UNDERSTANDING TUBERCULOSIS – GLOBAL EXPERIENCES AND INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO THE DIAGNOSIS Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences and Innovative Approaches to the Diagnosis Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Publishing Process Manager Marija Radja Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences and Innovative Approaches to the Diagnosis, Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-938-7 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Experience on Laboratory Diagnosis Around the World 1 Chapter 1 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics for Mycobacterium tuberculosis 3 N. Esther Babady and Nancy L. Wengenack Chapter 2 Laboratory Diagnosis of Latent and Active Tuberculosis Infections in Trinidad & Tobago and Determination of Drug Susceptibility Profile of Tuberculosis Isolates in the Caribbean 37 Patrick Eberechi Akpaka and Shirematee Baboolal Chapter 3 Tuberculosis is Still a Major Challenge in Africa 59 Simeon I.B. Cadmus, Osman, El Tayeb and Dick van Soolingen Chapter 4 Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia 71 Sahal Al-Hajoj Chapter 5 Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 87 Faten Al-Zamel Chapter 6 Diagnosis of Smear-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Low-Income Countries: Current Evidence in Sub-Saharan Africa with Special Focus on HIV Infection or AIDS 127 Claude Mambo Muvunyi and Florence Masaisa Chapter 7 Immunologic Diagnosis of Neurotuberculosis 147 Iacob Simona Alexandra, Banica Dorina, Iacob Diana Gabriela, Panaitescu Eugenia, Radu Irina and Cojocaru Manole Chapter 8 Diagnostic Methods for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Challenges in Its Detection in India 171 Shamsher S. Kanwar VI Contents Chapter 9 Management of TB in HIV Subjects, the Experience in Thailand 183 Attapon Cheepsattayakorn Chapter 10 Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Biorisk, Biosafety and Biocontainment 203 Wellman Ribón Part 2 New Approaches to the TB Diagnosis 237 Chapter 11 New Diagnostics for Mycobacterium tuberculosis 239 Michaela Lucas, Andrew Lucas and Silvana Gaudieri Chapter 12 Nanodiagnostics for Tuberculosis 257 Bruno Veigas and Gonçalo Doria and Pedro V. Baptista Chapter 13 Sputum Smear Microscopy for Tuberculosis: Evaluation of Autofocus Functions and Automatic Identification of Tuberculosis Mycobacterium 277 Cicero F. F. Costa Filho and Marly G. F. Costa Chapter 14 The Use of Phage for Detection, Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing and Enumeration 293 Catherine Rees and George Botsaris Chapter 15 Molecular Imaging in TB: From the Bench to the Clinic 307 Nuria Andreu, Paul T. Elkington and Siouxsie Wiles Chapter 16 Data Mining Techniques in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis 333 T. Asha, S. Natarajan and K. N. B. Murthy Chapter 17 Immunological Diagnosis of Active and Latent TB 353 Beata Shiratori, Hiroki Saitoh, Umme Ruman Siddiqi, Jingge Zhao, Haorile Chagan-Yasutan, Motoki Usuzawa, Chie Nakajima, Yasuhiko Suzuki and Toshio Hattori Chapter 18 Immune Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Through Novel Technologies 379 Miguel A. Arroyo-Ornelas, Ma. Concepción Arenas-Arrocena, Horacio V. Estrada, Victor M. Castaño and Luz M. López-Marín Chapter 19 Exosomes: New Tuberculosis Biomarkers – Prospects From the Bench to the Clinic 395 Nicole A. Kruh-Garcia, Jeff S. Schorey and Karen M. Dobos Contents VII Chapter 20 Molecular Techniques for Identification of Species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex: The use of Multiplex PCR and an Adapted HPLC Method for Identification of Mycobacterium bovis and Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis 411 Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza Figueiredo, Carlos Adam Conte Júnior, Leone Vinícius Furlanetto, Flávia Galindo Silvestre Silva, Rafael Silva Duarte, Joab Trajano Silva, Walter Lilenbaum and Vânia Margaret Flosi Paschoalin Part 3 Improving Detection and Control of Resistances 433 Chapter 21 Survey and Molecular Characterization of Drug- Resistant M. tuberculosis Clinical Isolates from Zunyi, Guizhou Province of China 435 Ling Chen, Hong Zhang, Jian-Yong Zhang, Na-Na Li, Mei Liu, Zhao-Jing Zong, Jian-Hua Wang and Sheng-Lan Wang Chapter 22 Molecular Biological Techniques for Detection of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR) and Extremely Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR) in Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 455 K.L. Therese, R. Gayathri and H.N. Madhavan Chapter 23 Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Drug Resistance: Opportunies and Challenges in Morocco 471 I. Chaoui, M. Abid, My. D. El Messaoudi and M. El Mzibri Chapter 24 Pattern of Circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains in Sri Lanka 511 Dhammika Magana-Arachchi Chapter 25 Health Interventions to Improve the Medication Efficacy in Tuberculosis Treatment 527 Jean Leandro dos Santos, Chung Man Chin, Ednir de Oliveira Vizioli, Fernando Rogério Pavan and Luiz Antonio Dutra Preface Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a disease that is transmitted through aerosol. This is the reason why it is estimated that a third of humankind is already infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The vast majority of the infected do not know about their status. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a silent pathogen, causing no symptomatology at all during the infection. In addition, infected people cannot cause further infections. Unfortunately, an estimated 10 percent of the infected population has the probability to develop the disease, making it very difficult to eradicate. Once in this stage, the bacilli can be transmitted to other persons and the development of clinical symptoms is very progressive. Therefore the diagnosis, especially the discrimination between infection and disease, is a real challenge. In this book, we present the experience of worldwide specialists on the diagnosis, along with its lights and shadows. Dr. Pere-Joan Cardona Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP) Catalunya, Spain [...]... INH (0.4 µg/ml and 0.1 µg/ml), and EMB (7.5 µg/ml and 2.5 µg/ml), PYZ (100 µg/ml) and streptomycin (STR, 6.0 µg/ml and 2.0 µg/ml) (CLSI, 2008) Evaluation of the MGIT 22 Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences and Innovative Approaches to the Diagnosis performance for the primary tuberculosis drugs showed results that were comparable to the BACTEC 460 radiometric methods as well as the agar proportion... et al., 2003) Furthermore, these 20 Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences and Innovative Approaches to the Diagnosis assays were often shown to be as sensitive and specific as the available commercial assays such as the Cobas Amplicor (Miller et al., 2002; Shrestha et al., 2003) Both conventional and real-time PCRs have also been developed for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis using... implemented in routine diagnostic laboratories This method requires a high level of expertise for recognition of species based on the HPLC chromatogram and therefore only limited to a few reference laboratories including the CDC in Atlanta, GA A 12 Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences and Innovative Approaches to the Diagnosis commercial HPLC assay, the Sherlock Mycobacteria Identification... detected by commercially available probe assays 16 Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences and Innovative Approaches to the Diagnosis 5.6 DNA sequencing The first report of nucleic acid sequencing for the identification of mycobacteria appeared in the literature in the early 1990s Rogall et al (Rogall et al., 1990) described the use of a 1 kb gene fragment targeting the 5’ region of the 16S rRNA to. .. assays targeting the katG gene (Ando et al., 2010) 24 Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences and Innovative Approaches to the Diagnosis The utility of the assays is limited since they often target detection of resistance to one class of antimicrobial, depends on the available knowledge of current mutations conferring resistance, and as such, can only be use in conjunction with other assays Several... determined by comparing the time to detection of growth between the control bottle and the bottle containing the drug If the difference is greater than three days or if the bottle remains negative, the isolate is considered susceptible If the difference is less than or equal to 3 days, then the isolate is considered resistant However, for the test to be valid, the time to growth in the control bottle has to. .. Tween-80 and the test performed both at 22-25°C and 68°C M tuberculosis complex has 10 Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences and Innovative Approaches to the Diagnosis catalase activity at 22-25°C but not at 68°C (ie., heat-labile catalase) In addition to determining catalase activity at 68°C, the strength of the catalase reaction is also evaluated to differentiate Mtb complex from other mycobacteria... reduce the risk of personnel exposure All laboratory surfaces must be decontaminated with a tuberculocidal reagent before and after working with specimens and cultures Propagation and 4 Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences and Innovative Approaches to the Diagnosis manipulation of Mtb complex cultures (e.g., identification and susceptibility testing) requires BSL-3 practices, equipment and. .. LifeScience), the GenoType Mycobacterium Direct Assay (Hain Lifescience) was designed to detect Mtb 18 Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences and Innovative Approaches to the Diagnosis complex and M avium, M intracellulare, M kansasii, and M malmoense directly from clinical specimens This assay is performed in three parts consisting of an RNA isolation and capture step, followed by an isothermal... 100% and 61 of the 238 strains were identified to the species level The other 177 strains were outside of the detection range of the LiPa assay Additional studies using only liquid culture media, MB/BacT Alert 3D (Organon Teknika, Boxtel, The Netherlands), and BACTEC 12B Bottles (BACTEC; Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD), showed similar sensitivity of 100% for 14 Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences . UNDERSTANDING TUBERCULOSIS – GLOBAL EXPERIENCES AND INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO THE DIAGNOSIS Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences. be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences and Innovative Approaches to the Diagnosis, Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-938-7. in 10% Tween-80 and the test performed both at 22-25°C and 68°C. M. tuberculosis complex has Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences and Innovative Approaches to the Diagnosis 10 catalase