ECE 331: Introduction to Materials for Electrical Engineers Course Objective Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials Science and how they are used in ECE You will learn about: • material structure • how structure dictates properties • how electronic & physical properties are related • how electronic & physical properties are related This course will help you to: • use materials properly • use materials properly • realize new design opportunities with materials • understand the physics of semiconductor devices ECE331 Wi11 lecture 1 ECE 331 – Intro to Materials for ECE Materials in ECE are: semiconductors, metals (e.g. Al t t ) l ( l t f LED ) Al con t ac t s ) , po l ymers ( e.g. encapsu l an t s f or LED s ) and insulators (ceramics such as silicon dioxide in FETs ) ) Materials in ECE are single crystals, polycrystals, hl d tt amorp h ous l ayers an d nanos t ruc t ures Si (silicon) is NOT the only semiconductor (though Si (silicon) is NOT the only semiconductor (though Si electronics is the world’s largest manufacturing industry), but it is the most important one and will i! ECE331 Wi11 lecture 1 rema i n so ! ECE 331 – Intro to Materials for ECE III-V examples GaAs InP InAs AlGaAs AlGaAs InGaAs InGaAsP GN G a N InGaN ECE331 Wi11 lecture 1 III -V •Know your periodic table! •Find your old chemistry notes! Materials Roadmap for Device Technologies: the Bandgap vs Lattice Constant Relationship III - V electronics ECE applications are expanding across III V electronics CD Lasers Fiber pump lasers Space solar expanding across this entire space! CMOS BiCMOS CMOS , BiCMOS , Terrestrial solar, Power CMOS Telecomm Optoelectronics thermophotovoltaics ECE331 Wi11 lecture 1 TECHNOLOGY ROADMAPS: New Age for ECE Materials and opportunities • Electronics: Roadmaps are calling for unusual properties not obtainable using conventional materials or processes • Electronics: - Nanoscale patterning - optical interconnects - speed enhancing materials • Optoelectronics: Optoelectronics: - tunable light emission/detection wavelengths - seamless integration with electronic systems • Alternative Energy: - clean, renewable, cheap, safe, autonomous ECE331 Wi11 lecture 1 - Biocompatiblity and medicine The Materials Selection Process 1. Pick Application Determine required Properties Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, deteriorative. 2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s) Material: structure, composition. 3. Material Identify required Processing Processing: changes structure and overall shape Processing: changes structure and overall shape ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping forming, joining, annealing. ECE331 Wi11 lecture 1 ELECTRICAL • Electrical Resistivity of Copper: A dapted from Fi g . 18.8, Callister 7e. 6 g (Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New York, 1970 ) 4 5 y, r m) 1970 . ) 2 3 e sistivit 0 -8 Ohm- 1 2 R e (1 0 0 • Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity. T (°C) -200 -100 0 0 ECE331 Wi11 lecture 1 • Deforming Cu increases resistivity. THERMAL • Space Shuttle Tiles: Silica fiber insulation offers low heat conduction • Thermal Conductivity of Copper: decreases when you add zinc! offers low heat conduction . - decreases when you add zinc! i ty 400 Adapted from chapter- opening photograph, o nductiv i / m-K) 300 200 Chapter 19, Callister 7e. (Courtesy of Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc.) h ermal C o (W / 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 Adapted from Fig. 19.4W, Callister 6e. (Courtesy of Lockheed Aerospace CS Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 7e. (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook: Pro p erties and Selection: Nonferrous allo y s Composition (wt% Zinc) T h 0 10 20 30 40 ECE331 Wi11 lecture 1 C eramics S ystems, Sunnyvale, CA) (Note: "W" denotes fig. is on CD-ROM.) py and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals, 1979, p. 315.) 100mm MAGNETIC • Magnetic Permeability vs. Composition: • Magnetic Storage: Recording medium Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Fe a better recordin g medium! is magnetized by recording head. g z ation Fe+3%Si F M agneti z F e Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering Materials ,Fig.1 - 7(a), p. 9, Fig. 20.23, Callister 7e. (Fig 20 23 is from J U Lemke MRS Bulletin Magnetic Field M ECE331 Wi11 lecture 1 Engineering Materials , Fig. 1 7(a), p. 9, 1973. Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. (Fig . 20 . 23 is from J . U . Lemke , MRS Bulletin , Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.) OPTICAL • Transmittance: Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or opaque depending on the material structure. sin g le cr y stal polycrystal: low p orosit y polycrystal: hi g h p orosit y gy py gp y Adapted from Fig. 1.2, Callister 7e. (Specimen preparation, P.A. Lessing; photo by S. Tanner ) ECE331 Wi11 lecture 1 Tanner . ) [...]... emission ECE331 Wi11 lecture 1 SUMMARY Course Goals: • Use the right material for the job job • Understand the relation between properties, structure, and processing • Recognize new design opportunities offered by materials selection • Appreciate the relationship between devices, devices their characteristics and their constituent materials ECE331 Wi11 lecture 1 ...Photovoltaics and the role of materials ECE331 Wi11 lecture 1 ECE331 Wi11 lecture 1 Conversion of radiant heat to electricity: Thermophotovoltaics p Front Contact Grid Finger Interconnect n InPAs window n/p InGaAs Emitter/Bas e p InPAs . InGaAs Emitter/Bas e S em i - I nsu l a ti ng I n P SiN/Gold Back Surface Reflector 23 SEM Micrograph Of Processed Ternary MIM Structure 19 20 21 22 23 f iciency (%) 26 .7°C 26 .7°C 25 .6°C • Efficiency ~18% • With addition of a a. Principles of Engineering Materials ,Fig.1 - 7(a), p. 9, Fig. 20 .23 , Callister 7e. (Fig 20 23 is from J U Lemke MRS Bulletin Magnetic Field M ECE331 Wi11 lecture 1 Engineering Materials , Fig. . ECE 331: Introduction to Materials for Electrical Engineers Course Objective Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials Science and how