[...]... Lower degree of order ∆S > 0 Higher degree of order, ∆S < 0 ∆H = - 287 kJ · mol -1 ∆H = +3.8 kJ · mol -1 -T · ∆S = +49 kJ · mol -1 -T · ∆S = - 12.8 kJ · mol -1 ∆G = - 238 kJ · mol -1 -2 00 -1 00 ∆G = - 9.0 kJ · mol -1 0 Energy 1 “Knall-gas” reaction +100 +200 -1 2 -8 -4 0 Energy +4 2 Dissolution of NaCl in water Koolman, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition © 2005 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject... bound to C-1 of ribose by an N-glycosidic bond (see p 36) In addition to C-2 to C-4, C-1 of ribose also represents a chiral center The -configuration is usually found in nucleotides (1) The reactive thiol group of coenzyme A is located in the part of the molecule that is derived from cysteamine Cysteamine is a bio- Koolman, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition © 2005 Thieme All rights reserved Usage... Equilibrium -1 0 Equilibrium ∆G°(a) -2 0 -3 0 -4 0 [C] · [D] [A] · [B] ATP + H2O ADP + Pi -5 0 0 Measure of group transfer potential 20 40 60 80 100 % converted B Redox reactions - 0.5 Ared R·T [A ] · ln ox [Ared] n·F E = E° + Measure of electron transfer potential For any redox R·T [B ] · [Ared] reaction · ln ox ∆E = ∆E° + [Bred] · [Aox] n·F Definition and sizes ∆E = EAcceptor – EDonor ∆G = – n · F · ∆E n = No of. .. which they are attached, they are referred to as functional groups New functional groups can arise as a result of oxidation of the compounds mentioned above For example, the oxidation of a thiol yields a disulfide (R-S-S-R) Double oxidation of a primary alcohol (R-CH2-OH) gives rise initially to an aldehyde (R-C(O)-H), and then to a carboxylic acid (R-C(O)-OH) In contrast, the oxidation of a secondary alcohol... mmol · l-1 2 v = - [A] / ∆t = ∆ [ B] / ∆t 3 ( mol · l -1 · s -1 ) C Reaction order 0s 1 Liter A C 1s v (mM · s-1) [A] (mM) 0s A + C B 1s v (mM · s-1) (mM) 5 [A] = 12 [B] ˚= 1 1 10 1 1 2 [A] = 6 ˚ [B] = 4 2 15 3 [A] = 3 ˚ [B] = 12 3 v = k · [A] First-order reaction k = 1/5 s -1 ˚ ˚ ˚ k, k' : Rate constants 2 v = k' · [A] · [B] Second-order reaction Koolman, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition... elimination When water is added to an alkene (1a), a proton is first transferred to the alkene The unstable carbenium cation that occurs as an intermediate initially takes up water (not shown), before the separation of a proton produces alco- Koolman, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition © 2005 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license 15 Chemistry A Redox reactions H H... (R-O-C(H)OH-R) The cyclic forms of sugars are well-known examples of hemi- acetals (see p 36) The oxidation of hemiacetals produces carboxylic acid esters Very important compounds are the carboxylic acids and their derivatives, which can be formally obtained by exchanging the OH group for another group In fact, derivatives of this type are formed by nucleophilic substitutions of activated intermediate... The chemical properties of atoms and the types of bond they form with each other are determined by their electron shells The electron configurations of the elements are therefore also shown in Fig A Fig B explains the symbols and abbreviations used More de- Koolman, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition © 2005 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license 3 Chemistry... Energy-rich bond Chiral centers Koolman, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition © 2005 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license 13 14 Basics Chemical reactions Chemical reactions are processes in which electrons or groups of atoms are taken up into molecules, exchanged between molecules, or shifted within molecules Illustrated here are the most important types of reaction... activation energy of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction is only 23 kJ mol–1, which in comparison with the uncatalyzed reaction leads to acceleration by a factor of 1.3 109 Catalase is one of the most ef cient enzymes there are A single molecule can convert up to 108 (a hundred million) H2O2 molecules per second Koolman, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition © 2005 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject . Color Atlas of Biochemistry Second edition, revised and enlarged Jan Koolman Professor Philipps University Marburg Institute of Physiologic Chemistry Marburg, Germany Klaus-Heinrich Roehm Professor Philipps. com- puter-based molecular modeling. In illustrat- ing macromolecules, we used structural infor- All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Koolman, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, . Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition © 2005 Thieme IV Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data This book is an authorized and updated trans- lation of the 3rd German edition published and