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An introduction to Mechanical
Engineering: Study on the
Competitiveness of the EU
Mechanical Engineering
Industry
Within the Framework Contract of Sectoral
Competitiveness Studies – ENTR/06/054
Final Report
Client: Directorate-General Enterprise & Industry
Dr. Hans-Günther Vieweg
Munich, 01 February 2012
Project leader:
Hans-Günther Vieweg, Ifo Institute
Team:
Ifo Institute:
Jörg Claussen
Christian Essling
Michael Reinhard
Cambridge Econometrics:
Eva Alexandri
Graham Hay
Ian Robins
Danish Technological Institute:
Tine Andersen
Karsten Frøhlich Hougaard
Table of contents
1 An introduction to Mechanical Engineering 1
1.1 Structure of the report and the team 1
1.2 Understanding the project and its objectives 2
1.3 Specifics of Mechanical Engineering 4
2 EU Mechanical Engineering 19
2.1 Profile of the EU Mechanical Engineering 19
2.1.1 Description of the sector 19
2.1.2 Mechanical Engineering compared to total manufacturing 27
2.2 Mechanical engineering in selected Member States 31
2.2.1 France 31
2.2.2 Germany 35
2.2.3 Italy 38
2.2.4 Spain 41
2.2.5 United Kingdom 45
2.2.6 Poland 47
2.2.7 Czech Republic 50
2.2.8 Slovakia 53
2.3 Subsectors of Mechanical Engineering 55
2.3.1 Engines and turbines 55
2.3.2 Pumps and compressors 60
2.3.3 Taps and valves 65
2.3.4 Bearings, gears and drives 68
2.3.5 Lifting, handling and storage equipment 74
2.3.6 Non-domestic cooling and ventilation equipment 83
2.3.7 Agricultural and forestry machinery 87
2.3.8 Machinery for mining, quarrying and construction 93
2.3.9 Machine Tools for metal working 98
2.3.10 Machinery for textile, apparel and leather production 105
2.4 Specific topics for the assessment of the performance of EU ME 109
2.4.1 Supply side analysis of EU Mechanical Engineering 109
2.4.2 EU ME – regional distribution and division of labour 112
2.4.3 Non-European players activities in the EU 118
3 Major competitors and sales markets 120
3.1 Major competitors 120
3.1.1 United States 120
3.1.2 Japan 128
3.1.3 China 136
3.2 Major sales markets 149
3.2.1 Russia 149
3.2.2 Turkey 151
3.2.1 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) 154
3.2.2 India 156
3.2.3 South Korea 160
3.2.4 Taiwan 163
3.2.5 Indonesia 166
3.2.6 Australia 168
3.2.7 Canada 170
3.2.8 Mexico 172
3.2.9 Brazil 175
4 Assessment of competitive position of the EU Mechanical Engineering 178
4.1 Recent trends in the EU Mechanical Engineering’s structure 178
4.1.1 Mechanical engineering – a regionally anchored industry 178
4.1.2 Regional specifics within the EU 179
4.1.3 Globalization – a driver for structural change 179
4.1.4 Structural changes 181
4.1.5 Changing upstream environment – challenges to ME firms 182
4.1.6 Changing sales market environment needs adjustments 182
4.2 Price competitiveness and profitability 183
4.3 Trade analysis 189
4.4 Changes in the EU ME value chain 196
4.4.1 New organizational strategies – opportunities and threats for smaller
firms 196
4.4.2 Broaden the regional reach and co-operation 197
4.4.3 Regional patterns 198
4.5 Impact of changes in the product programme of the EU ME and
competitiveness of supply 199
4.6 Performance of the EU ME in technological competition 201
4.6.1 ME as innovation enabler 201
4.6.2 Resources to R&D – a methodological view 201
4.6.3 Trends in corporate R&D expenditure 202
4.6.4 Trends in corporate patent activities 204
4.6.5 Assessment of the technological competitiveness 207
4.7 Concluding evaluation of the EU ME’s competitiveness 208
5 Framework conditions 212
5.1 Market regulation 212
5.1.1 New Approach and New Legislative Framework 212
5.1.2 Market surveillance 213
5.1.3 National provisions hampering free trade in the Single Market 214
5.1.4 Multiple requirements for manufacturers of intermediary products 215
5.1.5 Internal combustion engines and mobile machinery 215
5.1.6 Energy related regulation 216
5.1.7 Self-regulation 217
5.1.8 Reliable regulatory environment 217
5.1.9 Smaller firms 218
5.1.10 International standards 218
5.2 Knowledge: R&D, innovation, and product development 219
5.3 Labour force and skills 229
5.3.1 Overall development in employment 230
5.3.2 Country trends in employment 231
5.3.3 National importance of ME as an employer 233
5.3.4 Sub-sector developments 235
5.3.5 Occupational structure and qualifications 236
5.3.6 Evidence at the national level 238
5.3.7 Evidence at sub-sector level 240
5.3.8 Current skill needs and skill shortages in the EU for different types
of work 241
5.3.9 Availability of skilled staff 243
5.3.10 Future occupational profiles 246
5.3.11 Skills needed as a result of strategic developments in the sector 247
5.3.12 Human resources policy with regard to flexibility of employment 249
5.3.13 Conclusion 250
5.4 Corporate finances 251
5.4.1 Changes in financial markets and enterprise funding 251
5.4.2 Interest of financial investors in mechanical engineering 252
5.5 Openness of international markets 254
5.5.1 Overview 254
5.5.2 United States 255
5.5.3 Japan 255
5.5.4 China 256
5.5.5 Russia 257
5.5.6 Turkey 258
5.5.7 Middle East 258
5.5.8 India 258
5.5.9 Central and South America 259
5.6 Structural change and geographic cohesion 259
6 Strategic outlook 262
6.1 Medium-term outlook 262
6.1.1 Impact of the global economic crisis on ME 262
6.1.2 Quarterly trends in Mechanical Engineering in 2010 and 2011 263
6.1.3 Mechanical Engineering in 2011 compared to 2008 264
6.1.4 Mechanical Engineering compared to Manufacturing 265
6.2 Investigation in selected future oriented markets 266
6.2.1 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) 266
6.2.2 The demand potential of less exploited renewable energies 269
6.2.3 Long-term prospects for services 272
6.2.4 Conclusions 273
6.3 Long-term outlook 274
6.3.1 Economic growth potential 275
6.3.2 Productivity development 279
6.3.3 Employment implications 281
6.3.4 Conclusions 282
6.4 Recommendations 283
6.4.1 Organisation and industry structure 283
6.4.2 Market regulation 284
6.4.3 Financial markets 286
6.4.4 Labour market 286
6.4.5 Innovation environment 287
6.4.6 Access to third markets 289
7 References 290
List of tables
Table 1.1: Key figures for EU-27 in Mechanical Engineering 6
Table 1.2: Distribution of enterprises by size category and average employment 8
Table 1.3: Distribution of employment by size category 8
Table 1.4: Regional distribution of Mechanical Engineering in the EU 2008 9
Table 1.5: Research efforts measured by business expenditure on R&D in
mechanical engineering (ISIC Rev.2) in € million 17
Table 1.6: Research efforts measured by R&D intensity 2007 - 2009 18
Table 2.1: Key indicators on the performance of total manufacturing and
Mechanical Engineering by the size of enterprises 2008 20
Table 2.2: Energy savings – ex-post and expected – in Germany induced by ME 27
Table 2.3: Key-figures for French Mechanical Engineering 32
Table 2.4: Key-figures for the German Mechanical Engineering 36
Table 2.5: Key-figures for Italian Mechanical Engineering 39
Table 2.6: Key-figures for Spanish Mechanical Engineering 42
Table 2.7: Key-figures for British Mechanical Engineering 45
Table 2.8: Key-figures for Polish Mechanical Engineering 48
Table 2.9: Key-figures for Czech Mechanical Engineering 51
Table 2.10: Key-figures for Slovakian Mechanical Engineering 54
Table 2.11: Key figures for the manufacture of engines and turbines – C2811 57
Table 2.12: Key figures for the manufacture of pumps and compressors C2813 62
Table 2.13: Key figures for the manufacture of taps and valves C2814 66
Table 2.14: Key figures for the manufacture of bearings, gears and drives C2815 69
Table 2.15: Key figures for the manufacture of lifting and handling equipment
C2822 77
Table 2.16: Key figures for the manufacture of non-domestic cooling and
ventilation equipment C2825 84
Table 2.17: Key figures for the manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery
C283 88
Table 2.18: Key figures for the manufacture of machinery for, mining, quarrying
and construction C2892 94
Table 2.19: Key figures for the manufacture of machine tools C2841 100
Table 2.20: Key figures for machinery for textile, apparel and leather production
C2894 106
Table 3.1: Output and efficiency of the US mechanical engineering 122
Table 3.2: Trade performance of the US mechanical engineering 124
Table 3.3: Output and efficiency of the Japanese mechanical engineering 130
Table 3.4: Trade performance of the Japanese mechanical engineering 132
Table 3.5: Selected Chinese European affiliations 138
Table 3.6: Output and efficiency of the Chinese mechanical engineering 140
Table 3.7: Trade performance of the Chinese mechanical engineering 142
Table 3.8: Russian trade with mechanical engineering products 150
Table 3.9: Trade performance of the Turkish mechanical engineering 153
Table 3.10: Trade performance of the Middle East and North Africa in mechanical
engineering 156
Table 3.11: Trade performance of the Indian mechanical engineering 159
Table 3.12: Trade performance of the South Korean mechanical engineering 162
Table 3.13: Trade performance of the Taiwanese mechanical engineering 165
Table 3.14: Trade performance of the Indonesian mechanical engineering 167
Table 3.15: Trade performance of the Australian mechanical engineering 169
Table 3.16: Trade performance of the Canadian mechanical engineering 172
Table 3.17: Trade performance of the Mexican mechanical engineering 174
Table 3.18: Trade performance of the Brazilian mechanical engineering 177
Table 4.1: Key figures on the economic performance of major competing
economies in mechanical engineering 184
Table 4.2: Key figures for global trade with mechanical engineering products 190
Table 4.3: Key indicators for the EU-27 foreign trade 191
Table 4.4: Global and bilateral EU trade with mechanical engineering products
of major competing nations 192
Table 4.5: Penetration of major competing economies in the EU-27 market for
mechanical engineering products 194
Table 4.6: EU machinery trade with important sales markets 195
Table 4.7: R&D expenditure in Mechanical Engineering 2006 203
Table 4.8: R&D intensity of large Mechanical Engineering enterprises 204
Table 4.9: Transnational Patent Applications in Mechanical Engineering 2006-
2008 by selected countries 206
Table 5.1 Ex-post and projected annual rates of change in employment in
machinery manufacturing in the US. 236
Table 5.2: Short term demand and supply as perceived by associations 241
Table 5.3: Skills required to a larger extent over the next 3-5 years in different
jobs in ME companies 242
Table 6.1: Trends in key indicators for Mechanical Engineering, 2008-2011H1
(indices, 2005=100) 262
Table 6.2: Quarterly trends in key indicators for Mechanical Engineering in the
EU, 2010Q1-2011Q2 (indices, 2005 = 100) 263
Table 6.3: Quarterly levels in key indicators for Mechanical Engineering in the
EU, 2008 cf 2011 (indices, 2005 = 100) 264
Table 6.4: Perspective for MENA countries 269
Table 6.5: Development of mechanical engineering output by selected countries 278
Table 6.6: Projected relative size of mechanical engineering sectors (baseline
prediction) 278
Table 6.7: Projected relative size of mechanical engineering sectors (trade
scenario) 279
Table 6.8: Projected growth rates in mechanical engineering 279
Table 7.1 Labour productivity of major competing economies in Mechanical
Engineering, 2006 305
List of figures
Figure 1.1: Investment in Mechanical Engineering products by industry - Share
of total investment in machinery and equipment 12
Figure 1.2: Procurement of Mechanical Engineering’s final products by client
industries for investment purposes - Share of total procurement in
Germany 13
Figure 1.3: Mechanical Engineering’s latest business cycle in the EU-27 15
Figure 2.1: Compensation of input factors labour and capital 21
Figure 2.2: Regional distribution of Mechanical Engineering production in the
EU-27 22
Figure 2.3: Distribution of output by major subsectors of Mechanical Engineering 24
Figure 2.4: Gross value added of total manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering 28
Figure 2.5: Labour productivity of total manufacturing and Mechanical
Engineering 28
Figure 2.6: Employment of total manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering 29
Figure 2.7: Wages of total manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering 30
Figure 2.8: Unit labour costs of total manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering 30
Figure 2.9: Structure of the French Mechanical Engineering production 33
Figure 2.10: Structure of German Mechanical Engineering production 37
Figure 2.11: Structure of the Italian Mechanical Engineering production 40
Figure 2.12: Structure of Spanish Mechanical Engineering production 44
Figure 2.13: Structure of the British Mechanical Engineering production 47
Figure 2.14: Structure of the Polish Mechanical Engineering production 49
Figure 2.15: Structure of the Czech Mechanical Engineering production 52
Figure 2.16: Structure of Slovakian Mechanical Engineering production 55
Figure 2.17: Gross value added in old and new Member States for Mechanical
Engineering 113
Figure 2.18: Labour productivity in old and new Member States for Mechanical
Engineering 114
Figure 2.19: Employment in old and new Member States for Mechanical
Engineering 115
Figure 2.20: Wages in old and new Member States for Mechanical Engineering 116
Figure 2.21: Unit labour costs in old and new Member States for Mechanical
Engineering 117
Figure 2.22: Sectoral division of labour in the EU-27 Mechanical Engineering 118
Figure 3.1: Evolution of Russian trade 151
Figure 3.2: Evolution of Turkish trade 152
Figure 3.3: Evolution of MENA trade 154
Figure 3.4: Evolution of Indian trade 158
Figure 3.5: Evolution of South Korean trade 161
Figure 3.6: Evolution of the Taiwanese trade 163
Figure 3.7: Evolution of Indonesian trade 166
Figure 3.8: Evolution of Australian trade 168
Figure 3.9: Evolution of Canadian trade 171
Figure 3.10: Evolution of Mexican trade 173
Figure 3.11: Evolution in Brazilian trade 176
Figure 4.1: The evolution of key indicators for mechanical engineering of the
major competing economies 185
Figure 4.2: Changes of price competitiveness with regard exchange rate variation 187
Figure 5.1: Total employment in Mechanical Engineering in EU27, thousands 230
Figure 5.2: Employment trends in Mechanical Engineering and total
manufacturing, EU27. Index figures, 2000 = 100 231
Figure 5.3: Average annual employment growth in Mechanical Engineering in
European countries1997-2007 and 2008-2010, % 231
Figure 5.4: Share of total European employment in manufacture of machinery, 4th
quarter of 2010, EU27. 232
Figure 5.5: Development of employment in Mechanical Engineering, Countries
with the largest share of European Employment in Mechanical
Engineering. Index, 1997 = 100 233
Figure 5.6: Employment in manufacturing of machinery as a share of total
employment in EU Member States. 4th quarter 2010 234
Figure 5.7: Production value of mechanical engineering as a share of GDP and
employment in ME as a share of total employment. 2008. 235
Figure 5.8: Aggregate replacement demand and labour demand (all sectors) per
occupation. In Europe 237
Figure 5.9: Qualification levels of employed in manufacturing of machinery in
Denmark 2009 239
Figure 5.10: Development of the share of engineers in employment in Mechanical
Engineering in Germany 1982-2010 239
Figure 5.11: The development in the total number of engineering graduates in 14
EU member states by field of study (ISC 52 and ISC 54 accumulated) 244
Figure 5.12: Relative shares of graduates in 14 EU Member States in the two fields
of study ISC52 and ISC 54, 2000-2008 244
Figure 5.13: Engineering graduates (ISC 52 and 54) as a share of employment in
Mechanical Engineering 2000-2007 245
Figure 5.14: Attractiveness of engineering industries and ME for private equity
investors 253
Figure 6.1: Kinds of services supplied by German fixed asset manufacturers -
Share of total service sales in % 273
Figure 6.2: Forecasted GDP development 275
Figure 6.3: Share of manufacturing sector as % of GDP 276
Figure 6.4: Share of mechanical engineering as % of total manufacturing 277
Figure 6.5: EU27 productivity development for manufacturing and mechanical
engineering 280
Figure 6.6: Forecast of EU27 productivity development until 2020 281
Figure 6.7: Relative development of employment in manufacturing and
mechanical engineering 281
Figure 7.1: Gross value added for the European Union and major competitors 304
Figure 7.2: Labour productivity for the European Union and major competitors 305
[...]... for the European Union and major competitors Figure 7.4: Wages for the European Union and major competitors Figure 7.5: Unit labour costs for the European Union and major competitors 306 306 307 1 An introduction to Mechanical Engineering 1.1 Structure of the report and the team The study on the competitiveness of the EU mechanical engineering was carried out by the Ifo Institute (Ifo), Cambridge Econometrics... in the evolution of the EU Mechanical Engineering sector and its most important competitors With the help of long-term time series, a profound analysis in the performance of the EU Mechanical Engineering sector could be undertaken The evaluation of the price competitiveness and the performance in international markets have revealed divergent results A loss in price competitiveness on the one hand contrasts... in the era of globalization, since the introduction of cutting-edge technologies and the optimization of processes is much easier The Terms of Reference (ToR) call for a new study to assess changes in the competitiveness of ME The study comprises an investigation of the strengths and weaknesses of the industry and an investigation of framework conditions to identify opportunities and threats The study. .. characteristic 5 6 7 The EnginEurope Report does not specify the structure of the industry and speaks of the dominance of SMEs only However, it is of importance to understand that - caused by the complexity of products and the importance of engineering the internationally competitive backbone of the EU ME with regard to innovation and access to the global markets is strongly dependent on companies of a certain... qualitative evaluation of the EU ME’s performance Chapter 5 investigates the framework conditions of relevance for the EU Mechanical Engineering sector It is dedicated to identify beneficial and obstructive factors for the long-term development of the EU Mechanical Engineering sector Chapter 6 provides a long-term outlook for the EU Mechanical Engineering sector It takes into account aspects that can become... NL, and DG Enterprise and Industry The Study on the Competitiveness of the EU Mechanical Engineering Industry (ME) is led by the Munich based Ifo Institute Cambridge Econometrics and the Dansk Technological Institute are members of the team responsible for the execution of this project Mechanical engineering (henceforth ME) is one of the most competitive European manufacturing industries Over the past... Sector Competitiveness – Mechanical Engineering 2 EU Mechanical Engineering Chapter 2 contains a detailed analysis of ME in the EU- 27 Time series are based on NACE Rev 2, 28 ME The content of this chapter is derived from official statistics, literature analysis and expert interviews 2.1 2.1.1 Profile of the EU Mechanical Engineering Description of the sector Size structure and performance ME is an industry. .. collected by desktop and fieldwork research The analysis and aggregation of this information has been done for the evaluation of the EU ME’s strengths and weaknesses, and the design of recommendations that is carried out in the following chapters Chapter 3 presents an evaluation of the EU Mechanical Engineering sector against its most important competing economies and an investigation in its performance in... – Mechanical Engineering 13 A final point to be stressed concerns the organisation of value-chains The large OEMs of the automotive and aircraft industries are about to restructure the organisation and try to introduce risk-sharing models This means they are shifting responsibilities to their subcontractors In particular, smaller companies face major challenges to manage this kind of re-organisation,... threats The study on ME is aimed at contributing to the initiatives of the European Commission to strengthen the competitiveness of the EU The ToR mention the Communication of 3rd March 2010 on objectives to be reached by 2020 as a guideline for policy options 1 Additionally the “Communication on a New Industrial Policy” - published in October 2010 - provides further information on policy measures . opportunities and threats. The study on ME is aimed at contributing to the initiatives of the European Commission to strengthen the competitiveness of the EU. The ToR mention the Communication of 3 rd . An introduction to Mechanical Engineering: Study on the Competitiveness of the EU Mechanical Engineering Industry Within the Framework Contract of Sectoral Competitiveness. new study to assess changes in the competitiveness of ME. The study comprises an investigation of the strengths and weaknesses of the industry and an investigation of framework conditions to
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