[...]... emissions have caused some users of heating oils to convert to natural gas and LPG Expansion of air and truck travel has increased diesel and jet fuel demands 2.5 JET AND TURBINE FUELS Jet fuel is blended for use by both commercial aviation and military aircraft It is also known as turbine fuel and there are several commercial and military jet fuel specifications For most refineries the primary source... lowsulfur fuel oils can be burned in some areas and this trend will continue to expand Heavy fuel oils with very low sulfur contents are much in demand and sell at prices near those of the crude oils from which they are derived NOTES 1 Amer Petrol Inst Inform Bull No 11 (Philadelphia, Pa., 1958) 2 W F Bland and R L Davidson, Eds., Petroleum Processing Handbook (McGrawHill Book Company, New York, 1967),... 1967), pp 1–11 3 Ibid., pp 11–12 4 Ibid pp 11–39 5 W A Gruse and D R Stevens, Chemical Technology of Petroleum, 3rd Ed (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1960), pp 424–472 6 NPRA Survey, 1989 7 Gas Processors Assoc Publication 2140, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications and Test Methods, (Tulsa, OK) 8 M E Reno, U S Bozzano, and W C Tieman, UOP 1990 Technology Conference (UOP, Des Plaines, IL, 1990) 9 G... location, demand, availability, combustion characteristics, sulfur content, and prices of competing fuels Knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of the petroleum products is necessary for an understanding of the need for the various refinery processes To provide an orderly portrayal of the refinery products, they are described in the following paragraphs in order of increasing specific gravity and decreasing... temperatures and pressures: methane, ethane, propane, butane, and the corresponding olefins Methane (C 1 ) is usually used as a refinery fuel, but can be used as a feedstock for hydrogen production by pyrolytic cracking and reaction with steam Its quantity is generally expressed in terms of pounds or kilograms, standard cubic feet (scf) at 60°F and 14.7 psia, normal cubic meters (Nm 3 ) at 15.6°C and 1 bar... of the processing units The case-study method is best for quick understanding and we recommend that a crude oil be selected and yield and cost calculations be made as the refining processes are studied in order An example problem is given in Chapter 17 for a refinery of low complexity and the example problem starting in Chapter 4 and ending in Chapter 18 presents a complex refinery typical of today’s... total aromatic and naphthalene content and smoke point specifications limit the amount of cracked stocks which can be included For refineries with a hydrocracker, kerosine boiling range hydrocarbons from this unit can also meet jet fuel specifications and is a major contributor to jet fuel production Usually jet fuels sell at higher prices than diesel fuels and No 1 and No 2 heating oils, and it is more... gasoline and kerosine boiling ranges The naphtha-type jet fuel is more volatile and has more safety problems in handling, but in case of a national emergency, there would be a tremendous demand for jet fuels and to meet the requirements both naphtha and kerosine production would be needed The military is studying alternatives and the JP-8 jet fuel is being phased in The jet fuels are blended from the various... above 45 It is has a boiling range from 360 to 600°F (182 to 316°C) and is used in high-speed engines in automobiles, trucks, and buses No 2 diesel fuel is very similar to No 2 fuel oil, and has a wider boiling range than No 1 It usually contains cracked stocks and may be blended from naphtha, kerosine, and light cracked oils from the coker and the fluid catalytic cracking unit Limiting specifications are... gasoline, diesel and turbine (jet) fuels, and the light heating oils, No 1 and No 2 These transportation fuels have boiling points between 0 and 345°C (30 to 650°F) Light heating oils are not properly transportation fuels but the hydrocarbon components are interchangeable with those of diesel and jet fuels, only the additives are different Although products such as lubricating oils, refrigeration and transformer . environmental aspects of refinery fuels and the place of reformulated fuels in refinery product distribution are covered. The physical and chemical properties of petroleum and petroleum products are described,. show the purposes and interrelation- ships of the processing units. The case-study method is best for quick understand- ing and we recommend that a crude oil be selected and yield and cost calculations be. Dekker, Inc. New York • Basel TM Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics Fourth Edition James H. Gary Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado Glenn E. Handwerk Consulting Chemical Engineer Golden,