection Safety Glasses Lab Coats Foot Protection Food and Drink Smoking Hair Protection Safety Signs Conclusion ix 44 45 45 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 50 51 51 51 52 52 53 53 53 54 54 POLLUTION CONTROL AND WASTE DISPOSAL Waste Control Regulations Air Pollution Liquid Waste Solid Waste Waste Collection and Disposal Disposal Containers Waste Storage Waste Disposal Services In-House Waste Reduction Disposal of Old Chemicals Different Laboratories, Different Problems The illusion of Dilution 55 55 56 57 58 58 58 59 59 60 61 62 62 FLOORS, WALLS, AND CEILINGS Flooring Materials Vinyl Concrete Rubber Composition 64 64 65 66 66 144 The Chemical Laboratory: Its Design and Operation \vould come to it from overhead, and the planned se,ver ,vould be directly underneath There was also to be room for a large table where incoming samples for analysis could be unpacked, sorted, and recorded A suitable size was judged to be 4x8 feet In addition, there should be room for a small desk at the end of the center table The instrument room \\ras planned for \\rork benches covering roughly 60% of the \vall area One "rall ,vas left free for bookcases UTILITY REQUIREMENTS The laboratory needed the usual hot and cold water, electric power, gas, and sewer In addition, there would be a need for DI water Plant equipment was serviced with clean compressed air, which could be piped into the laboratory and be used with only minor further purification Except for the sewer, all utilities could be easily piped into the area A water heater would have to be istalled, however, since the nearest one in the building was some distance away and already used to capacity The concrete floor would have to be broken up to accommodate the sewer A sewage mixing tank would be installed beneath the floor with access for sampling by a waste water inspector The building had an ample supply of electric power It was just a matter of bringing the right amount to where it would be needed The laboratory operator made careful estimates of what was needed and submitted his figures to the electrical designer, who added what was required for other items, such as lighting, and came up with a recommended number of circuits The laboratory operator then added to this a separate circuit to be used exclusively for instruments using low but steady power, a matter the designer had not considered In addition, the laboratory operator requested a breaker box that could accommodate several more A Case History 145 circuits for possible future expansion In the eyes ofmanagement, this was felt to be extravagant, but it was approved after some arguments Most work areas would be supplied with power from wall-mounted strip-type outlets, but in some areas benchmounted pedestals had to be used VENTILATION The laboratory area had no ventilation, and the system used elsewhere in the building was unable to handle the extra load As a result, a separate system had to be installed At the laboratory operator's insistence, this was to be a system with no recirculation of air There was considerable resistance from management due to the higher cost for both installation and operation To make matters more difficult, the heating engineer had never seen a need for such a system on previous jobs One argument finally settled the situation It was pointed out that fragrance evaluations would often have to be performed as part of product evaluation This would be difficult if much of the air were recirculated There were plans to build a small office for production personnel on part of the mezzanine, so the system had to be able to handle this, too The engineer recommended a heat pump for both heating and cooling mounted on the building's roof To augment the heat pump in cold weather, electric heaters were installed in the ducts The laboratory operator requested an on-off switch for the system with a pilot light mounted directly inside the laboratory door Instead, a cumbersome timing device was mounted on the mezzanine, a "standard" procedure It would have to be set for manual operation whenever somebody came in on a weekend Nor was provision made for slow speed ventilation at night, as requested In retrospect, it can be said that the system had more than its share of problems First of all, management refused a request for a maintenance contract, arguing that this system would work for a long time without maintenance It did not Mter about one year, 146 The Chemical Laboratory: Its Design and Operation the crucial reversing valve broke down The unit was still under warranty, but this covered only parts Labor charges were substantial Two years later, the valve broke down again, but management still refused to consider a maintenance contract Finally, one of the two fan motors ceased to operate, possibly because of lack of maintenance This resulted in another big bill On the positive side, it must be said that the thermostat system worked very well, although the installation of electric duct heaters may be questioned They were probably not required in the mild California climate LIGHTING A designer of lighting systems was called in He recommended surface mounted fluorescent fIXtures, which he considered more efficient than the recessed ones The laboratory operator scanned all work areas with a light meter after the j ob was completed The light was even and well within recommended levels Furthermore, there were never any problems with the fixtures themselves, except for an occasional change of tubes LABORATORY BENCHES AND WORK TOPS The laboratory operator had a preference for steel furniture, which the engineering fIrm shared Rather than accept their recommeJldation for a manufacturer, however, the laboratory operator accumulated a stack of catalogs and studied them carefully There was a substantial price difference between brands and their features varied One maker seemed to offer the right combination between price and desired features The sales representative arranged for the laboratory operator's visit to where this furniture had been in service for about two years It was carefully inspected with slamming of doors and opening of drawers Although the frnish had at times been exposed to chemicals, it had held up well Best of all, the work benches were available on short notice After much deliberation, a cheerful two-color scheme of A Case History 147 yellow cabinets and orange doors was selected Installation by an independent contractor was included in the price In the main room where a large variety of \vork would be performed, bench tops with good resistance to chemicals and heat would be needed In the instrument room, where strong chemicals would not be used, such tops would not be needed The engineering frrm, which had never built a laboratory where all the tops were not of the same type, was surprised at the laboratory operator's suggestion to use different materials for different work areas Having just visited several quite sophisticated laboratories in Europe where ceramic tile was used, the laboratory operator was convinced that tile might be the most costeffective option for the main room Quotations were obtained from local frrms While much more expensive than plastic laminate, tile was far less expensive than monolithic composition tops Furthermore, it was available from local suppliers on short notice The engineering frrm turned the idea down, however, and convinced management that the epoxy impregnated slabs were the only thing to use in the main laboratory room They did compromise by using laboratory grade plastic laminate in the instrument room, where chemical spills were rare It proved to have a higher resistance than anticipated The monolithic tops, as expected, took a great deal of punishment with no damage The laboratory operator, though, would have settled happily for the far less expensive ceramic tile SINKS, FAUCETS, AND DI WATER For the three sinks, the laboratory operator suggested standard enamel sinks The more expensive epoxy sinks, however, were chosen by the engineering fIrlll because of their high resistance to chemicals The fact that the city had very strict regulations with regard to discharge of chemicals did not seem to alter their recommendation The plumbing contractor presented several types of sink traps, from which the laboratory operator picked the one he felt was most easily serviced 148 The Chemical Laboratory: Its Design and Operation FUME HOOD CUP SINK 24HD SH l:t ·et p ~ > ~ N I :t: N C'- :t VL 1720 VL 1840 I C'- .::t ~ .::t 2H-24 I ~ C'I N ~ c VL 1900 VL 1840 \.i) ~ Z H Ul ~I ~I ~I VL 1900 VL 1840 ""' ~Ul ""' ""' CUP SINK I:t: C'- .::t \.i) I ~ I ~ .::t ~ N I :x: ~_-6 -_N ~ A.Z PH UUl Figure 3: Plan for main laboratory room showing furniture modules with catalog numbers A Case History 149 Faucets chosen by the engineering fIm1 were equipped with antisiphoning devices The laboratory operator had specified their locations but had failed to check whether the local code required the expensive anti-siphoning type The bench-mounted outlets installed for use with condensers and similar devices, however, were not of the anti-siphoning type, even though in this particular laboratory, the latter would be far more likely to draw water back into the system in case of pressure failure The engineering frrm insisted on heavily plated metal valves for DI water They had never used plastic, which the laboratory operator had successfully employed in a previous installation Management agTeed with the engineers The water was distributed to all sinks by standard PVC pipe, which worked very well after thorough flushing Two DI units were employed in series and placed in the large closet next to the main laboratory room, where the indicator lights could be easily observed This location was poor, since service personnel had to wheel replacement tanks through the laboratory, and mopping up was always required after exchanging tanks in the cramped quarters Ideally, they should have been placed in the plant area with remote indicator lights mounted on the laboratory wall At the time, such remote lights were not offered FLOORING, PAINT, AND CEILING TREATMENT After some deliberation, sheet flooring was chosen rather than tile Commercial grade vinyl was used in a color which harmonized with the laboratory furniture The flooring was installed before any furniture arrived While this called for more material, labor cost was much less A sealer was applied to all seams Although it stood up quite well, flooring with welded seams, not mentioned by either engineer or contractor, would no doubt have been more desirable The laboratory operator specified semi-gloss alkyd paint, despite 150 The Chemical Laboratory: Its Design and Operation the fact that both the engineering fUin and the painting contractor claimed that a latex paint "ras \vhat the~y al"rays used for such applications He also gave the painting contractor a narro\v choice of high quality brands While the job ,,·as undenvay, one of the painters remarked that it \vas nice to ,,;-ork \vith a good paint for a change Acoustical tile \vas specified for all ceilings, \\;th the engineering fIrm selecting the appropriate t)rpe PerfOlinanCe \\·as good, the tiles seemed to have a lo\\? dirt pick-up, and dust deposits near the ventilation outlets "Tere minimal FURNITURE INSTALLATION The installer engaged by the furrliture supplier did a truly professionaljob It was finished sooner than expected There was some fear that the monolitllic countertop slabs, which were pre-fabricated at the factory, might have size discrepancies They did not, due to very careful measurements taken when the order was placed The plumbing contractor chosen by the e11gineering fIrm did excellent work The electrical contractor was pleased with the way circuits had been planned, and the planner in turn was highly satisfied with his installation At the laboratory operator's request, all information regarding installation and maintenance was saved and later filed The contractors admitted that this was not their common practice, but they were all in favor of it EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES Two large distributors were considered for providing equipment and supplies It soon became apparent that neither could provide all the items needed, so it was decided that the order should be split It was an agonizing job to make up lists of everything needed, down to tweezers and filter paper, but the laboratory operator A Case History 151 \\'as a\\Tare that prices \vould be more favorable in such package deals He also knew that mal1agement \\Tould be opposed to buying forgotten start-up supplies later on, usually at higher prices and \\rith funds coming out of the operating budget At the same time, he had been instructed to keep quantities of consumable materials to a reasonable level Eventually shopping lists were fmished and sent out for quotations, which came as a pleasant surprise Prices were well below those shown in the catalogs because of quantities ordered Since the laboratory had not yet been finished, delivery dates were coordinated with estimated requirement dates Manufacturers' representatives, from whom information on instruments had been requested, were quick to show up This resulted in many free lunches, but not one representative resorted to what is usually called "hard sell" They were all very professional The large (4x8 feet) sample sorting table was custom made in the laboratory operator's carport It was built to hold standard twodrawer file cabinets below The top laboratory grade plastic laminate was procured from a local countertop fabricator The file cabinets were spares from the office A large office desk for the laboratory operator was obtained as part of the company's new office furniture A small desk needed in the main laboratory room was purchased from a used office furniture dealer at a good price The top was perrect, the drawers worked well, but the drab grey finish was scratched A local paint store quickly matched the two colors of the laboratory furniture There was a spray gun available at no charge On a Saturday morning, the laboratory operator set up his paint shop in the plant area and went to work on the desk and the file cabinets On Monday morning, the masking tape was removed and everything went back to the laboratory It was well worth the modest investment in time and materials Since the company was getting new typewriters for the office, an older model electric machine was to be discarded It was just right for the laboratory, but the laboratory operator insisted on having it serviced before taking it over 152 The Chemical Laboratory: Its Design and Operation Several home-type appliances \vere required, including refrigerator, dishV\Tasher, washing machine, and dryer A local appliance store provided them at a good price, much lower than if they had been purchased individually The company had declared surplus two secretary chairs because they did not match the decor of the new offices They were in excellent condition and very comfortable One V\ras placed at the analytical balance, the other at the desk in the main room SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS In case of an emergency, there were t\VO ways to escape from the laboratory: through the main door or through the fIrst aid room The main dra\\rback of this arrangement was that both doors opened into the same plant area A better choice would have been to have installed a door from the instrument room to the office area Work areas were laid out in such a \\ray that flammables would not be handled near either door Upon arrival, cartons containing samples or supplies went \\rhere they would not interfere with traffic Approved warning signs \vere posted where needed A combination safety shower and eye wash station was installed in the laboratory Although the engineering company recommended a very expensive chrome-plated unit, a much lower priced one which used plain galvanized pipe was chosen Its perfonnance was the same The pipe was later primed and painted to match the laboratory furniture, another Saturday job for the laboratory operator The building's sprinkler system, already in place, was extended to the laboratory area by a properly certified contractor The fIre department was consulted with regard to the proper number and placement of fITe extinguishers They were most A Case History 153 happy to cooperate and had some good suggestions Management agreed to a service contract for the extinguishers CONCLUSION As with any other project, there were things that could have been done differently and better a second time, but overall it must be said that, in spite of occasional differences of opinion, this laboratory installation worked out well It was the cooperative effort of 'tnany people, each one doing his or her best with an eye for the future No dramatic changes had to be made as work began or when new assignments came in The laboratory became a place where creative and productive work could be performed with minimum interference Index Accidents chemical spills - 44 electrical hazards - 93, 135137 emergency treatment of - 45 legal aspects of - 42 mechanical hazards - 48-49 Air conditioners - 35 American Chemical Society LabGuide - 102 safety publications of - 39 supplier listing - 73 Balances, analytical in educational laboratories 10 mounting of - 23 Building regulations for anti-siphoning devices - 88 for compressed gas storage 94 for doors - 19-20 for plastic drains - 91 for safety measures - 39, 42 Ceilings acoustical treatment of - 69 suspended - 69 Chemicals, resistance to of flooring materials - 64-66 of paints - 68 of work tops - 79-82 Cleaning (see also Housekeeping) materials for - 116 services, janitorial - 115-116 Clean-up of spills - 44 Clothing chemical spills on - 45 protective - 52 Clients agreements with - 118-119 development work for - 121124 Colors, choice of - 71-72, 75 Communication, importance of between laboratory and other facilities - 14 between planners - during construction - 98 Compressed air - 32, 91-92 Computers· 120, 128-129 Corrosion in compressed air pipes - 91 in fume hood systems - 83 paints resistant to - 68 ventilation, importance of - 33 154 Index Cost as location choice factor - 14 of operation - 116-118 of start-up - 103-105 Cup sinks - 90 Customers (see Clients) Doors - 19, 49 Drains - 89-91 Drying ovens - 22 Earthquake preparedness - 48 Electricity failure of - 50-51 outlets for - 92-93 requirements for - 31 repair and maintenance of 134-135 Emergencies (see also Accidents) Chemical spills - 44 earthquakes - 48 equipment for - 24-25, 45 fire - 47-48 utility failures - 50-51 Equipment - 6-11,100-107 (see also individual items) check-out of - 13, 133 fire damaged, salvaging of 138-139 heat producing - 22 identification of - 107 installation instructions for 99 laboratory-built - 84, 136137 maintenance of - 125, 134135 mechanical hazards of - 49 space requirements of - 6-11 warranties for - 99 Ethics, laboratory - 118-119 Expansion, planning for - 8-9, 11,145-146 Eye protection - 51-52 Eyewash station - 45 155 Fans for compressed gas cylinders 93 for fume hoods - 83 Faucets - 87 -88 Files, storage of - 114 Fire doors - 20 Fire drills - -4 Fire hazard - 58 Fire regulations - 41-42 Flammables disposal of - 59 handling of - 23, 43 storage of - 43 Flooring materials - 64-67 Food, contamination of - 53 Fume detectors - 42-43 Fume hoods construction of - 82-85 corner-fitted - 22 in educational laboratories - 10 electrical outlets for - 93 space requirements of - for toxics and flammables - 23 Fumes air polluting effects of - 56 monitoring of - 42-43 paints resistant to - 68 Furniture, laboratory cabinets - 74-76 chemical resistance of - 75 modular units - 85 Gas plumbing for - 30, 91 pressure failure - 50 Gases, compressed - 94 Glassware mechanical hazards of - 49 storage of - 12 Government agencies, records for - 122 Government regulations for waste - 55-63 Hair protection - 53 156 The Chemical Laboratory: Its Design and Operation Hazards, electrical - 93, 135137 Heat-producing equipment - 22 Heat pump - 145 Heating and cooling - 35 Housekeeping - 115 Instruments (see also Equipment) electronic developments in 102 installation of - 105-106 operation manuals for- 106 price of - 106 storage of - 12 Labeling of samples - 122-123 Laboratory, layout of - 17-26, 142 Laboratory operator definition of involvement of - 64, 97, 99 role of -17-18 Laboratories, educational budget for - 11 space requirements of - 1213 Laboratories, industrial record keeping in - 123-125 Laboratories, medical location of - 14 Laboratories, research budget for - 11 furni ture for - 85 record keeping for - 121-122 Laboratories, school (see Laboratories, educational) Legal aspects for analytical work - 125 of released fumes· 56 of record keeping - 120-121 reporting illegal activities 119 of safety rules - 42 Lighting - 25-26, 70-71 Location selection environmental considerations of - 15-16, 140 relation to other work areas 14 utility access - 16 zoning regulations - 16 Maintenance and repair - 13, 117 contracts for - 145 of equipment - 134-135 of fire damaged equipment 138-139 records of - 125 Material Safety Data Sheets - 3941 Needle valves for gas flow adjustment - 91 for low water flow - 88 Noise, effect of - 16 Notebooks, laboratory - 120-121 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 39,46 Office space - 23-24 Operations, listing of - 5-6 Ordering supplies and equipment 104-105,112-113 Packing list - 105 Paints - 67 -68 Paperwork reduction - 126-128 Peninsulas - 21-22 Personnel records for - 125 selection of - 108-111 training of - 111-112 (see also Record keeping) Planning (see also Laboratory, layout of) case history - 140-153 catalog numbers - 77 preliminary - 4-16 Pollution, control of - 55-63 Index Plumbing (see also Sinks) access to - 16, 28 for compressed air - 32, 91 for deionized water - 29 fixtures - 87, 134, 147 for gas - 30, 91 placement of outlets - 86, 91 for sewer connection - 31-32 Procedures manual - 126 Purchasing, records of - 125 Quality control, records of - 124 Reactions, chemical - 45-46 Reagents disposal of - 61 storage of - 12-13, 48 Record keeping - 120-129 Reports - 112 Research and development, records for - 121-122 Safety - 36-54,152 check of completed layout 25 conductive flooring - 66-67 housekeeping, effect of 114 information sources - 38-39 as site selection factor - 14 ventilation, effect on - 32 Safety shower in educational laboratories 10,25 location of - 24-25 standards for - 45 Safety signs - 54 Samples disposal of - 114 labeling of - 122-123 receiving of - 23 storage of - 114 Scale drawing - 18-19 Sewage mixing tank - 144 Sewer connection - 31-32 Sinks corner fitted - 22 157 materials for - 89-91 numbers needed - 28 space requirements of - Smoking - 53 Space requirements, laboratory 6-11 Spills, clean-up of - 44 Sprinklers - 47 Staff, laboratory (see Personnel) Stockroom - 13 Storage of chemicals - 45-46 of compressed gases - 93-94 of dead files - 114 of samples - 11, 114 of tools - 133 of waste materials - 59 Storage cabinets - 22 Suppliers of laboratory equipment - 73, 100-103 relationship with - 113-114 Supplies - 100-107 ordering of - 112-113 receiving of - 105-106 sources of - 100-103, 113-114 Testing cost of - 117 records of - 123-124 Tools - 132-133 Toxic materials disposal of - 58-59 food contamination - 53 handling of - 23 Traffic patterns - 20, 25 Utilities (see also individual utilities) access to -16, 59 fail ure of - 50 -51 outlets for - 86-94 requirements - 27 -35, 144 Vacuum pumps - 32, 77 Vapors, flammable - 57, 66-67 158 The Chenlical Laboratory: Its Design and Operation Ventilation safety aspects of - 42-43 systems - 32-35, 145 Vibration - 15 Warranties - 106 Waste disposal - 55-63, 114 Waste holding tank - 90 Wastewater regulations - 57 Water, deionized outlets for - 88-89 placements of units - 149 properties of - 28-29 Water, distilled - 29-30 Water, hot and cold - 27 -28 Water, soft - 28 Water, sterile - 88-89 Water heaters - 28 Water pressure - 50 Windows - 15-16 Work benches - 73-85 dimensions of - 20-22 materials for tops of - 78-81 selection of - 80-81, 146 space requirements of - 8-9 Work patterns (see Traffic patterns) .. .THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY: ITS DESIGN AND OPERATION THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY: ITS DESIGN AND OPERATION A Practical Guide for Planners of Industrial, Medical, or Educational Facilities. .. Arguments for Additional Space Educational Laboratory Requirements Fume Hoods Analytical Balances Other Equipment Planning for the Future Storage Areas Industrial, Medical, and Research Laboratories Educational. .. discussed in Chapter A partial check list of operations for an industrial chemical laboratory is shown in Table The format of a formal list will vary considerably from one laboratory to another, but