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Conjuntion lý thuyết và bài tập về liên từ
CONJUNCTIONS 1. Định nghĩa:Liên từ là từ dùng để nối các từ loại, cụm từ hay mệnh đề. 2. Phân loại:Liên từ được chia làm hai loại chính: a. Đẳng lập (song song): Dùng loại liên từ này để nối những các từ loại hoặc cụm từ/ nhóm từ cùng một loại, hoặc những mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau (tính từ với tính từ, danh từ với danh từ ): Ví dụ: He and I are students. She is beautiful and kind. They are learning to read and write. b. Liên từ phụ thuộc: Loại liên từ phụ thuộc nối kết các nhóm từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng khác nhau - mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính trong câu 3. Những liên từ Đẳng lập (song song): Những liên từ Đẳng lập gồm: AND Ví dụ: She is a good and loyal wife. I have many books and notebooks. BOTH AND Ví dụ: She is both good and loyal. They learn both English and French. AS WELL AS Ví dụ: He has experience as well as knownledge. NO LESS THAN Ví dụ: You no less than he are very rich. NOT ONLY BUT (ALSO) Ví dụ: He learns not only English but but (also) Chinese. I like playing not only tennis but (also) football. OR Ví dụ: Hurry up, or you will be late. EITHER OR Ví dụ: He isn't either good or kind. I don't have either books or notebooks. NEITHER NOR Ví dụ: He drinks neither wine nor beer. She has neither husband nor children. BUT Ví dụ: He is intelligent but very lazy. She is ugly but hard-working. THEN Ví dụ: you have eaten nothing; then you must be very hungry. The plant looks very faded; then it hasn't been watered for long. 1 CONSEQUENTLY Ví dụ: You didn't work hard for this term; consequently, he failed the exam. HOWEVER Ví dụ: He is a very lazy student; however, he can pass all the exams easily. It was raining very hard; however, we went out without umbrellar. NEVERTHELESS Ví dụ: She studies very hard; nevertheless, she always gets bad marks. STILL, YET Ví dụ: I speak to You peaceably; still/yet you will not listen. She says she does not love me, yet, I still love her. OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE Ví dụ: We have to work hard, or/else/otherwise we will fail the exam. ONLY Ví dụ: Go where you like; only do not stay here. THEREFORE Ví dụ: He violated the traffic signs, therefore he was punished. 2 Coordinate Conjunctions and: in addition She tried and succeeded. but: however They tried but did not succeed. or: alternatively Did you go out or stay at home? nor: and neither I did not see it, nor did they. yet: however The sun is warm, yet the air is cool. See Exercise 1 Correlative(TƯƠNG QUAN) Conjunction (LIÊN TỪ ĐẲNG LẬP- SONG SONG) both and He is both intelligent and good-natured. either or I will either go for a walk or read a book. neither nor He is neither rich nor famous. hardly when He had hardly begun to work, when he was interrupted. if then If that is true, then what happened is not surprising. no sooner than No sooner had I reached the corner, than the bus came. not only but also She is not only clever, but also hard-working. rather than I would rather go swimming than go to the library. scarcely when Scarcely had we left home, when it started to rain. what with and What with all her aunts, uncles and cousins, she has many relatives. whether or Have you decided whether you will come or not? See Exercise 2 Subordinate Conjunctions (LIÊN TỪ PHỤ THUỘC) As 1. because: As he is my friend, I will help him. 2. when: We watched as the plane took off. After 1. later in time: After the train left, we went home. Although or though 1. in spite of the fact that: Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired. Before 1. earlier than: I arrived before the stores were open. Because 1. for the reason that: We had to wait, because we arrived early. For 1. for, because: He is happy, for he enjoys his work. If 1. on condition that: If she is here, we will see her. Lest 1. for fear that: I watched closely, lest he make a mistake. Note the use of the Subjunctive Mood in the clause with lest. 3 Providing or provided 1. on condition that: All will be well, providing you are careful. Since 1. from a past time: I have been here since the sun rose. 2. as, because: Since you are here, you can help me. So or so that 1. consequently: It was raining, so we did not go out. 2. in order that: I am saving money so I can buy a bicycle. Note: When used with the meaning in order that, so is usually followed by that in formal English. e.g. I am saving money so that I can buy a bicycle. Supposing 1. if: Supposing that happens, what will you do? Than 1. used in comparisons: He is taller than you are. Unless 1. except when, if not: Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed. Until or till 1. up to the time when: I will wait until I hear from you. Whereas 1. because: Whereas this is a public building, it is open to everyone. 2. on the other hand: He is short, whereas you are tall. Whether 1. if: I do not know whether she was invited. While 1. at the time when: While it was snowing, we played cards. 2. on the other hand: He is rich, while his friend is poor. 3. although: While I am not an expert, I will do my best. In addition, the following phrases are often used at the beginning of subordinate clauses. As if 1. in a similar way: She talks as if she knows everything. As long as 1. if: As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily. 2. while: He has lived there as long as I have known him. As soon as 1. immediately when: Write to me as soon as you can. As though 4 1. in a similar way: It looks as though there will be a storm. Even if 1. in spite of a possibility: I am going out even if it rains. In case 1. because of a possibility: Take a sweater in case it gets cold. Or else 1. otherwise: Please be careful, or else you may have an accident. So as to 1. in order to: I hurried so as to be on time. See Exercise 3 Differing Prepositions and Conjunctions Meaning Preposition Conjunction for this reason because of because in spite of this despite although at the time when during while in a similar way like as if In the following examples, the objects of the prepositions, and the verbs of the subordinate clauses are underlined. Preposition: They were upset because of the delay. Conjunction: They were upset because they were delayed. Preposition: Despite the rain, we enjoyed ourselves. Conjunction: Although it rained, we enjoyed ourselves. Preposition: We stayed indoors during the storm. Conjunction: We stayed indoors while the storm raged. Preposition: It looks like rain. Conjunction: It looks as if it will rain. See Exercise 4 Connecting Adverbs accordingly: so He was very persuasive; accordingly, I did what he asked. also: in addition She is my neighbor; she is also my best friend. besides: in addition I like the job. Besides, I need the money. consequently: so She had a fever; consequently, she stayed at home. furthermore: in addition You should stop smoking. Furthermore, you should do it at once! hence: for that reason He is a good friend. Hence, I was not embarrassed to ask him for help. however: but We wanted to arrive on time; however, we were delayed by traffic. likewise: in addition The region is beautiful. Likewise, the climate is excellent. moreover: in addition She is very intelligent; moreover, she is very ambitious. 5 nevertheless: but They are proud. Nevertheless, I like them. nonetheless: but The ascent was dangerous. Nonetheless, he decided to attempt it. otherwise: if not, or else We should consult them; otherwise, they may be upset. still: but It is a long way to the beach. Still, it is a fine day to go swimming. then: 1. next, afterwards We went shopping, then we had lunch. 2. so If you are sure, then I must believe you. therefore: for that reason I was nervous; therefore, I could not do my best. thus: so, in this way He travelled as quickly as possible. Thus, he reached Boston the next day. As indicated in the following table, several connecting adverbs have meanings similar to those of the conjunctions and, but or so. Connecting Adverbs with meanings similar to And, But and So Similar to And Similar to But Similar to So also however accordingly besides nevertheless consequently furthermore nonetheless hence likewise Still therefore moreover thus See Exercises 5and 6 6 EXERCISES Exercise 1. Paying attention to the meanings of the sentences, and to the presence of inverted word order, fill in the blanks with the correct coordinate conjunctions chosen from the pairs given in brackets. For example: 1. I opened the door _________ looked out. (and, yet) 2. She was not in the back yard, _________ was she upstairs. (or, nor) 3. The sun had set, _________ it was still light outside. (or, yet) 4. Do you know his address _________ telephone number? (but, or) 5. He has not arrived yet, _________ have they. (and, nor) 6. I read the book, _________ did not understand it. (but, or) 7. We searched diligently, ________ found nothing. (or, yet) 8. I invited him _________ his friends. (and, but) Answers to Exercise 1. 1. and 2. nor 3. yet 4. or 5. nor 6. but 7. yet 8. and Exercise 2. Paying attention to the expressions used in the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the words and, but also, nor, or, than, then and when, as appropriate. For example: 1. I have both respect _________ admiration for them. 2. Hardly had I finished reading over the problem, _________ the answer leapt to my mind. 3. It will rain either today _________ tomorrow. 4. He could not decide whether to tell the truth _________ keep silent. 5. It was not only a beautiful day, ___________ the first day of Spring. 6. If you follow the instructions, __________ you should have no difficulty. 7. He is neither proud _________ condescending. 8. What with one thing _________ another, it was very late by the time we left the house. 9. No sooner had I opened my eyes, _________ I remembered where I was. 10. Scarcely had I heard the news, _________ my friend arrived. 11. I do not know whether he has seen the movie before ________ not. 12. I would rather wait here _________ risk missing the bus. 13. She could find the book neither at the Library, _________ at the bookstore. 14. No sooner had I opened the window, _________ a butterfly flew into the room. 15. The crowd was both large _________ enthusiastic. Answers to Exercise 2. 1. and 2. when 3. or 4. or 5. but also 6. then 7. nor 8. and 9. than 10. when 11. or 12. than 13. nor 14. than 15. and Exercise 3. Paying attention to the meanings of the sentences, fill in the blanks with the correct subordinate conjunctions or similar expressions chosen from the pairs given in brackets. For example: 1. We recognized her at once, ____________ we had not seen her for years. (although, in case) 2. He kept reading ___________ he fell asleep. (for, until) 3. The moon will rise ____________ the sun sets. (as soon as, than) 4. It looks ____________ the train will be late. (while, as though) 5. ____________ she got her degree, she became a teacher. (After, Than) 6. We will not go skiing ____________ the weather is good. (as if, unless) 7. ____________ he left, he made sure he had his keys with him. (Before, For) 8. ____________ I told the truth, you would not believe me. (Even if, So that) 9. They have known her ___________ she was a child. (until, since) 10. I must leave now, ____________ I have a great deal of work to do. (as, than) 11. What shall we do ____________ it rains? (or else, supposing) 7 12. ____________ you read this book, you would be sure to enjoy it. (If, Until) 13. The door was open, ____________ we could hear everything. (in case, so) 14. I studied more ____________ he did. (than, whereas) 15. We packed a lunch, ____________ we knew we would soon be hungry. (lest, for) 16. I will join you, ____________ the weather is fine. (providing, than) 17. ____________ he is very busy, he is seldom at home. (Or else, Because) 18. We must hurry, ___________ we will be late. (so that, or else) Answers to Exercise 3. 1. although 2. until 3. as soon as 4. as though 5. After 6. unless 7. Before 8. Even if 9. since 10. as 11. supposing 12. If 13. so 14. than 15. for 16. providing 17. Because 18. or else Exercise 4. For each of the following sentences, paying attention to the structure of the sentence, fill in the blank with either the conjunction or the preposition given in brackets. For example: 1. We stayed up late, ____________ we were tired. (although, despite) 2. They went swimming, ____________ the coldness of the water. (although, despite) 3. I enjoy the course, ____________ the professor is a good teacher. (because, because of) 4. She looks ___________ your sister. (as if, like) 5. Please wait ___________ I make a phone call. (during, while) 6. Did you hear any noises ____________ the night? (during, while) 7. It looked ____________ we would not be able to leave until the next day. (as if, like) 8. We all felt tired ____________ the hot weather. (because, because of) 9. I read a book ___________ I was waiting. (during, while) 10. Her eyes shone _____________ stars. (as if, like) 11. They managed to work together, ___________ their differences of opinion. (although, despite) 12. I left home early, ____________ I had to do several errands. (because, because of) 13. He speaks about the subject ____________ he were an expert. (as if, like) 14. We rested ____________ the hottest part of the day. (during, while) 15. ____________ she lost her way twice, she arrived safely. (Although, Despite) 16. ____________ their interest in comets, they decided to study astronomy. (Because, Because of) Answers to Exercise 4. 1. although 2. despite 3. because 4. like 5. while 6. during 7. as if 8. because of 9. while 10. like 11. despite 12. because 13. as if 14. during 15. Although 16. Because of Exercise 5. Paying attention to the meanings of the sentences, fill in the blanks with the correct connecting adverbs chosen from the pairs given in brackets. For example: 1. The work was new to me. ____________, it did not seem difficult. (Consequently, Nevertheless) 2. Continue along Queen Street. ____________ turn left. (Then, Therefore) 3. It was very misty. ______________, we could not get a clear view of the mountain. (Hence, However) 4. We had walked several miles. ____________, we did not feel tired. (Accordingly, Still) 5. She is a talented actress. ____________, she is very beautiful. (Moreover, Thus) 6. We take the bus every day. __________, we are familiar with the bus route. (Nevertheless, Thus) 7. The child was sleepy. ______________, we went home early. (Otherwise, Therefore) 8. The food was delicious. _____________, the service was excellent. (Likewise, Nevertheless) 9. We looked everywhere. _____________, we could not find the keys. (However, Thus) 10. The book is long. _____________, the vocabulary is difficult. (Consequently, Furthermore) 11. Luckily, the moon was bright. ______________, we could not have seen the path. (Accordingly, Otherwise) 12. He is old. _____________, his mind is still active. (Nonetheless, Therefore) 8 Answers to Exercise 5. 1. Nevertheless 2. Then 3. Hence 4. Still 5. Moreover 6. Thus 7. Therefore 8. Likewise 9. However 10. Furthermore 11. Otherwise 12. Nonetheless Exercise 6. Paying attention to the structure of the sentences, fill in the blanks with the conjunctions or connecting adverbs given in brackets. Make sure that the sentences conform to the rules of correct formal English. For example: 1. I have invited him. ____________, I have invited his sister. (Also, And) 2. He walked up to the door ____________ knocked. (and, likewise) 3. The bus fare is expensive; ____________, I prefer to walk. (so, therefore) 4. She is well-educated. ____________, she has very good manners. (And, Besides) 5. I would rather travel by train, ___________ the bus leaves earlier. (but, however) 6. We were born in this village; ____________, we know everyone here. (hence, so that) 7. Put less wood on the fire, ___________ it will be too smoky. (or, otherwise) 8. They got off the train. __________ they began to search for a hotel. (And, Then) 9. She studied for many months; ____________, she knew the material thoroughly. (consequently, so that) 10. The weather was hot; ____________, the air was humid. (and, moreover) 11. Please come with us, ____________ I can introduce you to my friends. (thus, so that) 12. The sun was warm, ____________ a cool breeze blew in from the sea. (but, however) 13. I have read this book before; ____________, I do not remember the plot. (but, however) 14. They were hot ____________ tired. (also, and) 15. The door was locked; ____________, we would have waited inside. (or, otherwise) 16. I have known her for many years; ____________, I understand her character well. (so that, thus) 17. We opened the window ____________ fresh air would blow into the room. (consequently, so that) 18. He is ignorant; ____________, he is lazy. (and, furthermore) 19. They visited many stores; ___________, they could not find what they were looking for. (but, however) 20. You should go to sleep now, ____________ you will be tired tomorrow. (or, otherwise) 21. I was worried; ___________, I was determined not to show it. (but, nevertheless) Answers to Exercise 6. 1. Also 2. and 3. therefore 4. Besides 5. but 6. hence 7. or 8. Then 9. consequently 10. moreover 11. so that 12. but 13. however 14. and 15. otherwise 16. thus 17. so that 18. furthermore 19. however 20. or 21. nevertheless Exercise 7. The following sentences are incorrect, because they contain correlative conjunctions, but do not use parallel construction. Rewrite the sentences correctly, using parallel construction. For example: 1. The train proceeded neither quickly nor was it smooth. 2. They will leave either today or they will go tomorrow. 3. The child hates both getting up in the morning and to go to bed at night. 4. She is neither kind nor has patience. 5. He is not only talented, but also he has charm. 6. The street is lined with both oak trees and there are elm trees. 7. The lecture was not only very long but also it was very dull. 8. You should either eat less, or should exercise more. 9. I am not only proud to be here, but also feel happy to meet you. 10. The town is both historical and it is picturesque. Answers to Exercise 7. 1. The train proceeded neither quickly nor smoothly. 2. They will leave either today or tomorrow. 3. The child 9 hates both getting up in the morning and going to bed at night. 4. She is neither kind nor patient. 5. He is not only talented, but also charming. 6. The street is lined with both oak trees and elm trees. 7. The lecture was not only very long but also very dull. 8. You should either eat less, or exercise more. 9. I am not only proud to be here, but also happy to meet you. 10. The town is both historical and picturesque. Exercise 8. The following sentences are incorrect, because they present lists of ideas, but do not use parallel construction. Rewrite the sentences correctly, using parallel construction. For example: 1. We walked out of the door, down the steps and went across the street. 2. She loves singing, dancing and to play the piano. 3. The wind moaned, shrieked and was howling. 4. The music was fast, brilliant and sounded exciting. 5. He proposes to borrow money, open a store and going into business. 6. The town boasts four libraries, two theaters and there are many schools. 7. The clouds were thick, black and looked threatening. 8. He likes running, jumping and to ride a bicycle. 9. They worked carefully, quickly and were quiet. 10. The vegetables were fresh, tender and tasted delicious. Answers to Exercise 8. 1. We walked out of the door, down the steps and across the street. 2. She loves singing, dancing and playing the piano. 3. The wind moaned, shrieked and howled. 4. The music was fast, brilliant and exciting. 5. He proposes to borrow money, open a store and go into business. 6. The town boasts four libraries, two theaters and many schools. 7. The clouds were thick, black and threatening. 8. He likes running, jumping and riding a bicycle. 9. They worked carefully, quickly and quietly. 10. The vegetables were fresh, tender and delicious. 10 . Định nghĩa :Liên từ là từ dùng để nối các từ loại, cụm từ hay mệnh đề. 2. Phân loại :Liên từ được chia làm hai loại chính: a. Đẳng lập (song song): Dùng loại liên từ này để nối những các từ loại. and write. b. Liên từ phụ thuộc: Loại liên từ phụ thuộc nối kết các nhóm từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng khác nhau - mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính trong câu 3. Những liên từ Đẳng lập (song. liên từ này để nối những các từ loại hoặc cụm từ/ nhóm từ cùng một loại, hoặc những mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau (tính từ với tính từ, danh từ với danh từ ): Ví dụ: He and I are students. She is beautiful